Bibek Chandra Sutradhar

Abstract: Experiments were undertaken to assess the healing effect of bee venom (BV) cream to full-thickness skin wound in rabbits. BV cream was compared with silver sulfadiazine (SS) as a topical medicament against a control on experimentally created full-thickness wounds. Two wounds measuring 2 × 2 cm were created bilaterally (4 wounds/rabbit) on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 7 New Zealand white. Wound treatments were evenly distributed 4 sites, using a Latin square design. The contact layer of wounds was treated with physiological saline (control), SS cream and BV cream during 28 days. Wound healing was assessed on the basis of scab hardness, wound exudates, wound area, unepithelialized granulation tissue and histopathological findings. Topical application of BV and SS creams to wound reduced inflammation, debrided necrotic tissue and promoted granulation and epithelialization. Wound healing was statistically significantly faster in BV and SS treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). BV treatment evoked anti-inflammation effect in a rabbit model. BV cream produced wound healing effect similar to commercially available SS cream. Anti-inflammation effect as a topical treatment of BV cream seems to be better than SS cream. These results suggest that the topical application of BV cream may be an alternative treatment on full-thickness skin wound.

Abstract: Peripheral nerve injuries are very common in clinics which often result in severe functional deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treadmill running and electro-acupuncture on the nerve regeneration and the functional recovery of muscle activity following sciatic nerve crushed injury in rat model. Comparative study was performed over 30 days on 60 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats grouped into sham control (C), electro-acupuncture (EA), treadmill (T) and treadmill plus electro-acupuncture (TEA). The left sciatic nerve was crushed for 30 sec by a hemostatic forceps and functional activity was evaluated with sciatic functional tests, nerve conduct velocity, muscle weight and histology at 10, 20, and 30 days after injury. The muscle weight was significantly (P<0.05) increased between days 10 and 30 in TEA group. In histology, the degree of damage was scored as C > TEA > T > EA, although the necrosis and fibrosis of muscle appeared only in TEA group. The EA and TEA groups showed fast recoveries with better myelinated axons at day 10. These results suggest that the application of TEA method with balanced exercise is a useful treatment option for peripheral nerve injury regeneration and muscle activity.

Abstract: Cartilage injury leads to osteoarthritis and subsequent loss of mobility irreversibly, if untreated. There is no widely established technology for functional repair of large osteochondral defects, though some progress has been made in repairing/regenerating cartilage defects. In the present study, we cultured bovine chondrocytes (BCC) in alginate or chitosan-alginate beads with/without co-culture of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in vitro. The four systems were maintained in vitro over four weeks before the cell morphology, proliferation, sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis and gene expression evaluation. Typical chondrocytic phenotype was maintained in all beads for entire four weeks. Proliferation of chondrocytes in chitosan-alginate beads co-cultured with DBM was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in alginates. Histological analysis showed a typical round, plump morphology associated with increased number of lacuna in chitosan-alginate beads. The production of sGAG also significantly (P < 0.05) increased in quality and quantity while maintaining the type II collagen gene expression in our co-culture in chitosan-alginate beads. These data indicate that chondrocytes co-cultured with DBM in chitosan-alginate beads provide a relatively more preferred environment for high-density chondrogenesis with matrix synthesis, which may be considered as a sophisticated scaffold model for osteochondral tissue regeneration.

Abstract: Our previous study showed that chitosan mixed alginate beads exhibited a superior option for chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis with maintaining specific gene expression than in alginate only. So this study was designed in the fabricated poly (L-Lactic-co-ε-Caprolactone) (PLCL) scaffold using chitosan-alginate hydrogel, which would be more suitable to maintain the biological and physiological functions continuing three dimensional spatial organizations for chondrocytes. As a scaffold, hydrogels alone is weak at endure complex loading within the body. In this study, we made cell hybrid scaffold constructs with poly (L-Lactic-co-ε-Caprolactone) (PLCL) scaffold and hydrogels to make a three-dimensional composition of cells and extracellular matrix, which would be a mimic of a native cartilage. Using a particle leaching technique with NaCl2, we fabricated a highly-elastic scaffold from PLCL with 85% porosity and 300-500 µm pore size. A mixture of bovine chondrocytes and chitosan-alginate gel was seeded and compared with alginate as a control on the PLCL scaffold. The cell maturation, proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) production and collagen type–II expressions were better in chondrocytes seeded in chitosan-alginate hydrogel than in alginate only. These results indicate that chondrocytes with chitosan-alginate gel on PLCL scaffolds provide an appropriate biomimetic environment where chondrocyte growth is enhanced and facilitated, which could successfully be used for cartilage regeneration.

Abstract: Abstract Objective To compare the chondrotoxicity of bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine in equine articular chondrocytes in vitro. Study design Prospective, experimental study. Study material Equine articular chondrocytes. Methods Primary cultured equine chondrocytes were exposed to 0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine, or 2% mepivacaine for 30 or 60 minutes. After treatment, cell viability was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis and necrosis of chondrocytes were analyzed with the double staining of Hoechst 33258 and propidium iodide using fluorescence microscopy, and the results were confirmed using flow cytometry. Results After 30-minute exposure, trypan blue exclusion assay revealed that cell viability of 0.5% bupivacaine group was 28.73 ± 8.44%, and those of 2% lidocaine and 2% mepivacaine were 66.85 ± 6.03% and 86.27 ± 2.00%, respectively. The viability of chondrocytes after saline treatment was 95.95 ± 2.75%. The results of MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy had similar tendency with trypan blue assay. Each result showed that bupivacaine was the most toxic of the three local anaesthetics. Mepivacaine was less toxic than lidocaine. The results of the viability test suggest that bupivacaine and lidocaine exhibit a marked chondrotoxicity, and that this is mainly due to necrosis rather than apoptosis. Conclusions and clinical relevance Bupivacaine may induce detrimental chondrotoxicity when administered intra-articularly, especially in patients with joint disease, and we suggest that it should be used cautiously in equine practice. Mepivacaine may be an alternative to both bupivacaine and lidocaine.

Abstract: The result of the collected data revealed different reproductive performances of Red Chittagong Cow such as age at puberty 2.68±1.72 years, days required to first heat during post partum period 3.08±1.00 months, calving interval 14.00±1.19 months, service per conception 1.36±0.60 and gestation length 279.92±5.27 days. In this survey some data were recorded to observe the production performances of Red Chittagong Cows. Milk production per day and lactation length was 2.10±0.63 liter and 238.8±30.6 days, respectively. The maximum milk production per day was 4 liter per cow and the minimum production was 1 liter per day per cow. The cow produced 1.88±0.51 liter milk supplied with roughage only on the other hand 2.42±0.57 liter milk produced by the cow supplied some amount of concentrate along with roughage. The level of production difference between two groups were highly significant (p<0.0001)

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Abstract: The rat model that is commonly used to study femoral head osteonecrosis involves the induction of osteonecrosis by surgery employing a lateral approach to the hip joint. However, this approach induces hip joint luxation, which means it is difficult to determine whether the osteonecrosis arises because of the vascular deprivation or because of the hip joint luxation. Whether or not femoral head osteonecrosis can be induced by the medial approach to the hip joint, which does not generate hip joint luxation, was assessed MATERIALS AND METHODS: twelve 6-month-old F344 rats were subjected to the lateral or medial approach. RESULTS: four weeks after surgery, the lateral approach group showed luxation upon radiography, but the medial approach group did not. Histopathology revealed both groups exhibited osteonecrosis of the femoral head. CONCLUSION: a surgically induced model of femoral head osteonecrosis that employs the medial approach is a more effective model than that using the lateral approach

Abstract: Bio-integration of cartilage grafts with subchondral bone is a significant clinical challenge. To date, the use of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has been one of the most effective strategies for bone cell proliferation in vivo. Here, we investigated whether coculture of chondrocytes and DBM could serve as a single-platform system containing all the essential elements for purposive bone and cartilage induction. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phenotype and proliferation of bovine chondrocytes (BCC) cocultured with DBM in two different culture systems, pellet and alginate bead culture. In alginate bead culture, we observed an increase in chondrocyte number and formation of cell clusters. Typical chondrocytic phenotype was maintained for entire eight weeks. Histological analysis showed that chondrocytes maintained a typical round, plump morphology and there was a gradual increase in lacunae. Both coculture systems yielded an expanded cell population as compared to the controls (chondrocytes alone). The production of glycosaminoglycans was also increased in the coculture systems as compared to controls.

Abstract: Trypsin is an essential reagent for routine cell culture work. In the cultivation of mammalian cells, it has been extensively used for cell isolation from tissues or cell dislodging in subculturing. It may damage the cell membrane in contact of cells during long trypsinization. However, there is no specific report on time-dependent effect of trypsinization on cells. In the present study, we investigated the time dependent effects of trypsinization on equine chondrocytes. Cell viability after trypsinization with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA for 5 to 60 minutes was quantified by trypan blue exclusion assay, propidium iodide-Hoechst double staining, flow cytometry analysis and XTT assay. The results showed that trypsin-EDTA decreased the proliferation of equine chondrocytes depending on the exposure time of trypsinization. After 20 and 60 minutes of trypsinization, the cell membranes were strongly affected and the percentages of viable cells reduced to 91% and 85% respectively detected by trypan blue exclusion assay. Similar results were observed both in flow cytometric evaluation and propidium iodide-Hoechst double staining. The XTT assay result also showed decreased cell viability with the extended time of trypsinization. In order to minimize the time dependant cytotoxicity of trypsinization, as minimum as short time exposure is suggestive that maximizes live cell isolation from tissue as well as subculture of equine chondrocytes or other cells.

Abstract: Umbilical hernias in calves commonly present to veterinary clinics, which are normally secondary to failure of the normal closure of the umbilical ring, and which result in the protrusion of abdominal contents into the overlying subcutis. The aim of this study was to compare the suitability of commonly-used herniorrhaphies for the treatment of reducible umbilical hernia in calves. Thirty-four clinical cases presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh from July 2004 to July 2007 were subjected to comprehensive study including history, classification of hernias, size of the hernial rings, presence of adhesion with the hernial sacs, postoperative care and follow-up. They were reducible, nonpainful and had no evidence of infection present on palpation. The results revealed a gender influence, with the incidence of umbilical hernia being higher in female calves than in males. Out of the 34 clinical cases, 14 were treated by open method of herniorrhaphy and 20 were treated by closed method. Complications of hernia were higher (21%) in open method-treated cases than in closed method-treated cases (5%). Hernia recurred in three calves treated with open herniorrhaphy within 2 weeks of the procedure, with swelling in situ and muscular weakness at the site of operation. Shorter operation time and excellent healing rate (80%) were found in calves treated with closed herniorrhaphy. These findings suggest that the closed herniorrhaphy is better than the commonly-used open method for the correction of reducible umbilical hernia in calves.

Abstract: The study was conducted at dairy and cattle improvement farm, Hathazari, Chittagong for a period of one year. A total of 82 dairy cows were selected during the period from June 03-July 04 and their information regarding milk production upto 180 days, productive and other reproductive parameters were recorded from farm record book. Average milk production (459.09±138.09 liter), calving interval (634.59±223.92 days), age at puberty (1205.02±313.80 days), service per conception (1.88±1.09), gestation length (273.08±7.48 days) and birth weight of fetuses (18.78±34 kg) were observed. The minimum and maximum value of these results was also observed. The highest milk production (487.54±109.73 liter) was found in the cows with parity number 4-8 and the second highest (456.84±169.58 liter) was found with the parity number 2 and the lowest milk production (445.79±86.64 liter) was found with the parity number 3. The average production of milk was observed (473.44±134.15 liter) in the cows required interval between 370- 590 days and 444.74±142.11 liter found in the cows required 591-1365 days. When the range of age at puberty was 1186-2270 days and 665-1185 days the average production of milk was 468.56±161.92 liter and 450.50±113.56 liter was observed, respectively. Comparatively more milk production was found (461.52±151.89 liter) in cows required less number of services per conception was 1-2 than the cows required more number of services per conception was 3-6 and their milk production was 452.84±96.60 liter. There was no any significance difference of production of milk among the different variables.

Abstract: An adult gelding chestnut colored Arabian horse, approximately 700kg body weight, aged 18 years, height 5 feets 8 inches with the history of anorexia, recurrent mild pain and pawing was presented for clinical study in Bhatiary, Chittagong on the dated 15 June 2007. The clinical examination of the patient revealed normal temperature, increased pulse and respiration rates, absence of abdominal sounds. On close observation, the horse was anxious, anorexic, restless condition, intermittent pawing on the ground, rolling, circling, stretching out and standing for long period. There was no defecation and scanty urination. On rectal palpation, the rectum was emptied. Fecal examination also revealed no eggs of endoparasites. The horse was treated nonsurgically with antibiotic, liquid paraffin, oil of turpentine. Fluid therapy was also given depending upon degree of dehydration. The horse was observed each and every day for follow up treatment and recorded the condition of health. Recovered the horse fully within10 days

Abstract: Congenitally deformed tibia-fibulas of both hind limbs were diagnosed in a four-month-old, female, domestic shorthair cat that was unable to bear weight and whose movement was painful on both stifle and hock joints. Bleeding was observed repeatedly from the wound made by deformed tibias at the cranial sides of hock joints where the bones were exposed. Radiography and computed tomography revealed a corn-shaped tibia and bow shaped fibula which extended cranio-distally without formation of the hock joints. Femoro-tarsal arthrodesis was successfully executed on both hind legs after exclusion of the deformed and pliable tibia-fibulas. Follow-up radiography showed that bone fusions had gradually improved and were without complications. Postoperatively, the cat was capable of walking on the corrected hind legs and running on the movement of hip joints. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the 1st reported case of femoro-tarsal arthrodesis in a cat. In this case, femoro-tarsal arthrodesis resulted in a satisfactory outcome for congenitally deformed tibia-fibulas in cat.

Abstract: An esophageal impaction consisting of plant material was diagnosed and treated in an indigenous goose. An adult freeflying indigenous goose with flaccid neck muscles, lethargic, emaciated and mildly dehydrated was brought to TVH (Teaching Veterinary Hospital), Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Palpation of neck revealed solid tubular mass ventrally in the mid cervical region. Treatment included oesophagotomy and drug therapy. The bird was fully recovered within 10 days of post operation.

Abstract: A crossbred (Sindhi × local indigenous) calf that was 12 days old was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Government Veterinary College, Bangladesh, with two accessory hind limbs attached to the pelvic region in between the hind legs. This was clinically identified as a congenital anomaly popularly called pygomelia. The pygomelia was successfully corrected by surgical excisions.

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Abstract: A breed and three crossbreds (Fay, RIRxFay, NNxRIR, NNxFay) were studied for egg quality at different age under semi-scavenging system of management. The egg weight was highest (41.87, 44.03, 44.7 and 46.97 g) for RIR x Fay at sexual maturity, one, two and three months after sexual maturity. RIRxFay showed the highest (0.335, 0.337 and 0.340 mm) shell thickness and Albumen height (7.77, 8.48, 8.54 mm) at sexual maturity, one and three months after sexual maturity with exception at 2 months after sexual maturity (0.320 and 8.02 mm) for shell thickness and albumin height, respectively. Although yolk height was highest in case of RIR x Fay at sexual maturity NNxFay and NNxRIR showed the highest (19.82 and 19.03 mm), respectively for the next 2 months and at 3 months after sexual maturity NNxFay was found to be highest (19.93 mm). The highest yolk colour score (10.78) was in RIRxFay at sexual maturity and there after decreased over time. In case of Haugh unit RIRxFay showed the highest (77.7 and 82.21) at sexual maturity and 3 months after at sexual maturity but NNxFay and Fay showed the highest (83.17 and 82.29) at one month and two months after sexual maturity, respectively. It may be concluded that RIRxFay might be the best for quality egg production under semi-scavenging system of management

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Abstract: The incidence of bloat in cattle was studied in 5 Upazilla Veterinary Hospitals located at the Mymensingh district. A total of 251 out of 15 366 cattle were found to be affected with bloat with the incidence being 1.73%. The disease predominantly occurred in adults than in the young. It occurred in all seasons, but the incidence was found to be more frequent in the winter season. The effect of various drugs in the treatment of bloat was studied in 25 animals. The effect of treatment with Bloatosil®, Tympasol®, linseed-turpentine oil combination and Digitop®, and some clinical parameters were recorded during various drug therapy. Tympasol® and linseed-turpentine oil combination resulted in 100% recovery in case of frothy bloat, whereas the Digitop® was found effective against free-gas bloat