http://publicationslist.org/data/ove.axner/atom.xml Ove Axnerhttp://publicationslist.org/ove.axner$basepathfavicon.icoRecent additions to Ove Axner's PublicationsList.org pagehttp://publicationslist.org/publications.png2014-01-07T20:49:02Z http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid153 2014-01-07T20:18:14Z

Faraday modulation/rotation spectroscopy (FAMOS/FRS) is a spectroscopic technique for detection of paramagnetic species in gas phase. Although the prevailing theoretical description predicts fully symmetrical lineshapes, experiments do not in general provide such. This work shows that asymmetries in FAMOS can have at least two origins; (i) a frequency dependent laser intensity and (ii) polarizatio...<br/><br/>J Westberg, O Axner (2014) <i>Applied Physics B, in press</i> <i></i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid165 2014-01-07T20:27:36Z

P. Ehlers, I. Silander, J. Wang, A. Foltynowicz, O. Axner (2014) <i>Optics Letters</i> 39: 2 279-282<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid154 2014-01-07T20:17:33Z

Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FAMOS) as well as other modulated techniques that rely on dispersion produce lock-in signals that are proportional to various Fourier coefficients of modulated dispersion lineshape functions of the molecular transition targeted. In order to enable real-time curve fitting to such signals a fast methodology for calculating the Fourier coefficients of modulated lineshap...<br/><br/>J Westberg, J Wang, O Axner (2014) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer</i> <i></i> <i></i> 113: 244-250<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid164 2014-01-07T20:36:55Z

J. Y. Wang, P. Ehlers, I. Silander, O Axner (2014) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, in press</i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid149 2014-01-07T20:31:19Z

Noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) is a sensitive technique for detection of molecular species in gas phase. It is based on a combination of frequency modulation for reduction of noise and cavity enhancement for prolongation of the interaction length between the light and a sample. It is capable of both Doppler-broadened and sub-Doppler detection wit...<br/><br/>O Axner, P Ehlers, A Foltynowicz, I Silander, J Wang (2013) <i></i> <i>Principles and Performance in Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy and Sensing</i> <i></i> 179: 211-251<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid155 2013-10-20T09:18:53Z

Type 1 fimbriae mediate adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to host cells. It has been hypothesized that due to their ability to uncoil under exposure to force, fimbriae can reduce fluid shear stress on the adhesin-receptor interaction by which the bacterium adheres to the surface. In this work, we develop a model that describes how the force on the adhesin-receptor interaction of a type 1 ...<br/><br/>J Zakrisson, K Wiklund, O Axner, M Andersson (2013) <i>Biophysical Journal</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000319318400008</i> 104: 10 2137-2148<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid151 2013-10-20T17:00:23Z

An optical method for measuring the gas density by monitoring the refractive index inside a high-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity is presented. The frequency of a narrow linewidth Er:fiber laser, locked to a mode of the cavity, is measured with the help of an optical frequency comb while the gas density inside the cavity changes. A resolution of 1.4 × 10−6 mol m−3 is achieved in 3 s for nitrogen,...<br/><br/>I Silander, M Zelan, O Axner, F Arrhén, L Pendrill, A Foltynowicz (2013) <i>Measurement Science & Technology, in press</i> <i></i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid145 2013-10-20T17:07:01Z

Speed-dependent effects (SDEs) in both the absorption and dispersion modes of detection have been detected and scrutinized by the noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (NICE-OHMS) technique. The present paper achieves four objectives: (i) it provides the first demonstration of SDEs detected in dispersion, (ii) it validates the expression for a speed-dependent Voigt...<br/><br/>J Y Wang, P Ehlers, I Silander, O Axner (2012) <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000309588200046</i> 29: 10 2980-2989<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid146 2013-10-20T17:06:44Z

An analytical expression for a Voigt dispersion line-shape function that incorporates speed-dependent effects (SDEs) on the collision broadening, applicable to spectroscopic techniques that measure dispersion signals, is presented. It is based upon a speed-dependent Voigt (SDV) model for absorption spectrometry that assumes that the molecular relaxation rate has a quadratic dependence on molecular...<br/><br/>J Y Wang, P Ehlers, I Silander, J Westberg, O Axner (2012) <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000309588200045</i> 29: 10 2971-2979<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid148 2013-10-20T17:07:40Z

Biopolymers are vital structures for many living organisms; for a variety of bacteria, adhesion polymers play a crucial role for the initiation of colonization. Some bacteria express, on their surface, attachment organelles (pili) that comprise subunits formed into stiff helix-like structures that possess unique biomechanical properties. These helix-like structures possess a high degree of flexibi...<br/><br/>J Zakrisson, K Wiklund, O Axner, M Andersson (2012) <i>European Biophysics Journal with Biophysics Letters</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000304445400006</i> 41: 6 551-560<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid144 2013-10-20T17:06:21Z

Frequency modulated spectroscopy (FMS) performed by the use of fiber-coupled electro optic modulators (FC-EOMs) is often plagued by background signals that bring in noise and, by their temperature dependence, cause severe drifts. These signals cannot be zeroed out by the conventional technique of using a carefully adjusted polarizer that can be applied to free space electro optic modulators (EOMs)...<br/><br/>I Silander, P Ehlers, J Wang, O Axner (2012) <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i> <i></i> <i></i> 29: 5 916-923<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid140 2013-10-20T09:00:27Z

The main purpose of this article is to describe the theory, instrumentation, and analytical performance of laser analytical atomic spectrometry, focusing on absorption, fluorescence, and ionization techniques. The structure of the article is such that it first provides an outline of the theory of light-matter interactions that prevail for each type of technique as well as of the most common modula...<br/><br/>Ove Axner, Gábor Galbács (2012) <i></i> <i>Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry</i> <i>http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a5111.pub2</i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid141 2013-10-20T17:05:35Z

A fiber-laser-based noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (FL-NICE-OHMS) system for white-noise-limited Doppler-broadened detection down to 5.6×10−12   cm−1  Hz−1/2 is demonstrated. The system is based on a previous FL-NICE-OHMS instrumentation in which the locking of the laser frequency to a cavity mode has been improved by the use of an acousto-opt...<br/><br/>P Ehlers, I Silander, J Wang, O Axner (2012) <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i> <i></i> <i></i> 29: 5 1305-1315<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid142 2013-10-20T17:05:17Z

Adhesion to host tissues is an initiating step in a majority of bacterial infections. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria this adhesion is often mediated by a specific interaction between an adhesin, positioned at the distal end of bacterial pili, and its receptor on the surface of the host tissue. Furthermore, the rod of the pilus, and particularly its biomechanical properties, is believed to b...<br/><br/>J E Klinth, M Castelain, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2012) <i>Plos One</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000305343900057</i> 7: 6 e38548<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid143 2013-10-20T17:05:05Z

Gram-negative bacteria often initiate their colonization by use of extended attachment organelles, so called pili. When exposed to force, the rod of helix-like pili has been found to be highly extendable, mainly attributed to uncoiling and recoiling of its quaternary structure. This provides the bacteria with the ability to redistribute an external force among a multitude of pili, which enables th...<br/><br/>J E Klinth, J S Pinkner, S J Hultgren, F Almqvist, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2012) <i>European Biophysics Journal with Biophysics Letters</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000300496600003</i> 41: 3 285-295<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid147 2013-10-20T17:07:26Z

Wavelength modulation (WM) produces lock-in signals that are proportional to various Fourier coefficients of the modulated lineshape function of the molecular transition targeted. Unlike the case for the Lorentzian lineshape function, there is no known analytical expression for the Fourier coefficients of a modulated Voigt lineshape function; they consist of nested integrals that have to be solved...<br/><br/>J Westberg, J Wang, O Axner (2012) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer</i> <i></i> <i></i> 113: 16 2049-2057<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid134 2013-10-20T17:11:02Z

Noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) based on a fiber-coupled electro-optic modulator (EOM) provides a compact and versatile experimental setup. It has, however, been limited by background signals originating from an imbalance of the phase modulated triplet created by a cross-coupling between the principal axes of the polarization maintaining fibers an...<br/><br/>A Foltynowicz, I Silander, O Axner (2011) <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i> <i></i> <i></i> 28: 11 2797-2805<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid139 2013-10-20T17:12:04Z

Modulated spectroscopic detection techniques that rely on dispersion, e.g. Faraday modulation/rotation spectroscopy and wavelength-modulated noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy, are often described in terms of Fourier coefficients of a modulated dispersion lineshape function. This work derives a non-complex analytical expression for the nth Fourier coefficient of...<br/><br/>J Westberg, P Kluczynski, S Lundqvist, O Axner (2011) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000290744900006</i> 112: 9 1443-1449<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid138 2013-10-20T17:11:52Z

Dicke narrowing in both the absorption and dispersion modes of detection have been scrutinized by noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) using an isolated transition in the v(1) + v(3) + v(4)(1) - v(4)(1) band of acetylene [P(e)(33) at 6439.371 cm(-1)] at room temperature. The results represent the first (to our knowledge) demonstration of Dicke narrowin...<br/><br/>J Y Wang, P Ehlers, I Silander, O Axner (2011) <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000296045400014</i> 28: 10 2390-2401<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid135 2013-10-20T09:38:03Z

Using recently developed GaInAsSb/AlGaInAsSb DFB lasers, tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) has been extended into the 3-μm wavelength region for the detection of acetylene impurities in hydrocarbon compounds encountered in ethylene manufacturing. Measurements of acetylene in pure polymer grade ethylene and in a gas mixture of ethylene and ethane typical of the process stream around a hydrog...<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, M Jahjah, L Nähle, O Axner, S Belahsene, M Fischer, J Koeth, Y Rouillard, J Westberg, A Vicet, S LundqvistS (2011) <i>Applied Physics B</i> <i></i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid132 2013-10-20T16:34:44Z

Optical tweezers (OT) are a technique that, by focused laser light, can both manipulate micrometer sized objects and measure minute forces (in the pN range) in biological systems. The technique is therefore suitable for assessment of bacterial adhesion on an individual adhesin-receptor and single attachment organelle (pili) level. This chapter summarizes the use of OT for assessment of adhesion me...<br/><br/>O Axner, M Andersson, O Björnham, M Castelain, J Klinth, E Koutris, S Schedin (2011) <i></i> <i>Bacterial Adhesion </i> <i></i> 715: 301-313 <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid133 2013-10-20T17:08:33Z

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) express various kinds of organelles, so-called pili or fimbriae, that mediate adhesion to host tissue in the urinary tract through specific receptor-adhesin interactions. The biomechanical properties of these pili have been considered important for the ability of bacteria to withstand shear forces from rinsing urine flows. Force-measuring optical tweezers have...<br/><br/>M Castelain, S Ehlers, J Klinth, S Lindberg, M Andersson, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2011) <i>European Biophysics Journal with Biophysics Letters</i> <i></i> <i></i> 40: 3 305-316<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid136 2013-10-20T17:11:27Z

A Faraday modulation spectrometer for sensitive and fast detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 mu m utilizing a room temperature continuous wave distributed feedback quantum cascade laser and a Peltier cooled MCT detector is presented. The magnetic field was modulated at 7.4 kHz whereas the laser wavelength was scanned at 20 Hz across the most favorable rotational-vibrational transition for FAMOS, Q (...<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, S Lundqvist, J Westberg, O Axner (2011) <i>Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000290725300027</i> 103: 2 451-459<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid137 2013-10-20T17:11:40Z

Detection of carbon monoxide (CO) in combustion gases by tunable diode laser spectrometry is often hampered by spectral interferences from H(2)O and CO(2). A methodology for assessment of CO in hot, humid media using telecommunication distributed feedback lasers is presented. By addressing the R14 line at 6395.4 cm(-1), and by using a dual-species-fitting technique that incorporates the fitting of...<br/><br/>L Lathdavong, J Shao, P Kluczynski, S Lundqvist, O Axner (2011) <i>Applied Optics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://WOS:000291872800007</i> 50: 17 2531-2550<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid129 2013-10-20T17:13:01Z

Dual-frequency modulation (DFM) has been used to continuously track the frequency shifts of optical cavity modes in the vicinity of an optical transition of a gas inside the cavity for assessment of the gas concentration. A theoretical description of the size and lineshape of the DFM dispersion spectroscopy (DFM-DS) signal is given. Since the signal is measured in terms of a radio frequency the te...<br/><br/>F M Schmidt, W Ma, A Foltynowicz, O Axner (2010) <i>Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000284110800003</i> 101: 3 497-509<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid130 2013-10-20T17:13:12Z

A first demonstration of Faraday modulation spectrometry (FAMOS) of nitric oxide ( NO) addressing its strong electronic X-2 Pi(nu ''=0) = A(2)Sigma(+) (nu'=0) band is presented. The instrumentation was constructed around a fully diode-laser-based laser system producing mW powers of ultraviolet light targeting the overlapping Q(22)(21/2) and R-Q(12)(21/2) transitions at similar to 226.6 nm. The wor...<br/><br/>J Shao, L Lathdavong, J Westberg, P Kluczynski, S Lundqvist, O Axner (2010) <i>Applied Optics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000282685300013</i> 49: 29 5614-5625<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid128 2013-10-20T17:12:51Z

We give a simple two-transition model of Faraday modulation spectrometry (FAMOS) addressing the electronic X-2 Pi(nu ''=0) - A(2)Sigma(+) (nu=0) band in nitric oxide. The model is given in terms of the integrated line strength, S, and first Fourier coefficients for the magnetic-field-modulated dispersive line shape function. Although the two states addressed respond differently to the magnetic fie...<br/><br/>L Lathdavong, J Westberg, J Shao, C M Dion, P Kluczynski, S Lundqvist, O Axner (2010) <i>Applied Optics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000282685300012</i> 49: 29 5597-5613<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid127 2013-10-20T17:12:39Z

A compact noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) system based on a narrow linewidth distributed-feedback laser and fiber-coupled acousto-optic and electro-optic modulators has been developed. Measurements of absorption and dispersion signals have been performed at pressures up to 1/3 atmosphere on weak acetylene transitions at 1551 nm. Multiline fitting ...<br/><br/>A Foltynowicz, J Y Wang, P Ehlers, O Axner (2010) <i>Optics Express</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000282107900009</i> 18: 18 18580-18591<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid126 2013-10-20T17:12:22Z

It is shown that multipili-adhering bacteria expressing helix-like pili binding by slip bonds can show catch-bond behavior. When exposed to an external force, such bacteria can mediate adhesion to their hosts by either of two limiting means: sequential or simultaneous pili force exposure (referring to when the pili mediate force in a sequential or simultaneous manner, respectively). As the force i...<br/><br/>O Bjornham, O Axner (2010) <i>Biophysical Journal</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000281721500002</i> 99: 5 1331-1341<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid131 2013-10-20T17:13:23Z

A quantitative description of the strength and shape of Faraday modulation spectrometry (FAMOS) signals is given. It is first shown how the signal can be expressed in terms of the integrated linestrength for the targeted transition, S-i,S-j. Secondly, since the technique relies on a periodic modulation of the transition frequency induced by an alternating magnetic field, it is explicitly shown tha...<br/><br/>J Westberg, L Lathdavong, C M Dion, J Shao, P Kluczynski, S Lundqvist, O Axner (2010) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000282252500006</i> 111: 16 2415-2433<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid125 2013-10-20T09:14:16Z

Many types of bacterium express micrometer-long attachment organelles (so-called pili) whose role is to mediate adhesion to host tissue. Until recently, little was known about their function in the adhesion process. Force-measuring optical tweezers (FMOT) have since then been used to unravel the biomechanical properties of various types of pili, primarily those from uropathogenic E. coli, in parti...<br/><br/>O Axner, O Bjornham, M Castelain, E Koutris, S Schedin, E Fallman, M Andersson (2010) <i></i> <i>Single Molecule Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biology</i> <i><Go to ISI>://000285735900018</i> 96: 337-362<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid123 2013-10-20T17:14:00Z

A thorough analysis of the shape and strength of Doppler-broadened wavelength-modulated noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy signals is presented, and their dependence on modulation frequency, modulation amplitude, and detection phase is investigated in detail. The conditions that maximize the on-resonance signal are identified. The analysis is based on standard f...<br/><br/>A Foltynowicz, W G Ma, F M Schmidt, O Axner (2009) <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000268542200018</i> 26: 7 1384-1394<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid121 2013-10-20T17:13:38Z

A number of biomechanical properties of various types of pili expressed by Escherichia coli, predominantly their force-versus-elongation behavior, have previously been assessed in detail on a single pilus level. In vivo, however, bacteria bind in general to host cells by a multitude of pili, which presumably provides them with adhesion properties that differs from those of single pili. Based upon ...<br/><br/>O Bjornham, O Axner (2009) <i>Journal of Chemical Physics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000267166200064</i> 130: 23 <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid120 2013-10-19T13:47:14Z

O Axner (2009) <i></i> <i>Novel Physics Methodology for Environmental Research</i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid119 2013-10-19T13:47:14Z

O Axner (2009) <i></i> <i>Novel Physics Methodology for Environmental Research</i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid124 2013-10-20T17:14:11Z

A methodology based upon wavelength modulation and two-line thermometry for assessment of gas temperature by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy utilizing a standard tunable distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser working in the telecom C-band has been developed. Due to the high density of water lines in this wavelength region at elevated temperatures the methodology does not make use of tw...<br/><br/>J Shao, L Lathdavong, P Kluczynski, S Lundqvist, O Axner (2009) <i>Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000271260900026</i> 97: 3 727-748<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid122 2013-10-20T17:13:49Z

Bacterial adhesion organelles, known as fimbria or pili, are expressed by Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria families. These appendages play a key role in the first steps of the invasion and infection processes, and they therefore provide bacteria with pathogenic abilities. To improve the knowledge of pili-mediated bacterial adhesion to host cells and how these pili behave under the p...<br/><br/>M Castelain, E Koutris, M Andersson, K Wiklund, O Bjornham, S Schedin, O Axner (2009) <i>Chemphyschem</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://000267928100027</i> 10: 9-10 1533-1540<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid4 2013-10-20T17:18:55Z

The influence of optical saturation on noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (NICE-OHMS) signals from purely Doppler-broadened transitions is investigated experimentally. It is shown that the shape and the strength of the dispersion signal are virtually unaffected by optical saturation, whereas the strength of the absorption signal decreases as (1+G(+/- 1))(-1/2), ...<br/><br/>A Foltynowicz, W Ma, F M Schmidt, O Axner (2008) <i>J. Opt. Soc. Am. B</i> 25: 7 1156-1165<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid110 2013-10-20T17:21:10Z

The potential of fiber-laser-based sub-Doppler noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry for trace gas detection is scrutinized. The non-linear dependence of the on-resonance sub-Doppler dispersion signal on the intracavity pressure and power is investigated and the optimum conditions with respect to these are determined. The linearity of the signal strength with conce...<br/><br/>A. Foltynowicz, W. Ma, and O. Axner (2008) <i>Optics Express</i> 16: 19 14689-14702<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid1 2013-10-20T17:15:40Z

Bacterial adhesion to surfaces mediated by specific adhesion organelles that promote infections, as exemplified by the pili of uropathogenic E. coli, is studied mostly at the level of cell–cell interactions and thereby reflects the averaged behavior of multiple pili. The role of pilus rod structure has therefore only been estimated from the outcome of experiments involving large numbers of organ...<br/><br/>M Andersson, O Axner, F Almqvist, B E Uhlin, E Fallman (2008) <i>ChemPhysChem</i> 9: 221-235<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid5 2013-10-20T17:19:41Z

An expression for the peak-to-peak sub-Doppler optical phase shift of two counterpropagating modes of light, to which the noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) dispersion signal is proportional, valid for arbitrary degree of saturation, is derived. For low degrees of saturation it agrees with the expression for weakly saturating (ws) conditions, [(1+S)(...<br/><br/>O Axner, W G Ma, A Foltynowicz (2008) <i>J. Opt. Soc. Am. B</i> 25: 7 1166-1177<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid3 2013-10-20T17:18:22Z

A theoretical description of Doppler-broadened noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) under optically saturated conditions is presented. Expressions for the strength and shape of the Doppler-broadened NICE-OHMS signals are given for both the absorption and the dispersion phase, in the Voigt regime as well as in the Doppler limit. It is shown that Doppler...<br/><br/>W Ma, A Foltynowicz, O Axner (2008) <i>J. Opt. Soc. Am. B</i> 25: 7 1144-1155<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid2 2013-10-20T17:16:33Z

P pili are fimbrial adhesion organelles expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the upper urinary tract. They constitute a stiff helix-like polymer consisting of a number of subunits joined by head-to-tail bonds. The elongation and retraction properties of individual P pili exposed to strain have been modeled by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The simulation model is based upon a three-state ...<br/><br/>O Bjornham, O Axner, M Andersson (2008) <i>European Biophysical Journal with Biophysical Letters</i> 37: 4 381-391<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid6 2013-10-20T17:23:01Z

As a result of a combination of an external cavity and modulation techniques, noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) is one of the most sensitive absorption techniques, capable of reaching close-to-shot-noise sensitivities, down to 5x10(-13) fractional absorption at 1 s averaging. Due to its ability to provide sub-Doppler signals from weak molecular over...<br/><br/>A Foltynowicz, F M Schmidt, W Ma, O Axner (2008) <i>Appl. Phys. B</i> 92: 3 313-326<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid12 2013-10-20T17:29:36Z

A theoretical investigation of the influence of optical pumping on wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry (WMAS) signals from collision broadened atoms and molecules is presented. General expressions for the nf-WMAS signal from atomic and molecular systems, modeled as three-level systems that can accommodate both optical saturation and optical pumping, are derived by the use of a previously...<br/><br/>A Foltynowicz, F M Schmidt, J Gustafsson, O Axner (2007) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Transfer</i> 108: 220-238<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid8 2013-10-20T17:26:07Z

High-resolution long-time force measurements by optical tweezers are often limited by low-frequency (1/f) noise. A dual-trap technique is presented that can reduce such noise in the force signal. It incorporates a second trap (a reference trap) that probes the noise in the system and it is based upon the assumption that the low-frequency parts of the noise from the two traps are correlated. A subt...<br/><br/>M Klein, M Andersson, O Axner, E Fallman (2007) <i>Applied Optics</i> 46: 3 405-412<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid11 2013-10-20T17:28:45Z

An instrumentation for detection of nitric oxide (NO) by direct absorption spectrometry in the parts in 109 (ppb) range on its electronic X2 Pi(v(n) = 0)-A(2)Sigma(+)(v' = 0) transition has been constructed around a commercially available fully diode-laser-based laser system producing milliwatts powers of ultraviolet light at similar to 226.6 run, and its analytical performance has been evaluated....<br/><br/>J Shao, L Lathdavong, P Thavixay, O Axner (2007) <i>J. Opt. Soc. Am. B</i> 24: 9 2294-2306<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid7 2013-10-20T17:25:19Z

The infectious ability of uropathogenic Escherichia coli relies on adhesive fibers, termed pili or fimbriae, that are expressed on the bacterial surface. Pili are multi-protein structures that are formed via a highly preserved assembly and secretion system called the chaperone-usher pathway. We have earlier reported that small synthetic compounds, referred to as pilicides, disrupt both type I and ...<br/><br/>V Åberg, E Fällman, O Axner, B E Uhlin, S J Hultgren, F Almqvist (2007) <i>Molecular Biosystems</i> 3: 214-218<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid10 2013-10-20T17:28:06Z

A compact noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (NICE-OHMS) spectrometer, based on a narrowband erbium-doped fiber laser and an integrated optics electro-optic modulator, has been developed for trace species detection. A general theoretical description of NICE-OHMS signals demodulated at an arbitrary FM detection phase is provided in terms of the analyte concentrat...<br/><br/>F M Schmidt, A Foltynowicz, W Ma, O Axner (2007) <i>J. Opt. Soc. Am. B</i> 24: 6 1392-1405<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid9 2013-10-20T17:27:25Z

The performance of fiber-laser-based noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (NICE-OHMS) has been improved by elimination of the technical constraints that limited its first demonstration. Doppler-broadened detection of C2H2 and CO2 at similar to 1531 nm is demonstrated using a cavity with a finesse of 4800. Frequency and wavelength modulated detection at absorption ...<br/><br/>F M Schmidt, A Foltynowicz, W G Ma, T Lock, O Axner (2007) <i>Optics Express</i> 15: 17 10822-10831<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid18 2013-10-20T17:43:26Z

The rapid development of the optical tweezers technique has broadened the applicability of the technique from physics to biology. Although the construction of an optical tweezers system only requires basic skills in optics, the realization of an optical tweezers set up is not always as easy as it seems. A number of designs for moveable traps have been presented in the literature. It is not clear t...<br/><br/>E Fallman, M Andersson, O Axner (2006) <i>Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues IV</i> <i></i> <i></i> 6088: E881-E881<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid19 2013-10-20T17:45:08Z

Instrumentation and methodologies for single molecule force spectroscopy on bacterial adhesion organelles by the use of force measuring optical tweezers have been developed. A thorough study of the biomechanical properties of fimbrial adhesion organelles expressed by uropathogenic E. coli , so-called pili, is presented. Steady-state as well as dynamic force measurements on P pili, expressed by E. ...<br/><br/>M Andersson, O Axner, B E Uhlin, E Fallman (2006) <i>OPTICAL TRAPPING AND OPTICAL MICROMANIPULATION III</i> <i></i> <i></i> 6326: U489-U500<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid17 2013-10-20T17:42:40Z

gaseous media with arbitrary optical thickness when the light induces optical saturation or optical pumping. Two quantities are defined: the observed absorbance, A(obs), and the true absorbance, A(true) The former is the absorbance that is measured under the existing conditions, whereas the latter represents the absorbance one would measure if the light acted solely as a probe of the populations o...<br/><br/>O Axner, F M Schmidt, A Foltynowicz, J Gustafsson, N Omenetto, J D Winefordner (2006) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> 60: 11 1217-1240<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid16 2013-10-20T17:35:31Z

Optical tweezers have previously been used to characterize the force-vs.-elongation dependence of the PapA rod of uropathogenic E. coli P pili. It was found that the PapA rod elongates in several elongation regions. In the two first, the elongation originates from an elastic stretching and a sequential unfolding of the layer-to-layer bonds (and thereby of the helical structure). Region III is char...<br/><br/>M Andersson, E Fallman, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2006) <i>Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues IV</i> <i></i> <i></i> 6088: 8814-8814<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid13 2013-10-20T17:30:56Z

A model of the elongation of P pili expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli exposed to stress is presented. The model is based upon the sticky chain concept, which is based upon Hooke's law for elongation of the layer-to-layer and head-to-tail bonds between neighboring units in the PapA rod and a kinetic description of the opening and closing of bonds, described by rate equations and an energy...<br/><br/>M Andersson, E Fallman, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2006) <i>Biophysical Journal</i> 90: 5 1521-1534<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid14 2013-10-20T17:31:39Z

Surface organelles (so-called pili) expressed on the bacterial membrane mediate the adhesion of Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection. These pili possess some extraordinary elongation properties that are assumed to allow a close bacterium-to-host contact even in the presence of shear forces caused by urine flow. The elongation properties of P pili have therefore been assessed for low el...<br/><br/>M Andersson, E Fallman, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2006) <i>Biophysical Journal</i> 91: 7 2717-2725<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid15 2013-10-20T17:33:20Z

A force-measuring optical tweezers instrumentation and long time measurements of the elongation and retraction of bacterial fimbriae from Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) under strain are presented. The instrumentation is presented in some detail. Special emphasis is given to measures taken to reduce the influence of noise and drifts in the system and from the surrounding, which makes long term force ...<br/><br/>M Andersson, E Fallman, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2006) <i>Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues IV</i> <i></i> <i></i> 6088: 8810<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid23 2013-10-20T17:48:48Z

A theoretical investigation of the influence of optical saturation on wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry (WMAS) signals from collision-broadened transitions is presented. Expressions are derived for the nth Fourier coefficient of the analytical detector signal, and thereby also for the nth harmonic signal from a WMAS instrumentation (i.e. the nf=WMAS signal), from a wavelength modulated...<br/><br/>F M Schmidt, A Foltynowicz, M Gustafsson, O Axner (2005) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Transfer</i> 94: 2 225-254<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid22 2013-10-20T17:48:05Z

A diode laser based system for the detection of Li in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) by diode laser induced fluorescence (DLIF-ICP) has been developed and successfully applied to the determination of lithium in several mineral waters and a thermal salt. The experimental setup is based on an unmodulated, continuous wave diode laser, emitting light at around 670 mn and exciting neutral Li atoms...<br/><br/>G Galbacs, Z Galbacs, O Axner, Z Geretovszky (2005) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 60: 3 299-306<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid21 2013-10-20T17:47:13Z

P pili are protein filaments expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli that mediate binding to glycolipids on epithelial cell surfaces, which is a prerequisite for bacterial infection. When a bacterium, attached to a cell surface, is exposed to external forces, the pili, which are composed of similar to10(3) PapA protein subunits arranged in a helical conformation, can elongate by unfolding to a...<br/><br/>E Fallman, S Schedin, J Jass, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2005) <i>EMBO Reports</i> 6: 1 52-56<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid20 2013-10-20T17:46:34Z

Helicobacter pylori is a world-wide spread bacterium that causes persistent infections and chronic inflammations that can develop into gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. It expresses several adhesin proteins on its surface that bind to specific receptors in the gastric epithelium. The most well-known adhesin is BabA, which has previously been shown to bind specifically to the fucosylated blood gr...<br/><br/>O Bjornham, E Fallman, O Axner, J Ohisson, U J Nilsson, T Boren, S Schedin (2005) <i>Journal of Biomedical Optics</i> <i></i> <i></i> 10: 4 <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid28 2013-10-20T17:56:52Z

A new diode laser-based double modulation absorption spectrometry (DMAS) technique for detection of species in trace amounts/concentrations is presented. The new technique makes use of a simultaneous modulation of the wavelength and population in order to reduce the background signals from multiple reflections in optical components (so-called etalon effects) that normally appear in ordinary wavele...<br/><br/>J Gustafsson, F M Schmidt, R Guerra, O Axner (2004) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 59: 1 67-92<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid30 2013-10-20T17:58:08Z

It has previously been shown that the nth harmonic output from a wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry (WMS) instrumentation can be expressed in terms of various Fourier coefficients (primarily the nth) of the wavelength modulated lineshape function for the transition of the species under investigation. Explicit expressions for an arbitrary Fourier coefficient of a wavelength modulated Lor...<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, A M Lindberg, O Axner (2004) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Transfer</i> 83: 3-4 345-360<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid27 2013-10-20T17:55:52Z

An optical force measurement system for quantitating forces in the pN range between micrometer-sized objects has been developed. The system was based upon optical tweezers in combination with a sensitive position detection system and constructed around an inverted microscope. A trapped particle in the focus of the high numerical aperture microscope-objective behaves like an omnidirectional mechani...<br/><br/>E Fallman, S Schedin, J Jass, M Andersson, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2004) <i>Biosensors and Bioelectronics</i> 19: 11 1429-1437<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid29 2013-10-20T17:57:34Z

The mechanical behavior of individual P pili of uropathogenic Escherichia coli has been investigated using optical tweezers. P pili, whose main part constitutes the PapA rod, composed of similar to10(3) PapA subunits in a helical arrangement, are distributed over the bacterial surface and mediate adhesion to host cells. They are particularly important in the pathogenesis of E. coli colonizing the ...<br/><br/>J Jass, S Schedin, E Fallman, J Ohlsson, U J Nilsson, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2004) <i>Biophysical Journal</i> 87: 6 4271-4283<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid26 2013-10-20T17:55:06Z

The ability of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) to cause urinary tract infections is dependent on their ability to colonize the uroepithelium. Infecting bacteria ascend the urethra to the bladder and then kidneys by attaching to the uroepithelial cells via the differential expression of adhesins. P pili are associated with pyelonephritis, the more severe infection of the kidneys. In order to ...<br/><br/>E Fallman, M Andersson, S Schedin, J Jass, B E Uhlin, O Axner (2004) <i>Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation</i> 5514: 763-773<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid25 2013-10-20T17:53:13Z

No abstract<br/><br/>O Axner, J Gustafsson, F M Schmidt, N Omenetto, J D J D Winefordner (2004) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 59: 3 390-392<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid24 2013-10-20T17:52:00Z

This work summarizes and elucidates a number of fundamental concepts in atomic spectrometry regarding the 'strengths' of transitions between various energy levels and states in atoms. Although several of the expressions and rules for line strengths of transitions reported here can be found, in one way or another, in various books dealing with atomic structure, atomic spectrometry or quantum mechan...<br/><br/>O Axner, J Gustafsson, N Omenetto, J D Winefordner (2004) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 59: 1 1-39<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid31 2013-10-20T18:00:12Z

One of the most frequently used concepts in atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is that of Absorbance, an easily measurable quantity that is linear with the concentration of the analyte over a large range of concentrations whenever Beer's law is valid. Laser-based modulation techniques, however, in particular wavelength modulated diode laser absorption spectrometry (WMAS), do not measure exactly ...<br/><br/>O Axner, J Gustafsson, F M Schmidt, N Omenetto, J D Winefordner (2003) <i>Spectrochimical Acta B</i> 58: 11 1997-2014<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid36 2013-10-20T18:07:45Z

The wavelength modulation-diode laser absorption spectrometry (WM-DLAS) technique experiences a limited delectability when window-equipped sample compartments are used because of multiple reflections between components in the optical system (so-called etalon effects). The problem is particularly severe when the technique is used with a window-equipped graphite furnace (GF) as atomizer since the he...<br/><br/>J Gustafsson, O Axner (2003) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 58: 1 143-152<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid34 2013-10-20T18:04:44Z

Wavelength modulation-diode laser absorption spectrometry (WM-DLAS) is a technique for sensitive detection of atoms and molecules in gas phase, whose detectability often has been found to be limited by background signals originating from multiple reflections between surfaces in optical components, so-called etalon effects. This work investigates the dependence of the detectability of the WM-DLAS t...<br/><br/>J Gustafsson, N Chekalin, O Axner (2003) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 58: 1 111-122<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid35 2013-10-20T18:06:18Z

A study of the origin, magnitude, and drifts of the 2f-, 4f-, and 6f-harmonic background signals from the wavelength modulation diode laser absorption spectrometry (WM-DLAS) technique applied to both window-equipped and open graphite furnaces (GFs) is presented. A previously developed theoretical description of the WM-DLAS technique was used to analyze the magnitudes as well as the drifts of the s...<br/><br/>J Gustafsson, N Chekalin, O Axner (2003) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 58: 1 123-141<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid37 2013-10-20T18:08:52Z

In studies of symbiotic efficiency it is of great importance to identify and separate individual Frankia strains from a nodule. Therefore, a new laser-based micromanipulation technique has been developed in which individual vesicles from root nodules of two Frankia-Alnus symbioses have been successfully cut loose and separated from clusters of vesicles in sterile conditions under light microscopy ...<br/><br/>G Leitz, C Lundberg, E Fallman, O Axner, A Sellstedt (2003) <i>FEMS Microbiology Letters</i> 224: 1 97-100<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid32 2013-10-20T18:01:55Z

Optical tweezers together with a position sensitive detection system allows measurements of forces in the pN range between micro-sized biological objects. A prototype force measurement system has been constructed around An inverted microscope with an argon-ion pumped Ti:sapphire laser as light source for optical trapping. A trapped particle in the focus of the high numerical aperture microscope-ob...<br/><br/>E Fallman, S Schedin, M Andersson, J Jass, O Axner (2003) <i>Manipulation and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells and Tissues</i> 4962: 206-215<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid33 2013-10-20T18:02:42Z

A systematic study of the influence of a glass-water interface on the on-axis trapping of micrometer-sized spherical objects by optical tweezers is presented. The ways in which the escape force and the trapping position, as well as the stiffness of the trap, depend on the focusing depth, the numerical aperture, and the degree of overfilling of the objective entrance pupil are investigated. It is c...<br/><br/>E Fallman, O Axner (2003) <i>Applied Optics</i> 42: 19 3915-3926<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid39 2013-10-20T18:12:32Z

This paper describes an experimental apparatus for studying the, dynamics of the variation of the spatial distribution of the absorbing layers in a two-stage atomizer. An optical system with a telecentric beam, using a diode laser as the radiation source, is proposed and analyzed. The spatiotemporal resolution and the contribution of refraction effects to the resulting absorption pattern are estim...<br/><br/>K Y Nagulin, A K Gil'mutdinov, O Axner, W Frech (2002) <i>Journal of Optical Technology</i> 69: 10 700-705<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid38 2013-10-20T18:11:09Z

Optical tweezers have emerged as a powerful technique for micromanipulation of living cells. Although the technique often has been claimed to be nonintrusive, evidence has appeared that this is not always the case. This work presents evidence that near-infrared continuous-wave laser light from optical tweezers can produce stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. A transgenic strain of C. elegans, carryin...<br/><br/>G Leitz, E Fallman, S Tuck, O Axner (2002) <i>Biophysical Journal</i> 82: 4 2224-2231<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid45 2013-10-20T18:21:11Z

The signal generation process in the wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry (WMAS) technique, mainly applied to diode lasers, is scrutinized in detail. The basic foundations of the technique, including its partly unique nomenclature and its relation to conventional absorption spectrometry, are reviewed. Most of the description of the signal generation process is made in terms of a newly dev...<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, J Gustafsson, A M Lindberg, O Axner (2001) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 56: 8 1277-1354<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid44 2013-10-20T18:19:58Z

In an accompanying paper [Appl. Opt. 40, 783-193 (2001)], we predict the existence of background signals from a frequency-doubled wavelength-modulated diode-laser system. We now demonstrate and characterize various nf harmonics of such background signals from a system producing light in the 422-nm region by use of a single-pass KNbO3 crystal with respect to the modulation amplitude, the laser cent...<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, A M Lindberg, O Axner (2001) <i>Applied Optics</i> 40: 6 794-805<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid40 2013-10-20T18:13:46Z

A general, analytical expression for the nth Fourier component of a wavelength-modulated Lorentzian lineshape function in terms of a normalized detuning and a normalized modulation amplitude is derived. The expression is cast in a purely real form and is therefore easier to use than the normally used expression, which is given in terms of various combinations (sums, square roots, and powers) of co...<br/><br/>O Axner, P Kluczynski, A M Lindberg (2001) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Transfer</i> 68: 3 299-317<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid42 2013-10-20T18:16:19Z

The detectability of wavelength-modulation (WM) diode-laser spectrometric techniques is frequently limited by various background signals. A new theoretical formalism for WM spectrometry, based on Fourier analysis and therefore capable of handling a variety of phenomena including the characterization and the analysis of analytical as well as background WM signals, was recently presented [Appl. Opt....<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, A M Lindberg, O Axner (2001) <i>Applied Optics</i> 40: 6 770-782<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid41 2013-10-20T18:15:16Z

Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) is a technique that is capable of transferring an almost entire atomic or molecular population from one quantum level to another by a coherent two-step excitation process. The most remarkable property of this technique is that it is applicable to situations in which the intermediate atomic or molecular state is exposed to a large loss rate. However, the ...<br/><br/>D Boudreau, D Martel, P Ljungberg, O Axner (2001) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 56: 9 1787-1795<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid43 2013-10-20T18:17:34Z

Various types of background signals appear when wavelength-modulated (WM) diode-laser light is frequency doubled. We present a theoretical analysis of such background signals in terms of a previously derived formalism for WM spectrometry that is based on a Fourier series. Explicit expressions for various nf harmonics of the background signals are derived. The analysis shows that 2f detection will ...<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, A M Lindberg, O Axner (2001) <i>Applied Optics</i> 40: 6 783-793<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid49 2013-10-20T18:28:34Z

A new methodology for increasing the dynamic range of the Wavelength-Modulated Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometry (WM-DLAS) technique has been developed. It is based upon the general fact that the sample optical thickness (SOT) is a multi-valued function of the WM-DLAS signal. The methodology presented here is built upon detection of the 2f-WM signal used in its most sensitive mode of operation, ...<br/><br/>J Gustafsson, N Chekalin, D Rojas, O Axner (2000) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 55: 3 237-262<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid48 2013-10-20T18:27:41Z

Background and Objective: The aim was to investigate the bactericidal effect of the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser on Staphylococcus epidermidis. Material and Methods: S. epidermidis was inoculated on agar plates and then exposed to pulsed laser light in three different modes: with an uninterrupted train of pulses, or with two different repeated cycles of fractionated trains of pulses. The agar temperature...<br/><br/>A Gronqvist, J Wistrom, O Axner, T J Monsen (2000) <i>Lasers in Surgary and Medicine</i> 27: 4 336-340<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid46 2013-10-20T18:23:12Z

A new approach to studying the evaporation and atomization of elements in graphite furnaces has been developed that combines a highly sensitive technique of laser-induced fluorescence and variable-pressure atomization. This approach allows one to work with low concentrations of analytes corresponding to real analytical conditions, to separate concurrent processes of evaporation and atomization, an...<br/><br/>N V Chekalin, S Y Treshchev, O Axner (2000) <i>Journal of Analytical Chemistry</i> 55: 6 561-566<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid47 2013-10-20T18:24:20Z

Indium vaporization and atomization processes were studied in a variable-pressure atomizer by laser-excited fluorescence spectrometry for various analyte masses over a wide range of buffer-gas pressures. It was found that the atomization processes are of intricate nature and depend on the element mass, pressure, and heating rate. Based on the data obtained over a wide range of pressures, individua...<br/><br/>N V Chekalin, S Y Treshchev, O Axner (2000) <i>Journal of Analytical Chemistry</i> 55: 10 964-971<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid52 2013-10-20T18:41:34Z

Laser-induced fluorescence in a graphite furnace with an intensified diode array is used for determining ultratrace osmium. Fluorescence spectra of osmium were investigated in a wide spectral range for five excitation transitions from the ground state. The optimum wavelengths of excitation and fluorescence were selected; the limit of detection of osmium in aqueous solutions is 50 pg.<br/><br/>S Y Treshchev, N V Chekalin, O A Tyutyunnik, A Franke, O Axner (1999) <i>Journal of Analytical Chemistry</i> 54: 3 279-282<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid50 2013-10-20T18:31:37Z

Inhibitory receptors expressed on natural killer (NK) cells abrogate positive signals upon binding corresponding major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on various target cells. By directly micromanipulating the effector-target cell encounter using an optical tweezers system which allowed temporal and spatial control, we demonstrate that Ly49-MHC class I interactions prevent chara...<br/><br/>M Eriksson, G Leitz, E Fallman, O Axner, J C Ryan, M C Nakamura, C L Sentman (1999) <i>Journal of Experimental Medicine</i> 190: 7 1005-1012<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid51 2013-10-20T18:32:32Z

A theoretical description of the wavelength-modulation (WM) spectrometry technique is given. The formalism is based on Fourier analysis and can therefore correctly handle arbitrary large frequency-modulation amplitudes. It can also deal with associated intensity modulations as well as wavelength-dependent transmission effects. It elucidates clearly how various Fourier components of these entities ...<br/><br/>P Kluczynski, O Axner (1999) <i>Applied Optics</i> 38: 27 5803-5815<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid53 2013-10-27T19:09:30Z

J Gustafsson, O Axner (1998) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 53: 13 1827-1846<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid54 2013-10-27T19:12:24Z

J Gustafsson, O Axner (1998) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 53: 14 1895-1905<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid55 2013-10-27T19:14:09Z

N Hadgu, J Gustafsson, W Frech, O Axner (1998) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 53: 6-8 923-943<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid60 2013-10-27T19:21:03Z

P Ljung, E Nyström, O Axner, W Frech (1997) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 52: 6 703-716<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid61 2013-10-27T19:24:53Z

D Rojas, P Ljung, O Axner (1997) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 52: 11 1663-1686<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid59 2013-10-27T19:20:37Z

P Ljung, E Nyström, J Enger, P Ljungberg, O Axner (1997) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 52: 6 675-701<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid58 2013-10-27T19:23:34Z

P Ljung, O Axner (1997) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 52: 3 305-319<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid56 2013-10-27T19:16:12Z

E Fällman, O Axner (1997) <i>Applied Optics</i> 36: 10 2107-2113<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid57 2013-10-27T19:22:07Z

J Gustafsson, D Rojas, O Axner (1997) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 52: 13 1937-1953<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid63 2013-10-27T19:27:39Z

P Ljungberg, O Axner (1996) <i>Appl. Phys. B</i> 63: 1 69-78<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid62 2013-10-27T19:26:35Z

D Boudreau, P Ljungberg, O Axner (1996) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 51: 4 413-428<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid64 2013-10-27T19:31:32Z

P. Barker, A. Thomas, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, O. Axner, N. Chekalin (1995) <i>Applied Optics</i> 34: 18 3281-3289<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid69 2013-10-27T19:46:38Z

P Ljungberg, O Axner (1995) <i>Applied Optics</i> 34: 3 527-536<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid68 2013-10-27T19:44:59Z

P Ljungberg, Y Malmsten, O Axner (1995) <i>Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy 1994 - Seventh International Symposium</i> <i></i> <i></i> : 329 273-276<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid67 2013-10-27T19:39:01Z

J Enger, Y Malmsten, P Ljungberg, O Axner (1995) <i>Analyst</i> 120: 3 635-641<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid66 2013-10-27T19:35:47Z

J Enger, A Marunkov, N Chekalin, O Axner (1995) <i>Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</i> 10: 8 539-549<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid65 2013-10-27T19:33:59Z

NV Chekalin, A Khalmanov, AG Marunkov, II Vlasov, Y Malmsten, O Axner, VS Dorofeev, E Glukhan (1995) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 50: 8 753-761<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid73 2013-11-12T19:53:44Z

A laser-induced fluorescence in graphite furnace (LIF-GF) set-up has been equipped with an intensified CCD detector (ICCD) that enables simultaneous multichannel detection of large wavelength regions. The main advantages of such a system in comparison with conventional photomultiplier detection are: simultaneous detection of several fluorescence wavelengths for easy characterization of excitation ...<br/><br/>A Marunkov, N Chekalin, J Enger, O Axner (1994) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 49: 12-14 1385-1410<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid70 2013-11-12T19:54:25Z

A new method for accurate studies of atomization processes of various elements in graphite furnaces has been developed. It utilizes the highly sensitive Laser-Induced Fluorescence spectrometry technique for detection of atoms in Graphite Furnaces under Low Pressure conditions (LIF-GF-LP). The high sensitivity of the LIF technique enables the study of atomization processes at low pressures under tr...<br/><br/>N Chekalin, A Marunkov, O Axner (1994) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 49: 12-14 1411-1435<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid72 2013-11-12T19:55:46Z

A full time-dependent theory, based on the Density-Matrix (D.M.) formalism, for two-step pulsed excitation of atoms in collision-dominated media by pulsed laser light of arbitrary bandwidth is presented. The atoms consist of three levels, of which each one, in turn, can consist of an arbitrary number of degenerate states. The atoms are exposed both to quenching collisions as well as elastic collis...<br/><br/>P Ljungberg, D Boudreau, O Axner (1994) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 49: 12-14 1491-1505<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid74 2013-11-12T19:50:49Z

Laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry has been used to confirm 36 levels within the highly-excited 3d64s(6D)6d subconfiguration in Fe I that have been established by grating spectrometry. The new levels are used to identify ~ 200 lines in the UV grating and Fourier transform spectra, most of which are also observed in the solar spectrum.<br/><br/>G Nave, S Johansson, O Axner, P Ljungberg, Y Malmsten, B Baschek (1994) <i>Physica Scripta</i> 49: 5 581-587<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid71 2013-11-12T19:55:06Z

The use of crossed beam 2-Step Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (2S-DFWM) for decreasing pre- and post-filtering effects under optically thick conditions has been investigated. 2S-DFWM is a technique in which the DFWM process is performed between two excited states of which the lower one is populated by an ordinary laser excitation from a low lying, highly populated state. Experiments were performed on...<br/><br/>P Ljungberg, O Axner (1994) <i>Applied Physics B</i> 59: 1 53-60<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid80 2013-11-12T20:02:11Z

A technique for a fast and reliable determination of the lifetime of atomic metastable states in combustive situations, based on the laser-enhanced ionization technique, is developed. The typical time required for a determination of the lifetime of an atomic metastable state in a given local position in a combustive situation ranges from some seconds to a minute (depending on the signal-to-noise r...<br/><br/>O Axner, P Ljungberf, Y Malmsten (1993) <i>Applied Optics</i> 32: 6 899-906<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid81 2008-11-19T21:45:06Z

S SJOSTROM, O AXNER, M NORBERG (1993) <i>Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</i> 8: 2 375-378<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid78 2013-11-12T19:56:51Z

The behaviour of the lifetimes of the metastable 5d 9 6s 2 2 D 3/2 and 5d 9 6s 2 2 D 5/2 states in Au in an air/acetylene flame has been studied using the step-wise delayed laser-enhanced ionization technique. Using a new, fast and reliable, automated experimental procedure, we have conducted a systematic investigation of the lifetimes for various flame characteristics, namely lateral and vertical...<br/><br/>O Axner, P Ljungberg, Y Malmsten (1993) <i>Appl. Phys. B</i> 56: 6 355-362<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid79 2013-11-12T19:59:35Z

The detectability of Cr in water solutions by two-step laser-enhanced ionization (LEI) in flames and two-step excitation laser-induced fluorescence in graphite furnace (LIF-GF) with nonresonant detection is investigated for what is, to our knowledge, the first time. A thorough investigation of possible excitation and detection routes for Cr for both techniques is given. The detection limit of Cr i...<br/><br/>O Axner, H Rubinstein-Dunlop (1993) <i>Applied Optics</i> 32: 6 867-884<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid76 2013-11-12T19:51:37Z

The thallium content in some natural waters (lakes, rivers and drinking water) in South-West Sweden has been determined by Laser-Induced Fluorescence in a Graphite Furnace (LIF-GF). The high sensitivity of the LIF-GF technique eliminated the need for any sample pre-treatment or sample pre-concentration (except for acidification with small amounts of HNO3), thus reducing the number of sources of co...<br/><br/>O Axner, N Chekalin, P Ljungberg, Y Malmsten (1993) <i>International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry</i> 53: 3 185-193<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid77 2013-11-12T19:48:53Z

A theory, based on the density-matrix formalism, for two-step excitation of atoms between three levels with arbitrary degeneracies in collision-dominated media by pulsed laser light of arbitrary bandwidth is presented. First, a general set of density-matrix equation is formulated within the rotating-wave approximation for a three level system, in which each level consists of an arbitrary number of...<br/><br/>O Axner, P Ljungberg (1993) <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Transfer</i> 50: 3 277-292<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid75 2014-01-07T20:32:49Z

This work gives a thorough description and comparison of excitations of two- and three-level atomic and molecular systems by pulsed one- or two-step excitations described by the Rate-Equation formalism as well as by the Density-Matrix formalism (i.e., the Block equations in a semi-classical description). The atomic (molecular) systems are exposed to a high collisional environment (GHz). The laser ...<br/><br/>O Axner, P Ljungberg (1993) <i>Spectrochimica Acta Reviews</i> 15: 4 181-287<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid83 2014-01-07T20:41:38Z

Anomalous lineshapes and signal strengths in two-colour Laser-Enhanced Ionization (LEI) spectrometry in flames have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, we have found that both lineshapes and signal strengths from atoms in flames can be significantly affected by the influence of coherent contributions in the excitation process-such as two-photon excitations (i.e. whe...<br/><br/>O Axner, S Sjöström (1992) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 47: 2 245-273<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid82 2014-01-07T20:41:06Z

The collisional dominated lifetimes of 9 metastable states of Au, Bi, Cd, Mg. Pb, and Sr in an acetylene/air flame have been measured by the step-wise delayed laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry technique. First, the dependency of the lifetime of the metastable 6p2 P-3(1) state in Pb upon both flame composition and height in the flame were studied. It was found that the lifetime was significant...<br/><br/>O Axner, P Ljungberg, Y Malmsten (1992) <i>Appl. Phys. B</i> 54: 2 144-155<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid89 2014-01-07T20:43:45Z

An efficient excitation scheme for RIMS of Sr has been investigated. Two - colour excitation has been used for excitation of the atoms to an autoionization level with both transitions in the visible region. The first step excitation was at 460.733 nm (5s2 1S0 --> 5s5p 1P1) and the second step leading to ionization was at 405.32 nm which connects the first excited state with a 1D2 autoionizing stat...<br/><br/>L Bengtsoon, O Axner, H Rubinsztein-Dunlop (1991) <i>Institute of Physics Conference Serie</i> <i></i> <i></i> 114: 377-380<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid86 2014-01-07T20:45:18Z

Laser Enhanced Ionization is a very sensitive technique for trace element analysis, but its performance is severely decreased when measuring samples with high content of easily ionized elements (EIE:s). In this paper we have tried to determine the limits of its usability, and also investigated some methods to overcome the problems with EIE:s).<br/><br/>O Axner, M Lejon, M Norberg, M Persson (1991) <i>Institute of Physics Conference Series</i> <i></i> <i></i> 114: 315-318<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid84 2014-01-07T20:46:37Z

Anomalous contributions to the signal in Laser-Enhanced Ionization spectrometry in flames are investigated. It is found that a significant part of the one-step LEI signal (> 90 %) can be attributed to ionization of atoms positioned outside the interaction region out traced by the laser beam due to excitation of atoms by "scattered" light. This is especially significant when small beam diameters an...<br/><br/>O Axner, S Sjöström (1991) <i>Institute of Physics Conference Series</i> <i></i> <i></i> 114: 31-40<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid94 2008-11-19T21:46:24Z

O AXNER, M NORBERG, H RUBINSZTEINDUNLOP (1990) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> 44: 7 1124-1133<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid93 2008-11-19T21:46:05Z

O AXNER, M NORBERG, M PERSSON, H RUBINSZTEINDUNLOP (1990) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> 44: 7 1117-1123<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid91 2008-11-19T21:28:29Z

O AXNER (1990) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 45: 6 561-579<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid92 2014-01-07T20:48:56Z

Anomalous contributions to the measured signals in Laser-Enhanced Ionization (LEI) spectrometry in flames is investigated. It was found that a significant part of the one-step LEI signal (≫90% in certain cases) can be attributed to ionization of atoms which are positioned outside of the "true" interaction region (the region out-traced by the laser beam in the flame) due to excitation of atoms ...<br/><br/>O Axner, S Sjöström (1990) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> 44: 5 864-870<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid90 2008-11-19T21:45:34Z

O AXNER, S SJOSTROM (1990) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> 44: 1 144-147<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid97 2008-11-19T21:29:06Z

O AXNER, H RUBINSZTEINDUNLOP (1989) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 44: 9 835-&<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid98 2008-11-19T21:46:41Z

O AXNER, T BERGLIND (1989) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> 43: 6 940-952<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid96 2008-11-19T21:28:51Z

O AXNER, M NORBERG, H RUBINSZTEINDUNLOP (1989) <i>Spectrochimica Acta B</i> 44: 7 693-712<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid95 2008-10-05T12:29:49Z

O AXNER, H RUBINSZTEINDUNLOP, S SJOSTROM (1989) <i>MIKROCHIMICA ACTA</i> <i></i> <i></i> 3: 3-6 197-214<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid161 2013-10-20T16:58:41Z

In this paper we demonstrate that two-color laser-enhanced ionization (LEI) spectroscopy in flamescan be used for detecting impurities at a sub-ppm level in GaAs. Six elements were investigated(Co, Cr, Fe, In, Mn, Ni), and the content could be determined for three of them (Cr, Fe, Ni), while only an upperlimit below ppm could be given for the other three. The analysis was performed on the bulk mat...<br/><br/>O Axner, M Lejon, I Magnusson, H Rubinsztein-Dunlop, S Sjostrom (1987) <i>Applied Optics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1987K025100011</i> 26: 17 3521-3525<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid163 2013-10-20T16:59:17Z

The recombination kinetics between the strontium ions and the electrons have been studied in an inductively coupled plasma. Two excimer lasers have been used to pump two dye lasers, which were made spatially and temporally coincident in the plasma region investigated. With the first laser system the strontium atoms were photoionized and the second laser was then used to probe the ions formed by me...<br/><br/>G C Turk, O Axner, N Omenetto (1987) <i>Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1987J508100002</i> 42: 7 873-881<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid162 2013-10-20T16:59:00Z

One-step Laser-Enhanced Ionization (LEI) spectrometry of 23 different elements in aqueous solutions has been performed in an acetylene/air flame. All elements were detected by light in the ultraviolet region, produced by frequency doubling of the output from the dye Coumarin 153. This was done in order to investigate the multielement capability of LEI in flames that has been made possible by the r...<br/><br/>O Axner, I Magnusson, J Petersson, S Sjostrom (1987) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1987F695700006</i> 41: 1 19-26<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid159 2013-10-20T16:22:36Z

A graphite furnace is successfully used as an atomizer in laser-enhanced ionization spectroscopy (LEI). The physical origin of the signals is discussed and a comparison is made with LEI measurements in a flame. Extremely small amounts of analyte atoms can be detected using this method. The reproducibility is good, there are almost no memory effects, and the signal output is linear with the amount ...<br/><br/>I Magnusson, O Axner, I Lindgren, H Rubinsztein-Dunlop (1986) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1986E303900010</i> 40: 7 968-971<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid158 2013-10-20T16:24:19Z

Laser-induced photoionization and Laser-Enhanced collision Ionization (LEI) of Na, Tl, and Li in flames are detected by measuring the production of charges following a laser excitation. The ionization signal is investigated for excitations of the atoms from lower lying states both to Rydberg states close to the ionization limit, as well as to continuum states, i.e. the process of collision ionizat...<br/><br/>O Axner, T Berglind, S Sjostrom (1986) <i>Physica Scripta</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1986D386300004</i> 34: 1 18-23<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid157 2013-10-20T16:21:12Z

In Laser-Enhanced Ionization spectrometry (LEI) in flames the measured signal consists of the electrons and ionized atoms which follow a laser excitation due to the enhanced thermal ionization rate of an excited state compared with the ground state. The charged particles are collected by applying a voltage across the flame and measuring the corresponding current increase. The authors report the ob...<br/><br/>O Axner, T Berglind (1986) <i>Applied Spectroscopy</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1986F135000029</i> 40: 8 1224-1231<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid160 2013-10-20T16:32:16Z

Spectral interferences from matrix elements in solutions are investigated utilizing Laser Enhanced Ionization (LEI) in flames. Mechanisms which influence the analytical selectivity are discussed and it is shown that the selectivity can be significantly increased by a proper choise of experimental parameters. This is exemplified by determination of low concentrations of Mg in a matrix of Na. The sp...<br/><br/>I Magnusson, O Axner, H Rubinsztein-Dunlop (1986) <i>Physica Scripta</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1986C165100009</i> 33: 5 429-433<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid118 2013-10-20T16:43:25Z

No Abstract<br/><br/>O Axner, I Lindgren, I Magnusson, H Rubinsztein-Dunlop (1985) <i>Analytical Chemistry</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1985ACP5600050</i> 57: 3 773-776<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid156 2013-10-20T16:29:00Z

In this paper we wish to demonstrate the multi-element capability of Laser Enhanced Ionization (LEI) in flames by reporting the detection of 15 different elements. All the elements were excited by the fundamental or the first harmonic frequency-doubled light from one single dye in the laser system (Coumarin 47). Detection limits below the ppb region (parts-per-billion, ng/ml) were achieved for 13 ...<br/><br/>O Axner, I Magnusson (1985) <i>Physica Scripta</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1985AMX3200020</i> 31: 6 587-591<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid116 2013-10-20T16:41:40Z

An improved theory for laser enhanced ionization in flames has been developed for one‐ and two-step laser excitations. The model gives an analytical expression for the sensitivity of the method for a given transition of any element. The theoretical expression is compared with experimentally measured signals for a number of elements and the agreement is found to be generally good.<br/><br/>O Axner, T Berglind, J L Heully, I Lindgren, H Rubinsztein-Dunlop (1984) <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1984SM63300002</i> 55: 9 3215-3225<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/ove.axner/refid117 2013-10-20T16:39:34Z

Opto-galvanic or laser-enhanced ionization (LEI) spectroscopy has been performed on trace elements in a flame using one- and two-step laser excitations. The sensitivity, defined as the LEI signal divided by the laser pulse energy and the concentration of the trace element in the water solution aspirated into the flame, has been measured for a number of elements. A theoretical model for the LEI pro...<br/><br/>O Axner, T Berglind, J L Heully, I Lindgren, H Rubinsztein-Dunlop (1983) <i>Journal De Physique</i> <i></i> <i><Go to ISI>://A1983SA54500028</i> 44: NC-7 311-317<br/>