A/Professor In Microbiology Faculty of Science Macquarie University Sydney, Australia
Subramanyam.Vemulpad@mq.edu.au
2000-current: Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia 1996-2000: Public Health Officer, NSW Health, Sydney 1994-1996: Assoc. Prof. & Head of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Africa 1984-1994: Head of Microbiology, Regional Med Res Ctr (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, India
Education: PhD 1983 Delhi University (Maulana Azad Med College) MSc 1976 University of Madras (JIPMER, Pondicherry) BSc 1973 Bangalore University (National College, Bangalore)
Abstract: Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen. A small number of whole-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes have been reported to detect S. aureus. New online computational tools for in silico design and testing make it possible to assess candidate FISH probes for S. aureus.
Materials and Methods: Six online tools, NCBI-Nucleotide, Ribosomal Database Project, NCBI-Blast, Reverse-Complement, Probecheck, and mathFISH, were employed in a workflow to evaluate FISH probes for S. aureus. A previously reported probe, Staaur-16S69, was compared to a new probe, KT18-16S68, predicted by mathFISH to have the same performance.
Results: A number of new probes for S. aureus were predicted to perform as well or better in silico as those previously reported. When tested in a FISH assay, Staaur and a new probe, KT18, were found to have the same performance.
Conclusion: Existing and new FISH probes for S. aureus were found to be accurately identified and characterized with online computational tools. In silico evaluation of probes has the potential to reduce the time spent evaluating probes in the laboratory.
Abstract: As a proof-of-concept, the feasibility of detecting Staphylococcus aureus faster than previous whole-cell fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) methods was tested.
Abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Documentation of Australian bush medicines is of utmost importance to the preservation of this disappearing and invaluable knowledge. This collaboration between the Yaegl Aboriginal community in northern New South Wales (NSW), Australia and an academic institution, demonstrates an effective means of preserving and adding value to this information. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Questionnaire-guided interviews were performed with community Elders under a framework of participatory action research. Medicinal plant knowledge was collated in a handbook to aid interviews and to be used as an ongoing resource by the community. Specimens for all non-cultivar plants that were discussed were collected and deposited in herbaria with unique voucher numbers. This medicinal knowledge was checked against the literature for reports of related use and studies of biological activity. RESULTS: Nineteen Elders were interviewed, leading to discussions on fifty four plant preparations used for medicinal purposes. These plant preparations involved thirty two plants coming from twenty one families, reflecting the botanical diversity of the area. The plants retained in the Yaegl pharmacopoeia correspond to their accessibility and ease of preparation, reflected in their ongoing utilisation. Several plant uses did not appear elsewhere in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first comprehensive documentation of the medicinal knowledge of the Yaegl Aboriginal community. It has been conducted using participatory action research methods and adds to the recorded customary knowledge of the region. The customary medicinal knowledge retained by the Yaegl Aboriginal community is related to the evolving needs of the community and accessibility of plants.
Abstract: The objective of this case series is to report the results of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were older than 65 years.
Abstract: To detect with whole-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Staphylococcus aureus is typically permeabilized with lysozyme and lysostaphin. We tested whether it was feasible to detect S. aureus and differentiate it from Staphylococcus epidermidis with lysozyme-only permeabilization. We compared lysozyme permeabilization to S. aureus permeabilized with lysozyme in combination with lysostaphin. It was determined that S. aureus treated with agarose, methanol, and lysozyme could be detected with FISH. The 1â hr protocol is a useful alternative to conventional FISH.
Abstract: Abstract The premise that lung function can regulate chest wall mobility is an accepted concept. Descriptions of the primary and accessory respiratory structures do not usually include spinal components as a part of these classifications. The case for including these components as a part of the respiratory mechanism and their role in the development of dyspnea and chest wall rigidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is reviewed. Mechanical impairment of the chest wall is a contributing factor in the prognosis of COPD. Reducing this impairment improves prognosis. Because spinal manipulation and soft-tissue therapy increase joint mobility and decrease muscle hypertonicity, respectively, applying these interventions to the chest wall in COPD could reduce chest wall rigidity, thereby improving breathing mechanics. Improvements in breathing mechanics reduce the work of the respiratory muscles and delay the onset of dyspnea. Exercise capacity is reliant on the ability to overcome activity-limiting dyspnea, which usually occurs prior to maximum exercise capacity being reached. Delaying the onset of dyspnea permits more exercise to be performed before dyspnea develops. Spinal manipulation and soft-tissue therapy have the potential to deliver such a delay. Because exercise tolerance is considered to be a strong predictor of quality of life and survival in COPD, any increase in exercise capacity would therefore improve prognosis for the disease.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to systematically review studies that quantify the high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) spinal thrust, to qualitatively compare the apparatus used and the force-time profiles generated, and to critically appraise studies involving the quantification of thrust as an augmented feedback tool in psychomotor learning.
Abstract: Despite biological variability the spectral characteristics of undiluted human urine show relatively low autofluorescence at short UV (250-300nm) excitation. However with dilution the fluorescence intensity remarkably increases. This paper examines the mechanisms behind this effect, by using excitation-emission matrices. Corrections for the inner filter effect were made for improved understanding of the spectral patterns. We focused on three major fluorophores (tryptophan, indoxyl sulfate and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate) that are excited at these wavelengths, and whose content in urine is strongly linked with various health conditions. Their fluorescence was studied both individually and in combinations. We also examined the effect of ammonium on the fluorescence of these major fluorophores individually and in combinations. Through these studies we have identified the leading effects that reduce the UV fluorescence, namely higher concentration of indoxyl sulfate producing the inner filter effect and concentration quenching and quenching of fluorophores by ammonium. This result will assist in broader utilisation of UV fluorescence in medical diagnostics.
Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are known to alter the normal urine composition which, in principle, can lead to changes in urine autofluorescence. This paper describes the study of human urine (normal and UTI) by using UV fluorescence excitation/emission matrices and synchronous spectra and proposes a method of diagnosing UTI without any sample preparation. The method is based on excitation in the shorter UV region (250-350 nm) which shows good discrimination between the normal urine and UTI samples. The synchronous scans with an offset of Deltalambda=90 nm were also able to differentiate between normal urines and UTI samples. These differences were observed even though the two known major urine fluorophores, tryptophan and indoxyl sulfate were present in the normal urine and UTI samples in similar concentration as established by HPLC analysis. Although the identity of substances responsible for the altered autofluorescence in UTI is not established, our study shows that autofluorescence has the potential to differentiate between normal human urine samples and those with UTI.
Abstract: A number of predisposing factors are recognised as increasing the risk of developing chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD). There is increasing recognition that COPD may be an inflammatory disease with systemic consequences. However, the trigger for the transition from 'at risk' (stage 0) to COPD state remains unclear. The current approach to intervention for the 'at risk' group is risk factor avoidance. We propose that if interventions shown to improve chronic respiratory symptoms in COPD sufferers could be applied to the 'at risk' group, then moderation or even reversal of the changes typical of this transition becomes a possibility. Exercise training has been shown to be beneficial at all stages of COPD. Mobility of the chest wall influences lung function. We hypothesise that the application to 'at risk' individuals (stage 0) of therapeutic interventions known to improve chronic respiratory symptoms and cardiovascular function in mild/moderate COPD (stages 1 and 2) could delay progression of the disease (i.e. manifestation of mild/moderate COPD). If the hypothesis were confirmed, the potential to delay or even prevent the onset of COPD would be feasible.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: A variety of fluorophores are present in normal human urine. Alteration in the autofluorescence of urine could result from physiological or pathological changes. METHOD: This study investigates the differences in the autofluorescence of 45 normal urine samples from 25 individuals with bacteriuria. RESULTS: Excitation at 290 nm showed good discrimination between these 2 groups. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the data revealed statistically significant differences between the fluorescence spectra for samples with bacteriuria as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate the potential of the fluorescence spectrum of urine to be developed as a simple and rapid diagnostic tool.
Abstract: The customary medicinal plant knowledge possessed by the Australian Aboriginal people is a significant resource. Published information on it is scattered throughout the literature, in heterogeneous data formats, and is scattered among various Aboriginal communities across Australia, due to a multiplicity of languages. This ancient knowledge is at risk due to loss of biodiversity, cultural impact and the demise of many of its custodians. We have developed the Customary Medicinal Knowledgebase (CMKb), an integrated multidisciplinary resource, to document, conserve and disseminate this knowledge.
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the role of CAM practitioners in integrative practices where GPs and CAM practitioners were co-located. Design: This study used grounded theory, a qualitative methodology from the interpretive paradigm. Setting: A total of 23 integrative practitioners (10 general practitioners and 13 naturopaths) were interviewed. The informants were drawn from 16 integrative practices and one non-integrative Western medical practice. Results: In 11 out of 16 integrative practices the CAM practitioners yielded their primary contact role to the GPs. The role of the CAM practitioners was restricted to expanding the range of treatment options available to patients and to encourage compliance with treatment. CAM diagnosis did not seem to have any role in these integrative practices. The role of the CAM practitioner was influenced by the level of CAM training the GP(s) in the practice had undertaken. Conclusion: CAM practitioners in integrative practices had an accessory role to the GPs in the practice, deferring diagnosis and assessment activities to the GPs. However, where GPs had significant training in CAM, the CAM practitionerâs role spanned both treatment and diagnostic aspects.
Abstract: A Macquarie University research group has been building partnerships with indigenous Australians to preserve their unique medicinal plant knowledge and to identify natural medicinal agents.
Abstract: The Miriwoong Aboriginal people of Eastern Kimberley, Western Australia use the leaves and bark of Dolichandrone heterophylla (R. Br.) F. Muell., Bigoniaceae, to treat sores, rashes, grazes, scabies, boils and wounds. Bioassay guided fractionation of an aqueous extract of the leaves and twigs led to the isolation of the known ompounds caffeic acid, the phenylethanoids isoacteoside (1) and acteoside (2), and the flavonoids chrysoeriol and luteolin. The structures of these compounds were determined using mass spectrometric and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data and verified by comparison with those in the literature. Studies of the effect of isoacteoside (1) and chrysoeriol on HaCaT keratinocytes using the MTT assay revealed that chrysoeriol had growth inhibitory properties towards the cell line in a dose dependent manner (IC50 = 31 μM) whereas 1 was well tolerated up to 50 μM. On the other hand, 1 inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. xD;
Abstract: Background: There is limited data on the publicâs perception of chiropractic. Objective: To identify the publicâs perception about what chiropractic is and their views about chiropractorsâ role in health care. Design: A survey was conducted to gather the publicâs perception using a 29-item questionnaire. The questions related to any history of chiropractic use, their opinion on chiropractic, risks or concerns regarding care, chiropractic education, etc. Results: Of the 182 respondents, the majority (76%) believed that chiropractors work with bones, muscles and joints, with only 10% believing that chiropractors work on the nervous system. Only 18% believed that prevention was a focus of chiropractic care. Of the 155 responses regarding satisfaction with chiropractic care, 81% were happy with their treatment, 6% were unhappy and 12% were unsure. For the 6% that were unhappy, concerns related to costs and the number of visits required. Most respondents believed that chiropractors treat people adolescent age and above. Thirty-four percent (34%) and 56% believed that chiropractors are as well trained as GPs and physiotherapists, respectively. Sixty-four percent (64%) of participants perceived that chiropractic is not dangerous, 57% were interested to know more, and 19% responded that they needed convincing to see a chiropractor. Conclusion: Participants in general were interested in chiropractic and held no real concerns regarding risks or cost involved, however there appears to be a lack of information available to the public for them to be better informed about chiropractic. This information could help the professionâs efforts in making chiropractic a better-understood and more-accepted modality through effective education and communication.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the effect of combining manual therapy with exercise on respiratory function in normal individuals.
Abstract: Levels of control over curricula for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) vary in Australia. For example, accreditation with government registration boards is mandatory for chiropractic, whereas accreditation with state accrediting boards and professional associations is voluntary for naturopathy. The Australian public is increasingly seeking the services of CAM practitioners, often as their primary contact practitioner, and may be unaware of the diversity of training within CAM. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare two CAM curricula: chiropractic and naturopathy, in the context of primary contact practitioner training. Design: Accredited naturopathy and chiropractic programs in Australia were located. Key learning areas and approaches to clinical training were identified and compared. Results: Chiropractic and naturopathy, two examples of CAMs, have different levels of control over their curricula. The key learning areas (Medical Sciences, Profession-Specific Subjects, Research Methodology, Professional Studies and Clinical Training) identified in the study were similar in chiropractic and naturopathy curricula. Within the different chiropractic or naturopathic courses, the percentage of the courses allocated to the key learning areas were comparable; however, there were differences when comparison was made between chiropractic courses on one hand and naturopathy courses on the other. On average, chiropractic courses allocated 45.9% of their curricula to medical sciences, whereas university-based naturopathy courses allocated 26.2% to medical science and non-university naturopathy courses allocated 23%. Conclusion: Chiropractic registration guarantees a uniform level of training for all practitioners. This training was found to comply with accreditation board requirements. The naturopathy courses in the study had elected to comply with the requirements for state government and professional association accreditation, and a level of uniformity was evident amongst the various courses. It is pertinent to note that although both groups of practitioners are entitled to practise as primary contact practitioners, chiropractors and naturopaths had markedly different focuses on medical science training. We suggest a review of naturopathy curricula is warranted in the context of uniformity of training for primary contact practitioners.
Abstract: A modified fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assay has been compared with standard NCCLS broth macrodilution and broth microdilution methods for the detection of antifungal activity. The FDA assay was performed in a medium containing bacteriological peptone, NaCl, yeast extract and glucose (0.2%, 0.1%, 0.1% and 1% w/v, respectively) and buffered with 10 mM BES buffer. The MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, miconazole and flucytosine (representing three major classes of antifungal agents) obtained by the three methods were compared. The results obtained with the FDA assays correlated well with the NCCLS macrodilution method for MICs of amphotericin B, miconazole and fluconazole, but not for flucytosine. However, the MIC values of flucytosine obtained with the FDA assay were well within the quality control range for the two reference strains recommended by the NCCLS. The FDA assay described is an attractive alternative to the NCCLS methods for screening for antifungal agents, with the added advantage of objectivity of fluorescence measurement.
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the extent to which complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners in Australia are trained in and use CAM and Western medical diagnostic techniques, and the influence this may have on their role as primary contact practitioners.
Abstract: Two serrulatane diterpenes, 3,8-dihydroxyserrulatic acid (1) and serrulatic acid (2), have been isolated from Eremophila sturtii through bioassay-guided fractionation. These compounds inhibit the inflammation pathway enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, and exhibit bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
Abstract: The fluorescein diacetate (FDA) antibacterial assay relies on the cleavage of fluorescein diacetate by metabolically active bacteria. The recent finding that microbiological media can lead to significant levels of cleavage has reduced the reliability of the assay. Using the nucleophilic scavengers N-ethylmaleimide and maleic anhydride, we have demonstrated that this abiotic cleavage is most likely due to nucleophiles such as cysteine and histidine commonly present in the media. To increase the reliability of the assay we have modified the original assay conditions to include use of dilute medium (peptone 0.2% w/v, yeast extract 0.1% w/v and NaCl 0.1% w/v) in a non-nucleophilic buffer and overnight incubation of the medium after addition of antibacterial agents. The optimised fluorescein diacetate assay has been used to determine the MIC of gentamicin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol for Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gave quantitative results that were reproducible and consistent with published data.
Abstract: The Australian Aboriginal people have used plants as medicine and food for thousands of years, however, this traditional knowledge is documented only to a limited extent, and is in danger of being lost. The Indigenous Bioresources Research Group (IBRG) aims to help Australian Aboriginal communities to preserve their customary medicinal knowledge, and to provide information that can be used for their cultural or educational purposes, as well as for scientific advancement. This work is undertaken in close collaboration with Australian Aboriginal communities in New South Wales. The project is multidisciplinary, combining an ethnobotanical and an ethnopharmacological approach, which includes biological and chemical investigations, as well as developing best practices for protecting traditional knowledge. This paper describes the general strategy of the project as well as methods used in the ethnopharmacological study. Ethnobotanical databases are set up for each participating community. Plant material is collected, extracted, and active compounds are isolated using a bioassay-guided fractionation approach. All extracts and compounds are tested for biological activity in antimicrobial assays (disc diffusion, resazurin, fluorescein diacetate), neurological assays or anti-inflammatory assays, depending on their traditional use.
Abstract: Three cases of Legionella pneumophila infection were identified in Sydney's west in November 1998. Epidemiological investigations identified an association with one workplace. Environmental sampling revealed that the cooling towers in the workplace, and at 2 other premises within a 1 km radius of the workplace, were positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (LP1) which was indistinguishable from clinical isolates of 2 of the cases on DNA fingerprinting. Our report highlights limitations of the current control program for Legionella in cooling towers, including the finding of unregistered cooling towers, cooling towers positive for LP1 despite satisfactory results on inspection, and cooling towers potentially linked to disease with counts of LP1 below the current protocol requirements for immediate decontamination.
Abstract: From May to June 1999, 3,920 ethnic Albanians from Kosovo arrived in Australia as part of Operation Safe Haven. These people were evacuated from refugee camps in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Initial processing in Australia occurred at East Hills Reception Centre, and accommodation for the duration of stay was provided in eight Haven Centres in five States. The arrival of a large number of refugees in a short time frame is unprecedented in Australia. A health surveillance system was developed and critical health data were collected to assess health status and needs, plan care, monitor for potential outbreaks of communicable diseases, track service use, to meet international reporting requirements and document our response to this crisis. In this article the health surveillance system is evaluated and suggestions are offered for the formulation of specific guidelines necessary for health surveillance in acute settings.
Abstract: Setting: Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, and Zomba Central Hospital, Zomba, Malawi. Objective: To evaluate treatment outcome of unsupervised ambulatory treatment (2R3H3Z3/2TH[EH]/4H) in Blantyre and 'standard' treatment (1STH [SEH]/11TH[EH]) in Zomba in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and seronegative patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and pleural TB. Design: All patients with smear-negative and pleural TB registered between 1 April and 31 December 1995 were assessed for enrolment in the study. Study patients were followed up and 12-month treatment outcomes were recorded. Results: A total of 434 patients, 296 with smear-negative PTB and 138 with pleural TB, were enrolled: 366 (84%) of patients were HIV-positive; 220 (51%) completed treatment, and 144 (33%) died by 12 months. In patients from Blantyre and Zomba, baseline characteristics were similar, apart from older age in those from Zomba, and the proportion of patients who completed treatment and died were similar. In both sites, significantly higher case fatality rates were found in older patients, HIV-positive patients and patients with pulmonary parenchymal lung disease. Conclusion: Unsupervised ambulatory treatment evaluated in this study had an efficacy similar to that of 'standard' treatment. For operational reasons, however, it will not be recommended for widespread use in Malawi's National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
Notes: TY - JOUR xD;Cited By: 6, Export Date: 15 September 05, Source: Scopus
Abstract: The influence of the genetic background of Cymbopogon species on the antifungal activity of essential oils derived from the plants was investigated against three yeast-like and nine filamentous fungi. Essential oils from distinct strains of the aromatic grass Cymbopogon showed interspecific and intraspecific differences in antifungal activity.
Notes: TY - JOUR xD;Cited By: 0, Export Date: 15 September 05, Source: Scopus
Abstract: The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in patients with short duration of cough was determined. Ninety-eight adult out-patients (60 men, 38 women; mean age 32 years) at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, who had cough for 1-3 weeks which was unresponsive to a course of antibiotics, were successfully screened by microscopy and culture of 2 or 3 sputum specimens and chest radiography; 34 (35%) had PTB. Ten patients were sputum smear-positive and 24 were smear-negative and culture-positive. There was no difference in age, gender or clinical features of general illness, respiratory disease and HIV-related disease between patients with PTB and those with no evidence of PTB. Nine patients (26%) with microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis (TB) had chest radiograph abnormalities consistent with TB, compared with 5 (8%) of patients with no microbiological evidence of TB. Certain classes of patients with a short history of cough would benefit from PTB screening strategies with the emphasis on sputum examination rather than chest radiography, which is unreliable in such patients. The classes include (i) patients with other features of TB whose cough has not improved with antibiotic therapy, (ii) seriously ill patients, and (iii) patients in high risk institutions such as prisons and refugee camps.
Notes: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi.
Abstract: SETTING: Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) suspects with negative sputum smears and a normal/minimally abnormal chest radiograph (CXR) who are culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 2) to determine how many develop smear or radiographic evidence of PTB (TB CXR) during follow-up. METHODS: PTB suspects with negative sputum smears and a normal/minimally abnormal CXR were given a second course of antibiotics and followed up at 3-week intervals over 3 months with repeat sputum smears and chest radiography. RESULTS: Of 79 patients (38 men and 41 women, mean age 33 years) with negative smears and a normal/minimally abnormal CXR, 16 (21%) were culture-positive for M. tuberculosis. Of 15 culture-positive patients who were alive and attended follow-up, seven (47%) developed a TB-CXR by 3 months. Of 41 culture-negative patients who were alive and attended follow- up, 13 (32%) developed a TB-CXR, including one patient who became sputum smear-positive. TB-CXRs were found only in patients with a cough. CONCLUSION: TB suspects with negative smears and normal/minimally abnormal CXRs in high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent countries should be given a second course of antibiotics. If cough improves, patients can be advised not to return for further follow-up. If cough continues, patients should return for further follow-up with sputum smear examination and chest radiography. Approximately 50% of those who have culture-positive PTB will develop a TB- CXR by 3 months and can be identified if radiographic facilities are available.
Notes: TY - JOUR xD;Cited By: 9, Export Date: 15 September 05, Source: Scopus
Abstract: Alternative strategies for screening tuberculosis (TB) suspects are needed in sub-saharan Africa. Ambulatory adult TB suspects who were seen in the chronic cough room of Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, were assessed with respect to appropriateness of referral. Appropriate referrals (patients with cough 3 weeks or longer, weight loss and no antibiotic response) were screened by 3 sputum specimens for microscopy and culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and chest radiography (CXR). Hypothetical strategy A (screening by sputum smear examination followed by CXR in patients with negative sputum smears) was compared with strategy B (screening by CXR followed by sputum smear examination in patients with a CXR consistent with TB) in terms of diagnostic efficacy and cost. Of 1127 patients referred to the cough room, 402 (38%) were appropriate TB suspect referrals. Of these, 111 (28%) were sputum smear-positive, 213 (53%) were culture-positive, and 221 (55%) had smear and/or culture-positive evidence of TB. Routine CXR was consistent with pulmonary (P) TB in 230 patients (57%). With strategy A, 243 (60%) patients were diagnosed as PTB, but 40 (25%) of those not diagnosed as PTB had positive mycobacterial cultures. With strategy B, 230 patients (57%) were diagnosed as PTB, but 53 (31%) of those not diagnosed as PTB had positive mycobacterial cultures, including 13 with smear-positive sputum. The cost per diagnosed case of PTB was US$ 4.63 with strategy A and US$ 5.44 with strategy B. Screening patients with good criteria of TB has high diagnostic sensitivity, but screening by CXR is less effective and more costly than screening by sputum smear microscopy.
Notes: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi, Central Africa.
Abstract: In a prospective study of pneumococcal carriage in 200 Malawian children under 5 years of age, 47.5% were carriers. The carriage rate was highest in those aged 3-12 months and did not vary with family size, nor was it higher in those who had recently been admitted to hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were significantly more efficient than throat swabs in detecting carriers (p < 0.001) but nasopharyngeal swabs alone would have missed seven (8%) carriers. Pneumococcal isolates from 22% of carriers and from eight cases of meningitis and one of empyema showed intermediate resistance to penicillin (MIC 0.1-1.0 mg/l). All were sensitive to the 3rd-generation cephalosporin cefotaxime but one of the penicillin-resistant pneumococci and two of the clinical isolates had increased MICs of cefuroxime (0.5 mg/l).
Notes: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, UK.
Abstract: Three cases of cryptococcal meningitis in Malawian children aged 6 weeks, 3 years and 9 years are described. Only 23 cases of cryptococcal meningitis in children have been described previously, but in children from Europe and the USA. These are therefore the first cases of cryptococcosis to be described in African children.
Notes: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.
Abstract: Five aromatic constituents of essential oils (cineole, citral, geraniol, linalool and menthol) were tested for antimicrobial activity against eighteen bacteria (including Gram-positive cocci and rods, and Gram-negative rods) and twelve fungi (three yeast-like and nine filamentous). In terms of antibacterial activity linalool was the most effective and inhibited seventeen bacteria, followed by cineole, geraniol (each of which inhibited sixteen bacteria), menthol and citral aromatic compounds, which inhibited fifteen and fourteen bacteria, respectively. Against fungi the citral and geraniol oils were the most effective (inhibiting all twelve fungi), followed by linalool (inhibiting ten fungi), cineole and menthol (each of which inhibited seven fungi) compounds.
Notes: TY - JOUR xD;Cited By: 67, Export Date: 15 September 05, Source: Scopus
Abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is associated with a marked increase of tuberculosis cases. The influence of HIV on diagnostic methods for tuberculous lymphadenitis is less clear. In an environment of high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence in Blantyre, Malawi, a prospective study compared results of basic procedures diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis with the outcome of histology and/or culture. One hundred out-patients, aged 15-55 years, with extra-inguinal lymphadenopathy not responding to general antibiotics, entered the study. Among 52 cases, with whom all procedures were carried out in accordance with the protocol, 38 (73%) were diagnosed as tuberculous lymphadenitis; 84% of the latter (32/38) were seropositive for HIV. Needle aspirate and biopsy smears stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen technique contributed little to detecting tuberculosis, 8% and 11% respectively. In contrast, macroscopic caseation of excised lymph nodes showed a high yield of 82%, which was similar to histology, and higher than that of Lowenstein-Jensen culture (61%). The study suggested that HIV positivity of tuberculous lymphadenitis patients decreased the possibility of histology and culture both being indicative of tuberculosis (odds ratio 0.10; P = 0.06). Consequently histology results, often used as the single definitive method, failed to diagnose 18% (7/38) of tuberculosis cases. However, it was reassuring that 4 simple methods, which can safely be carried out at district level, could be expected to diagnose 80-95% of tuberculous lymphadenitis cases in a timely and cost-effective manner.
Abstract: Nineteen strains of thermotolerant Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from three natural hot springs of Orissa. The isolates were identified as Bacillus species. They grew at temperatures up to 75°C and over a broad range of pH. The isolates had a variety of enzyme activities (amylase, protease, ?-lactamase, lipase, glutaminase and DNase), many of them active even at temperatures of 50-60°C.
Notes: TY - JOUR xD;Cited By: 1, Export Date: 15 September 05, Source: Scopus
Abstract: The essential oils of aegle, ageratum, citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa, patchouli and peppermint, were tested for antibacterial activity against 22 bacteria, including Gram-positive cocci and rods and Gram-negative rods, and twelve fungi (3 yeast-like and 9 filamentous) by the disc diffusion method. Lemongrass, eucalyptus, peppermint and orange oils were effective against all the 22 bacterial strains. Aegle and palmarosa oils inhibited 21 bacteria; patchouli and ageratum oils inhibited 20 bacteria and citronella and geranium oils were inhibitory to 15 and 12 bacterial strains, respectively. All twelve fungi were inhibited by seven oils (aegle, citronella, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa and patchouli). Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were effective against eleven fungi. Ageratum oil was inhibitory to only four fungi tested. The MIC of eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa and peppermint oils ranged from 0.16 to >20 ?l ml-1 for eighteen bacteria and from 0.25 to 10 ?l ml-1 for twelve fungi.
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Abstract: Three recent cases of chloramphenicol-resistant pyogenic meningitis are reported from Malawi. The implications of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b causing childhood meningitis are discussed.
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Abstract: VR-6, a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, harboured a plasmid and was not inhibited by 20 microliters ml-1 of essential oils (eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa, and peppermint). On treatment with acridine orange, a clone VR-6-AO-1 was obtained which was susceptible to 16.6 microliters ml-1 of eucalyptus or palmarosa oil. The plasmid DNA content of this clone was similar to the parent strain.
Abstract: The influence of the genetic background of a plant on the antibacterial activity of essential oil derived from it was investigated. Essential oils from six distinct strains of Cymbopogon were tested against eighteen bacteria. Interspecific and intra-specific differences were evident in the antibacterial activity of the essential oils derived from the the six Cymbopogon strains.
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Abstract: The four essential oils (aromatic plant products) from palmarosa (Pm), lemongrass (Lg), peppermint (Pt) and eucalyptus (Eu) plants were found to be bactericidal to Escherichia coli strain SP-11, at a concentration of 1.66 (Pm, Lg and Eu) or 2.5 (Pt) microl ml-1. This effect was observed both at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C and was not prevented by immediate tenfold dilution or by the presence of 0.5 M sucrose. Pm and Pt but not Lg or Eu induced the formation of elongated filamentous forms, some measuring 60-70 micrometers long.
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Abstract: A Curvularia species was isolated from a chronic ulcer on the lower limb of a 21-year-old man. The histopathological findings supported the mycological diagnosis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed using a crude soluble fungal antigen. The patient's serum contained significantly more antibodies than 10 sera from control subjects (P < 0.05), t-test).
Notes: TY - JOUR xD;Cited By: 2, Export Date: 15 September 05, Source: Scopus
Abstract: Reports exist indicating a correlation between seropositivity for human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) antibodies and certain parasitic infections in some parts of the world. In 274 filariasis and 119 malaria sera examined from Orissa, none was reactive in a test for anti-HTLV-III antibodies.
Abstract: A single-blind study was conducted to assess the effect of homÅopathic treatment on cases of bancroftian filariasis. Based on the predominant symptom, the filariasis cases were grouped as adenitis, genitalia involvement, lymphoedema and mastitis. Effect of treatment with homÅopathic drugs were aassessed by comparing with groups treated with placebo. Filiariasis cases treated with homÅopathic medicines showed a better improved/not improved ratio (2.0) compared with cases treated with placebo (0.46). The results indicate that the improvements derived from homÅopathic medicines are statistically highly significant (p<0.001).
Notes: Paper cited by Priorities and methods for developing the evidence profile of homeopathy. Recommendations of the ECH General xD;Assembly and XVIII Symposium of GIRI. xD;Homeopathy (2005) 94, 107â124 xD;M Van Wassenhoven1, xD;1European Committee for Homeopathy, Chausse´e de Bruxelles, 132, B-1190 Brussels, Belgium xD;doi:10.1016/j.homp.2005.01.001, available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com xD; xD;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WXX-4FYX2J5-D-3&_cdi=7170&_user=21981&_orig=search&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2005&_sk=999059997&view=c&_alid=449108502&_rdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkzk&md5=49b407b5ad4334ef29542ce6a5f0820a&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
Abstract: Antibodies directed towards the sheaths of microfilariae have been implicated in the elimination of circulating microfilariae, both in experimental and human filariasis. In the present study antisheath antibodies have been detected in human sera by indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IPA) using fixed Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae as antigen. One hundred and eighteen sera collected from an area endemic for Bancroftian filariasis were tested. While 80% of sera from microfilariae carriers had no demonstrable antisheath antibodies, more than 80% of amicrofilaraemic samples (chronic filariasis cases and endemic normals) had antisheath antibodies. The antibody activity was found in IgG, IgM and also IgE isotypes. IgG subclass typing with monospecific antisera revealed significantly higher antisheath activity in IgG2 in comparison with other IgG subclasses. The determinants on sheathed microfilariae reacting with antisheath antibodies were found to be thermostable (100 degrees C for 30 minutes), resistant to protease treatment and significantly sensitive to sodium periodate treatment, indicating the possible role of carbohydrate moieties in eliciting protective antisheath antibodies in Bancroftian filariasis.
Notes: Regional Medical Research Centre, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Bhubaneswar.
Abstract: Syntrophism (cross-feeding) could be demonstrated between mutants of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium smegmatis, and previously characterized mutants of Bacillus subtilis, auxotrophic for arginine, histidine, lysine or phenylalanine. Based on this cross-feeding data, the possible site of blockage in the biosynthetic pathways of the mutants could be inferred.
Notes: Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, PO Sainik School, Bhubaneswar.
Abstract: Reports exist indicating a correlation between seropositivity for human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) antibodies and certain parasitic infections in some parts of the world. In 274 filariasis and 119 malaria sera examined from Orissa, none was reactive in a test for anti-HTLV-III antibodies.
Notes: TY - JOUR xD;Cited By: 0, Export Date: 15 September 05, Source: Scopus
Abstract: Cryptosporidium infection was found in association with acute diarrhoeal disease in ten patients (13%) of a total of 77 children below the age of 8 years admitted over a period of 1 year to Bhubaneswar Capital Hospital, Orissa state, India. Contrary to another report from South India, there were no asymptomatic cryptosporidium oocyst excretors detected either in the matched control group of 42 children without diarrhoea or in a group of 113 healthy school children investigated. A clustering of seven cases occurred in the months of the rainy season and of three cases in the winter months. Nine out of 63 children (14.3%) below the age of 2 years were infected. Seven of the ten infected children were significantly below their expected weight- for-age, but the mean weight-for-age did not differ from those of the uninfected children. The possible epidemiological factors in the transmission of cryptosporidium are discussed.
Abstract: Circulating antigens, antibodies to somatic and sheath components of microfilariae (mf) and immune complexes were determined in parallel in different categories of Wuchereia bancrofti infection using, respectively, reverse indirect haemagglutination (RIHA), indirect haemagglutination (IHA), indirect immunofluorescent (IFA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assays. Rabbit hyperimmune anti- W. bancrofti mf serum and mf homogenates were used as reagents. Appreciable levels of antigens and antibodies were detected in all categories; endemic normals, asymptomatic carriers, acute and chronic filarial cases. For example, even amongst endemic normals, i.e. those with neither clinical nor parasitological evidence of infection, 66%, 71% and 74% had mf antigens, anti-mf antibodies and anti-sheath antibodies, respectively. Notably, only a small proportion (9.4%) of microfilaraemic individuals had detectable level of anti-sheath antibodies. The relationship of these parameters with the spectrum of filariasis is discussed.
Abstract: Mutants of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens resistant to at least 10 micrograms/ml of tunicamycin were isolated and shown to be pleiotropic. The mutants were more resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and neomycin than was the parent strain but less resistant to penicillin G and tetracycline. They were more autolytic, presumably due to an altered cell wall. The mutants produced reduced levels of amylase, penicillinase and both metal and serine protease besides having an enhanced sporulation frequency and being more motile.
Abstract: Anilogel-E, a cross-linked starch, can be used with distinct advantages where native starch or soluble starch are conventionally used, e.g. in scoring for amylolytic organisms, as an ingredient of fermentation media, and in enhancing protoplast regeneration. It is particularly useful for the direct visualization of amylase producing micro- organisms on solid media, making prior replication of colonies unnecessary.
Abstract: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UV AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF HUMAN URINE xD; xD;Perinchery M Sandeepa, K. P. Unnikrishnanb, Subramanyam Vemulpadc, Ewa M. Goldysa xD; xD;a Department of Physics; b Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; c Department of Chiropractic; Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia xD;Email: sandeepmenonp@gmail.com xD; xD;Abstract: Undiluted human urine has very weak fluorescence in the UV compared to the visible range. We have established key factors contributing to this effect, by studying key fluorophores and other major components in the urine. We found that the leading effects reducing the UV fluorescence include quenching of fluorophores by ammonium, high concentration of indoxyl sulfate producing the inner filter effect and concentration quenching. xD; xD; xD; xD;1. INTRODUCTION xD;Human urine contains a large number of fluorophores which can fluoresce under UV excitation, mostly tryptophan and its metabolites[1,2]. Consequently UV fluorescence of urine, in principle should be applicable as a diagnostic tool for various diseases. Earlier studies have mostly focused on analysing urine after dilution adding another step to potential diagnostic procedures and removing the possibility of monitoring visible fluorescence. It would be desirable to use undiluted urine in such procedures, however, excitation/emission spectrum of undiluted healthy human urine shows only very weak fluorescence with shorter UV excitation (250-300 nm) [2]. There is limited information on the underlying reasons. In this study, we identified the factors responsible for quenching the fluorescence of undiluted healthy human urine in the shorter range UV (250-300 nm). xD; xD;2. METHODS xD;In this study we focussed on tryptophan, indoxyl sulfate and 5-hydroxy indole-3-acetate, the three major fluorophores in urine (excitable in the 250-300 nm range). We investigated the excitation/emission spectra for their aqueous solutions. We studied the effect of ammonium on the fluorescence of these three major fluorophores. The measurements of absorption spectra for human urine as well as aqueous solutions of tryptophan, indoxyl sulfate and ammonium were also performed. xD; xD;3. RESULTS xD;Absorption spectra of the major fluorophores excited in short range UV were measured by using a mixture of key fluorophores in approximately physiological concentrations. They indicate that indoxyl sulfate contributes nearly 50 % of the total absorption of healthy human urine at 290 nm. They also show that optical density of indoxyl sulfate at physiological concentration is very high, producing a significant inner filter effect in undiluted healthy human urine, as well as in its aqueous solution. Consequently, major spectral changes with dilution have been observed in the excitation/emission spectra of indoxyl sulfate. xD;Further, we investigated concentration quenching after correcting for the inner filter effect. First we examined concentration quenching in pure fluorophores. We found that indoxyl sulfate shows concentration quenching at physiological concentration, but the other two fluorophores do not show this effect. We explored concentration quenching in fluorophore mixtures and found that indoxyl sulfate is quenching the other two fluorophores, but the other two do not quench one another. We assessed the dimer formation in indoxyl sulfate, also known to reduce fluorescence. This effect is weak, estimated at around 10%. Finally we established that ammonium, a major non-fluorescent component of urine, quenches indole fluorophores, xD; xD;REFERENCES xD; xD;[1] x9;Leiner, M.J.P., M.R. Hubmann, and O.S. Wolfbeis, The Total Fluorescence of Human Urine. Analytica Chimica Acta., 1987. 198: p. 13-23. xD;[2] x9;Kusnir, J. and L. Leskova, Concentration Matrices - Solutions for Fluorescence Definition of Urine. Analytica letters, 2005. 38: p. 1559-1567. xD;
Abstract: This study investigates the potential of autofluorescence as a clinical diagnostic tool for screening of urine samples for bacteriuria (presence of E coli or mixed bacteria in the urine). Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in general population as well as in hospitalised patients and account for 30-40% of all hospital acquired infections. Bacteriuria (presence of bacteria in the urine) is the hallmark of UTI. Several methods are available to diagnose bacteriuria, the most reliable one being the bacteriological culture. However, it takes about 24 hours for the culture result to be available. Hence there is a need for a reliable and rapid method for the detection of bacteriuria. xD; The autofluorescence was measured at (290, 310, 340, 400, 450 and 500 nm) excitation wavelengths for thirty three urine samples which were also analysed at diagnostic pathology laboratories by conventional methods. The data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which revealed statistically significant differences between the fluorescence spectra for samples with bacteriuria and control group. The results indicate the applicability of using the fluorescence spectrum of urine at 290 nm and 400 nm excitation wavelengths as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between normal urine and urine with bacteriuria.
Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in general population as well as in hospitalised patients and account for 30-40% of all hospital acquired infections. Bacteriuria (presence of bacteria in the urine) is the hall mark of UTI. Several methods are available to diagnose bacteriuria, the most reliable one being the bacteriological culture. However, it takes about 24 hours for the culture result to be available. Hence there is a need for a reliable and rapid method for the detection of bacteriuria. This study investigates the potential of autofluorescence as a clinical diagnostic tool for screening of urine samples for abnormalities such as bacteriuria. xD; xD;Escherichia coli (E coli) is the most common pathogen associated with bacteriuria and with other Enterobacteriaceae accounts for over 90% of UTI. xD; xD;Ninety urine samples analysed at diagnostic pathology laboratories by conventional methods were chosen to be representative of different groups i.e. normal urine, urine with bacteriuria including E coli or mixed bacteria, urine with proteinuria, urine with other abnormalities including the presence of blood, epithelial cells and crystals. xD; xD;The autofluorescence of the samples was measured using Fluorolog spectrofluorometer at six excitation wave lengths (290, 310, 340, 400, 450 and 500nm). The emission spectra were normalized and subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results support the applicability of using the fluorescence spectrum of urine at 290 nm and 400 nm excitation wavelengths as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between normal urine and urine with bacteriuria (E coli or mixed bacteria ).
Abstract: Nowadays, statistics is taught to university students in many non-statistics disciplines, such as chiropractic and health. In this study we examined and compared chiropractic studentsâ experiences of using two statistical software programs, one web based and another Excel based, to identify the strength and weakness of each program that might influence statistical learning. xD; xD;Data were collected through a survey of students, and analysed using the chi-squared and the McNemar tests. The web based program appeared to have a good potential due to its particular features and functions, favourable flexibility and easy accessibility. Although the web based program has better graphical displays, broader range of analytic capability, remote access and independent of any dedicated software, students found it relatively easier to use the Excel based program than the web based one. This study suggests that more online instructions and explanations are needed in the web based program for non-statistics students, to aid their statistical learning.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: A history of respiratory illness early in life is associated with a lower level of lung function later in life predisposing individuals to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Functional mobility of the chest wall is often overlooked as an element in the link between lowered lung function and the progression to COPD. xD;The application of manual therapy has been shown to improve lung function in normal individuals. We describe the design of two studies currently underway that measure the effect of administering manual therapy on lung function to individuals with COPD. xD;METHODS: In Study 1 manual therapy is applied in conjunction with simple exercise to 15 individuals with COPD between the ages of 40 and 65 years. This study is being conducted at a university outpatient clinic. In Study 2 manual therapy is applied in conjunction with a standard pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program to 45 individuals with COPD between the ages of 45 and 70 years. This study is being conducted within the New South Wales public hospital system. xD;RESULTS: These studies have been approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Research Committees and are registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN:012606000369527 & ACTRN:012607000388415). xD;DISCUSSION: The rationale for including manual therapy within the management of COPD is described along with the potential for this approach to influence the long term prognosis of this condition. xD; xD;Words = 227 xD; xD;SUMMARY xD; xD;Chest wall mobility is often overlooked as an element in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This abstract describes two studies currently underway that measure the effect on lung function of administering manual therapy in conjunction with exercise to individuals with COPD. The rationale for including manual therapy within the management of COPD is described along with the potential for this approach to influence the long term prognosis of this condition.
Abstract: The Indigenous Science Education Program (ISEP) was established in January 2005 by the Macquarie University authors in collaboration with elders from Local Aboriginal Land Councils (LALCs), Science Teachers and Aboriginal Education Assistants (AEAs) of Casino and Maclean in Northern New South Wales (NNSW), Australia. This was in response to requests by Aboriginal elders of Yaegl and Bundjalung country NNSW for the authors to address the alarmingly low numbers of their Indigenous youth completing HSC studies. For example, in NSW 11% of Indigenous High School students do not progress from Year 9 to Year 10, as compared to 1% of the broader school community. The rate of Indigenous students failing to complete their School Certificate is higher still, around 19%. Finally, only 36% of Indigenous students complete Year 12, approximately half the rate of non-Indigenous students.1 Indigenous Australians are also significantly under-represented in tertiary education institutions. xD;The primary objective of ISEP is to provide Indigenous students in NSW High Schools with the motivation and skills to complete their HSC and the confidence and ability to enter and succeed in tertiary education. ISEP incorporates hands-on science activities engaging Indigenous students from years 7-12. Key aspects of ISEP include the training of Indigenous students by Macquarie University students and staff as âdemonstratorsâ and âteachersâ so that they can set up, run and explain the science to their peers, junior students and the public as part of Science shows and science classes and the involvement of the local schools through Science Teachers and AEAs, parents and local Aboriginal community. xD;The training of Indigenous students as âdemonstratorsâ and âteachersâ has resulted in these students becoming excellent role models and mentors. By entrusting them with a high level of responsibility, these activities also provide students with leadership skills and bolster their confidence, self esteem, literacy and presentation skills. Provision of on-going activities for the students, so that they are engaged in activities throughout their entire secondary studies, ensures that they are motivated to continue with their education. The interaction with Macquarie University staff and especially young enthusiastic Macquarie University students provides the Indigenous students with some insight into university life and career opportunities that are available after studying science at the tertiary level and therefore highlights the connection between science studies and science-based career opportunities and demystifies university education. Through working with the schools, local Aboriginal people, parents and elders, this program also promotes a feeling of belonging and scope for capacity building that is giving the local community a greater opportunity to motivate and assist these students. xD;Testimonials and surveys from teachers, students and AEAs, and increased student retention, show that ISEP has significantly raised the studentsâ aspirations, confidence and educational outcomes. xD;This presentation will highlight the background of this project, the activities conducted and the achievements of this unique model of engagement. xD; xD;1. âThe Report of the Review of Aboriginal Education Yanigurra Muya: Ganggurrinyma Yaarri Guurulaw Yirringin.gurray. Freeing the Spirit: Dreaming an Equal Future.â NSW Aboriginal Education Consultative Group Inc. & NSW DET, 2004.
Abstract: Diospyros is the most important genus of the family Ebenaceae. Many Diospyros species have been reported to exhibit interesting biological and pharmacological activities. The unique characteristics of this genus is the presence of a large number of pentacyclic compounds and 1,4-naphthoquinone metabolites [1]. As part of our ongoing research program on the medicinal plants of Nagaland, Diospyros lanceifolia was selected from a literature survey on Nagaland medicinal plants for further investigation. This plant has been documented to be used by Nagaland people for treatment of skin diseases and also as a fish poison [2]. So far, there are no published studies on the phytochemical or pharmacological properties of this plant. We report here the antibacterial nature of the roots of D. lanceifolia and isolation from the hexane extract of the 1,4-naphthoquinones plumbagin and 7 methyljuglone, which are known antibacterial compounds [3, 4]. The structures of these compounds were characterised by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. xD; xD; xD; xD; xD;References: xD; xD;[1] U.V. Mallavadhani, A.K. Panda and Y.R. Rao, Phytochemistry, 1998, 49(4), 901-951. xD; xD;[2] R.R. Rao, N.S. Jamir, Economic Botany, 1982, 36(2), 176-181. xD; xD;[3] R.B.A. Cristina, I.C. Chay, L.M. Peña-RodrÃguez, S.S. Fernández, G.M.M. Salinas, Fitoterapia, 2007, 78, 370â372. xD; xD;[4] J.Q. Gu, T.N. Graf, D. Lee, H.B. Chai, Q. Mi, L.B.S. Kardono, F.M. Setyowati, et al., Journal of Natural Products, 2004, 67(7), 1156-116
Abstract: A collaborative research partnership has been established between Chungtia village, Nagaland and Macquarie University, to work on the ethnobotany and bioassay guided isolation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds from Nagaland medicinal plants. Nagaland has a rich reservoir of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants that has been partly documented [1,2]. However, there have been no detailed publications on antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory studies of Nagaland medicinal plants. As part of the research partnership with Chungtia village, first hand ethnobotanical information on 70 Nagaland medicinal plants, still in current use as medicines, has been documented. Additionally, following a literature search, four plants used for skin related conditions, i.e., Diospyros lanceifolia, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Sarcandra glabra and Begonia picta, were collected from Chungtia village and screened for their biological activity against three pathogenic microorganisms - Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ethanolic extracts and fractions of the root of D. lanceifolia showed significant activity against S. aureus and E. coli, and tubers of N. cordifolia showed mild activity against S. aureus. Investigation of the hexane fraction of D. lanceifolia afforded plumbagin and 7 methyljuglone, which are known antibacterial compounds [3,4]. This is the first report on phytochemical studies of this plant. xD;A collaborative research partnership has been established between Chungtia village, Nagaland and Macquarie University, to work on the ethnobotany and bioassay guided isolation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds from Nagaland medicinal plants. Nagaland has a rich reservoir of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants that has been partly documented [1,2]. However, there have been no detailed publications on antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory studies of Nagaland medicinal plants. As part of the research partnership with Chungtia village, first hand ethnobotanical information on 70 Nagaland medicinal plants, still in current use as medicines, has been documented. Additionally, following a literature search, four plants used for skin related conditions, i.e., Diospyros lanceifolia, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Sarcandra glabra and Begonia picta, were collected from Chungtia village and screened for their biological activity against three pathogenic microorganisms - Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ethanolic extracts and fractions of the root of D. lanceifolia showed significant activity against S. aureus and E. coli, and tubers of N. cordifolia showed mild activity against S. aureus. Investigation of the hexane fraction of D. lanceifolia afforded plumbagin and 7 methyljuglone, which are known antibacterial compounds [3,4]. This is the first report on phytochemical studies of this plant. xD; xD;1. x9;Jamir N.S., Rao R.R., 1982, Econ. Bot., 36, 176 xD;2. x9;Changkija S., 1999, Asian Folkl Stud, 58, 205 xD;3. x9;Argaez R.B., Canche-Chay C.S., et al. 2007, Fitoterapia, 78, 370 xD;4. x9;Gu J.Q., Graf T.N., et al., 2004, J. Nat. Prod., 67, 1156
Abstract: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan degrading enzyme that is emerging as an important drug target1,2. IDO plays a central role in evasion of T-cell-mediated immune rejection. It is thought to be responsible for providing immune protection to developing mammalian fetal tissue during gestation by decreasing local tryptophan availability and thereby suppressing the maternal T-cell based immune response. In addition, IDO is over expressed in most tumors2.Based on this a role for the enzyme in the immune escape phemomenon exhibited by solid tumors has been proposed that parallels the role postulated for IDO in the placenta. Marshalling the immune system against solid tumors is an attractive approach to treating cancer, which makes IDO an appealing drug target. As part of our programme for isolating IDO inhibitors from natural sources, the crude extracts of eleven medicinal plants used as anticancer drugs in Siddha system of Medicine was screened for IDO inhibitory activity. A plant belonging to Sapindaceae family was identified as having potent inhibition of IDO. Solvent partitioning and further fractionation of the water extract of this plant using C18 Sep-Pak chromatography lead to the identification of two active fractions. The phytochemical characterisation and IDO inhibitory activity of these fractions will be presented. xD; xD; xD;1. x9;Indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase inhibitors from the Northeastern Pacific Marine Hydroid Graveia annulata. Alban Periera, Eduardo Vettero, Michael Roberge, Grant Mauk and Raymond J Anderson, J Nat Prod. 2006, 69, 1496-1499 xD;2. x9;Inhibitors of human indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase identified with a target-based screen in yeast,. Eduardo Vottero, Aruna Balgi, Kate Woods, Stuart Tugendreich, Teri Melese, Raymond J. Andersen, A. Grant Mauk and Michel Roberge, Biotechnol. J. 2006, 1, 282â288
Abstract: The quest for chemicals suitable for fighting diseases is a major research focus all over the world. There are different approaches that scientists may take to achieve this goal, each with its own merits. Ethnobotany/pharmacology is one such approach, which utilises the information accrued over centuries of human evolution â in the form of traditional medicines of various cultures1. xD; xD;Siddha is a traditional system of medicine in India, prevalent mostly in South India. It is mainly based on herbal formulations. As part of a collaborative partnership with a Siddha Physician practicing in India, details of some potent medicinal plants that are being used in cancer treatment were provided to us. Based on the published literature, eleven plants were short listed for the initial study. Antiproliferative activity of the aqueous ethanolic extract of these plants has been established on a neuroepithelioma cell line (SK N MC) by the MTT assay. Two of the eleven plants screened were found to be significantly active with IC50 values of 17 and 22 µg/ml. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) regards crude plant extracts with IC50 value of <30 µg /ml in the preliminary assay as being of significant anticancer activity2. These two plants therefore are worthy of detailed phytochemical-pharmacological investigation in order to isolate active compounds responsible for antitumour activity. A bioassay guided fractionation is being carried out on these plants aimed at isolation of anticancer compounds xD; xD;References: xD; xD;[1] S. Diwanay, D. Chitre and B. Patwardhan, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 90, 49-55. xD; xD;[2] M. Jokhadze, L. Eristavi, J. Kutchukhidze, A. Chariot, L. Angenot, M. Tits, O. Jansen and M. Frederich, Phytotherapy Research, 2007, 21, 622-624.
Abstract: The knowledge of medicinal plants possessed by Indigenous people is a significant medicinal resource. Organisations including the United Nations and the Australian Government are currently searching for ways to safeguard this knowledge and use it for the benefit of both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. In Australia, Aboriginal people have a vast medicinal plant knowledge that is poorly documented and is in danger of being lost. xD; xD;The aims of our research project are to i) document first hand traditional and contemporary (together referred to as customary) medicinal plant knowledge of Australian Aboriginal communities; ii) from that ethnobotanical information identify medicinally important mixtures and compounds, especially those with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, following targeted chemical and biological studies; and iii) ensure benefit sharing and capacity building opportunities are available for the Aboriginal people involved. xD; xD;We have established a close relationship with participating Aboriginal communities, who are working with us collaboratively on this research project. We also have a strong interdisciplinary team of researchers with experience in ethnobotany, natural products and medicinal chemistry, medical microbiology and bioinformatics. xD; xD;This presentation will provide an overview of the project, including the methodologies employed and the cultural, scientific and educational goals and achievements of the project.
Abstract: It is well known that most of learning in educational institutions is assessment driven. The Department of Health & Chiropractic is faced with assessment issues different to a majority of other Departments within the University. xD; xD;We have taken the opportunity offered by the Leadership and Assessment: Strengthening the Nexus Project to initiate a bottom-up approach to assessment across various subjects within this Department. Participatory Action Research (PAR) offers an excellent avenue for a collegial approach to this issue. xD;The objectives of this sub-project are to: xD;i) x9;Increase awareness of scholarship in teaching and learning with particular reference to assessment amongst the academics of the Department; xD;ii) x9;Initiate and facilitate the practice of reflective assessment, and xD;iii) x9;Develop âbest practiceâ assessment strategies within the Department of Health & Chiropractic. xD;The features that are distinctive to this Department are the need to facilitate learning in the psychomotor as well as cognitive domains. Assessing psychomotor skills generally requires a criterion-referenced approach. However, the Department is placed within the paradigm of a norm-referenced University system. This creates a number of challenges. These challenges and the implications of these to the teaching and learning practices within the Department will be discussed. xD; xD;The collegial nature of the PAR methodology will result in the creation of leaders within the Department who will spearhead the changes at the Department level that will then ideally effect changes at both the Divisional and University levels. xD;
Abstract: The fluorescein diacetate (FDA) antimicrobial assay relies on the cleavage of FDA by metabolically active microbes to give the yellow-green fluorescent compound fluorescein. The reliability of this assay has been compromised by recent findings that compounds present in microbiological media can lead to significant levels of cleavage of FDA. Using the nucleophilic scavengers N-ethylmaleimide and maleic anhydride, Wanandy et al.1 demonstrated that this cleavage is most likely due to nucelophiles, such as cysteine and histidine commonly present in the media. The original assay conditions have been modified to increase its reliability. This includes use of a dilute medium (0.2% w/v bacteriological peptone, 0.1% w/v yeast extract and 0.1% w/v sodium chloride), a non-nucleophilic buffer (BES), standardised inoculum (104-105 CFU/ml) and overnight incubation of the microbes after addition of antimicrobial agents. This optimised assay has been validated by comparing MIC data with published data2 and other assays3 and was found to be reproducible using 3 antibacterial agents and 3 antifungal agents against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, as appropriate. xD;1Wanandy, S., Brouwer, N., Liu, Q., Mahon, A., Cork, S., Karuso, P., Vemulpad, S., Jamie, J., J. Microbiol. Methods (2005) 60, 21-30. xD;2NCCLS, M100-S9, Vol 19, Performance Standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, NCCLS, Wayne, PA., 1999, 96-97. xD;3NCCLS, M27-A2 Vol. 22 No. 15, Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, NCCLS, Wayne, PA., 2002.
Abstract: Editor xD; xD;Complementary and alternate systems of medicine are here to stay. Their increasing popularity is common knowledge. Recent articles published in BMJ(1,2) and the response to them vouch for this. The focus on integration mentioned by Vickers(1) is very pertinent, given the wide spectrum of health care options available to patients. As pointed out in that article training, education and regulation are vital elements that would directly impact on integration. xD; xD;The practice of chiropractic is now regulated in countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, UK and the USA. Practitioners of this profession are required to undergo a rigorous training program. In Australia this training is currently offered at two Universities - Macquarie University in Sydney and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in Melbourne. xD; xD;At Macquarie University the students have to complete a two-year masters (MChiro) program (following a 3 year BChiro course) to be eligible to apply for registration to practice. The curriculum includes basic medical science subjects (viz. anatomy, physiology, pathology, microbiology) during the undergraduate/postgraduate part of the program. The program also encourages critical thinking and evidence based practice. This form of training fosters a critical approach as evidenced by the research activities of the Department of Chiropractic in various clinical fields such as asthma, backache and migraine as well as basic research into mechanisms of pain, using animal models. xD; xD;More and better research would no doubt boost the image of any system of medicine, be it mainstream or complementary. However, no genuine research is possible in an atmosphere of suspicion. The way forward is for a healthy collaboration. xD; xD;1 Vickers A. Complementary medicine. BMJ 2000;321:683-6. xD; xD;2 Ernst E. The role of complementary and alternative medicine. BMJ 2000;321:1133-5. xD; xD;Subramanyam Vemulpad, xD;Lecturer, Department of Chiropractic xD;Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
Abstract: Editor, xD; xD;Leask et al1 make the very important point that "any attempt at refuting or deflating the persuasive power of vaccination arguments must address the potential gut level appeal at which anti-immunisation rhetoric tends to operate". Consider for example, the question - would you or would you not seek anti rabies vaccine if a rabid dog bit your child? It would be interesting to know how many of the anti immunisation camp would respond in the negative. xD; xD;There is no doubt that ignoring lessons from health communication science would jeopardise public health. xD; xD;1. Leask J-A, Chapman S, Hawe P. Facts are not enough. BMJ 2000; 321:108 xD; xD;Subra Vemulpad, xD;Lecturer xD;Macquarie University Sydney
Abstract: Editor xD; xD;It is heartening to learn that the Government of India is planning a legislation to prescribe minimum standards for health care facilities. xD; xD;This is a laudable venture though it has been long over due. However, one hopes that it does not stop with mere legislation. For example, the major problem that can be foreseen by any one familiar with health care facilities in India would be to ensure that the government funded (public) hospitals (that cater to the majority of India's population) are provided with appropriate resources to comply with these minimum standards. In the absence of such political will and commitment, the proposed legislation will at best be another bureaucratic hurdle to be cleared by those wanting to set up health care facilities. xD; Subramayam Vemulpad, xD;Lecturer xD;Macquarie University, Sydney
Abstract: Editor, xD; xD;I would like to raise a some what different but pertinent issue. It is acknowledged (1) that parental concerns should be taken seriously and also that no vaccine is 100% effective or safe. But how often do parents 'routinely' receive this information from the immunisation providers? xD; xD;When parents take their children for immunisations, consent is implied. However, does it not fall short of 'informed' consent? Such a practice provides ammunition to the anti-immunisation camps' rhetoric. xD; xD;Subra Vemulpad Lecturer Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia xD; xD;1. Bedford H, Elliman D. Concerns about immunisation. BMJ 2000;320:240-243 xD; xD;Subramayam Vemulpad, xD;Lecturer xD;Macquarie University, Sydney
Abstract: xD;EDITOR,--Rajendra Kale exaggerates in his generalisation that in India graduates with the degree of bachelor of ayurvedic medicine and surgery set up in general practice and dispense allopathic medicines without having received any training in their use.1 No doubt a small proportion of the graduates resort to this bad practice, just as a proportion of graduates with the degree of MB, BS dispense homoeopathic or ayurvedic medicines. xD;I am a great believer in the integration of different systems of medicine. Integration is more likely to be viable, however, if the different systems are accorded equal status. For example, in India, though different systems of medicine (ayurveda, siddha, unani, and homoeopathy) are officially recognised, the salaries offered to allopathic doctors and the "other" doctors differ greatly. As the granting of equal status to doctors from other "well recognised" and "organised" systems of medicine has not been possible, the integration of traditional healers is a long way away. xD; xD;Senior lecturer College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, P/Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi xD; xD;V R Subramanyam
