http://publicationslist.org/data/tknopfel/atom.xml Thomas Knopfelhttp://publicationslist.org/tknopfel$basepathfavicon.icoRecent additions to Thomas Knopfel's PublicationsList.org pagehttp://publicationslist.org/publications.png2011-11-15T21:52:58Z http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid150 2011-11-15T21:52:03Z

Over the last decade, researchers in our laboratory have engineered and developed several series of genetically encoded voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins (VSFPs) by molecular fusion of a voltage-sensing domain operand with different fluorescent reporter proteins. These genetically encoded VSFPs have been shown to provide a reliable optical report of membrane potential from targeted neurons an...<br/><br/>Hiroki Mutoh, Amélie Perron, Walther Akemann, Yuka Iwamoto, Thomas Knöpfel (2011) <i>Exp Physiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 96: 1 13-18<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid155 2011-11-15T21:52:03Z

Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is associated with synaptic protein turnover involving the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) for protein degradation. In primary hippocampal cell culture, it has been shown that increased or decreased activity of synaptic transmission can regulate the amount of postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins via UPS. However, the specific spatio-temporal dynamic of PSD p...<br/><br/>Ying Chen, Pingan Yuanxiang, Thomas Knöpfel, Ulrich Thomas, Thomas Behnisch (2011) <i>Synapse</i> <i></i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid142 2010-08-14T03:45:52Z

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) are a major hub in the cerebellar circuitry but the functional classification of their neurons is incomplete. We have previously characterized three cell groups in the lateral cerebellar nucleus: large non-GABAergic neurons and two groups of smaller neurons, one of which express green fluorescence protein (GFP) in a GAD67/GFP mouse line and is therefore GABAergic. ...<br/><br/>Marylka Uusisaari, Thomas Knöpfel (2010) <i>Cerebellum</i> <i></i> <i></i> 9: 1 42-55<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid146 2011-02-09T00:49:28Z

Thomas Knöpfel, Walther Akemann (2010) <i>Nat Nanotechnol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 5: 8 560-561<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid145 2010-11-01T11:50:07Z

Cerebellar Purkinje neurones (PNs) express high levels of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase, PMCA2, a transporter protein critical for the clearance of calcium from excitable cells. Genetic deletion of one PMCA2 encoding gene in heterozygous PMCA2 knock-out (PMCA2(+/-) mice enabled us to determine how PMCA2 influences PN calcium regulation without the complication of the severe morphological chan...<br/><br/>Ruth M Empson, Paul R Turner, Raghavendra Y Nagaraja, Philip W Beesley, Thomas Knöpfel (2010) <i>J Physiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 588: Pt 6 907-922<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid148 2010-11-01T11:50:07Z

Cortical information processing relies on synaptic interactions between diverse classes of neurons with distinct electrophysiological and connection properties. Uncovering the operational principles of these elaborate circuits requires the probing of electrical activity from selected populations of defined neurons. Here we show that genetically encoded voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins (VSFPs...<br/><br/>Walther Akemann, Hiroki Mutoh, Amélie Perron, Jean Rossier, Thomas Knöpfel (2010) <i>Nat Methods</i> <i></i> <i></i> 7: 8 643-649<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid147 2011-11-15T21:52:03Z

A voltage sensitive phosphatase was discovered in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. The phosphatase, Ci-VSP, contains a voltage-sensing domain homologous to those known from voltage-gated ion channels, but unlike ion channels, the voltage-sensing domain of Ci-VSP can reside in the cell membrane as a monomer. We fused the voltage-sensing domain of Ci-VSP to a pair of fluorescent reporter proteins to...<br/><br/>Alicia Lundby, Walther Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel (2010) <i>Eur Biophys J</i> <i></i> <i></i> 39: 12 1625-1635<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid149 2010-12-25T08:50:09Z

Cerebellar Purkinje neurons receive synaptic inputs from three different sources: the excitatory parallel fibre and climbing fibre synapses as well as the inhibitory synapses from molecular layer stellate and basket cells. These three synaptic systems use distinct mechanisms in order to generate Ca(2+) signals that are specialized for specific modes of neurotransmitter release and post-synaptic si...<br/><br/>Ruth M Empson, Thomas Knöpfel (2010) <i>Cerebellum</i> <i></i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid154 2011-11-15T21:52:03Z

The cerebellum expresses one of the highest levels of the plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase, isoform 2 in the mammalian brain. This highly efficient plasma membrane calcium transporter protein is enriched within the main output neurons of the cerebellar cortex; i.e. the Purkinje neurons (PNs). Here we review recent evidence, including electrophysiological and calcium imaging approaches using the plasm...<br/><br/>Helena Huang, Raghavendra Y Nagaraja, Molly L Garside, Walther Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel, Ruth M Empson (2010) <i>World J Biol Chem</i> <i></i> <i></i> 1: 5 95-102<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid152 2011-11-15T21:52:03Z

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) are at the center of the cerebellum not only anatomically but also functionally. Classical anatomical studies have described different types of DCN neurons according to their expression of various marker proteins, but only recently have we begun to characterize these different cell types according to their electrophysiological properties. These efforts have benefit...<br/><br/>Marylka Uusisaari, Thomas Knöpfel (2010) <i>Cerebellum</i> <i></i> <i></i> : <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid153 2011-11-15T21:52:03Z

Genetic deletion of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase type 2 (PMCA2), a calcium transporter protein, is associated with an overtly ataxic phenotype in mice. PMCA2 is expressed at high levels in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) where functional integrity is essential for normal cerebellar function. Indeed, loss of PN function accompanies cerebellar ataxia in humans and mouse models. In the ataxic...<br/><br/>R M Empson, W Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel (2010) <i>Funct Neurol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 25: 3 153-158<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid151 2010-11-23T22:28:37Z

This mini-symposium aims to provide an integrated perspective on recent developments in optogenetics. Research in this emerging field combines optical methods with targeted expression of genetically encoded, protein-based probes to achieve experimental manipulation and measurement of neural systems with superior temporal and spatial resolution. The essential components of the optogenetic toolbox c...<br/><br/>Thomas Knöpfel, Michael Z Lin, Anselm Levskaya, Lin Tian, John Y Lin, Edward S Boyden (2010) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 30: 45 14998-15004<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid137 2009-08-29T05:18:48Z

Fluorescent protein voltage sensors are recombinant proteins that are designed as genetically encoded cellular probes of membrane potential using mechanisms of voltage-dependent modulation of fluorescence. Several such proteins, including VSFP2.3 and VSFP3.1, were recently reported with reliable function in mammalian cells. They were designed as molecular fusions of the voltage sensor of Ciona int...<br/><br/>Walther Akemann, Alicia Lundby, Hiroki Mutoh, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>Biophys J</i> <i></i> <i></i> 96: 10 3959-3976<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid135 2009-05-20T13:11:06Z

BACKGROUND: Homer is a postsynaptic scaffold protein that links various synaptic signaling proteins, including the type I metabotropic glutamate receptor subunits 1alpha and 5, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, Shank and Cdc42 small GTPase. Overexpression of Homer induces changes in dendritic spine morphology in cultured hippocampal neurons. However, the molecular basis underpinning Homer...<br/><br/>Yoko Shiraishi-Yamaguchi, Yumi Sato, Rieko Sakai, Akihiro Mizutani, Thomas Knöpfel, Nozomu Mori, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Teiichi Furuichi (2009) <i>BMC Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 10: 1 <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid138 2009-10-20T11:28:09Z

Olfactory glomeruli are the loci where the first odor-representation map emerges. The glomerular layer comprises exquisite local synaptic circuits for the processing of olfactory coding patterns immediately after their emergence. To understand how an odor map is transferred from afferent terminals to postsynaptic dendrites, it is essential to directly monitor the odor-evoked glomerular postsynapti...<br/><br/>Max L Fletcher, Arjun V Masurkar, Junling Xing, Fumiaki Imamura, Wenhui Xiong, Shin Nagayama, Hiroki Mutoh, Charles A Greer, Thomas Knöpfel, Wei R Chen (2009) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 102: 2 817-830<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid5 2009-05-30T03:20:17Z

Plasticity at synapses between parallel fiber (PF) and Purkinje neurons (PN) is widely accepted as a cellular model for certain forms of cerebellar learning. Although PF-PN synapses are known to express bidirectional long-term plasticity at the postsynaptic site, long-term plasticity at the presynaptic site is currently limited to potentiation of the synapses. In this paper, we report on presynapt...<br/><br/>De-lai Qiu, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>Pflugers Arch</i> <i></i> <i></i> 457: 4 865-875<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid134 2009-05-20T13:11:06Z

Genetically-encoded optical probes for membrane potential hold the promise of monitoring electrical signaling of electrically active cells such as specific neuronal populations in intact brain tissue. The most advanced class of these probes was generated by molecular fusion of the voltage sensing domain (VSD) of Ci-VSP with a fluorescent protein (FP) pair. We quantitatively compared the three most...<br/><br/>Hiroki Mutoh, Amelie Perron, Dimitar Dimitrov, Yuka Iwamoto, Walther Akemann, Dmitriy M Chudakov, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>PLoS ONE</i> <i></i> <i></i> 4: 2 <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid133 2009-05-20T13:11:06Z

The N-terminus of Ciona intestinalis (Ci-VSP) is a voltage-sensing domain (VSD) controlling the activity of a phosphatase domain on the C terminus. By replacing the phosphatase domain with a tandem of fluorescent proteins, CFP and YFP, a family of fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based, genetically encoded voltage-sensing fluorescent protein (VSFP) was created. VSFP2.3, one of the latest ver...<br/><br/>Carlos A Villalba-Galea, Walter Sandtner, Dimitar Dimitrov, Hiroki Mutoh, Thomas Knöpfel, Francisco Bezanilla (2009) <i>Biophys J</i> <i></i> <i></i> 96: 2 L19-L21<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid139 2009-08-03T14:37:29Z

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation has been extensively studied under steady-state conditions. However, at central synapses, mGluRs are exposed to brief submillisecond glutamate transients and may not reach steady-state. The lack of information on the kinetics of mGluR activation impairs accurate predictions of their operation during synaptic transmission. Here, we report experimen...<br/><br/>Païkan Marcaggi, Hiroki Mutoh, Dimitar Dimitrov, Marco Beato, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i> <i></i> <i></i> 106: 27 11388-11393<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid143 2010-12-25T08:50:09Z

Genetically encoded fluorescent protein (FP) voltage sensors are promising tools for optical monitoring of the electrical activity of cells. Over the last decade, several designs of fusion proteins have been explored and some of them have proven to be sensitive enough to record membrane voltage transients from single mammalian cells. Most prominent are the families of voltage sensitive fluorescent...<br/><br/>Sunita Ghimire Gautam, Amelie Perron, Hiroki Mutoh, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>Front Neuroengineering</i> <i></i> <i></i> 2: <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid141 2010-03-29T02:41:24Z

The relatively simple and highly modular circuitry of the cerebellum raised expectations decades ago that a realistic computational model of cerebellar circuit operations would be feasible, and prove insightful for unraveling cerebellar information processing. To this end, the biophysical properties of most cerebellar cell types and their synaptic connections have been well characterized and integ...<br/><br/>Walther Akemann, Steven J Middleton, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>Front Cell Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 3: <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid144 2010-11-01T11:50:07Z

Electrical signals generated by nerve cells provide the basis of brain function. Whereas single or small numbers of cells are easily accessible using microelectrode recording techniques, less invasive optogenetic methods with spectral properties optimized for in vivo imaging are required for elucidating the operation mechanisms of neuronal circuits composed of large numbers of neurons originating ...<br/><br/>Amelie Perron, Hiroki Mutoh, Thomas Launey, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>Chem Biol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 16: 12 1268-1277<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid140 2010-12-25T08:50:09Z

Over the last decade, optical neuroimaging methods have been enriched by engineered biosensors derived from fluorescent protein (FP) reporters fused to protein detectors that convert physiological signals into changes of intrinsic FP fluorescence. These FP-based indicators are genetically encoded, and hence targetable to specific cell populations within networks of heterologous cell types. Among t...<br/><br/>Amelie Perron, Hiroki Mutoh, Walther Akemann, Sunita Ghimire Gautam, Dimitar Dimitrov, Yuka Iwamoto, Thomas Knöpfel (2009) <i>Front Mol Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 2: <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid14 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Metabotropic glutamate receptors, in contrast to ionotropic glutamate receptors, do not form ion channels but instead affect intracellular chemical messenger systems. They couple via GTP-binding proteins ("G-proteins") to a variety of effectors such as ion channels and thus give glutamate, the major excitatory transmitter in the CNS, the ability to modulate processes involved in excitatory synapti...<br/><br/>Thomas Knöpfel, Marylka Uusisaari (2008) <i>Results Probl Cell Differ</i> <i></i> <i></i> 44: 163-175<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid8 2008-11-23T05:27:48Z

Ci-VSP contains a voltage-sensing domain (VSD) homologous to that of voltage-gated potassium channels. Using charge displacement ('gating' current) measurements we show that voltage-sensing movements of this VSD can occur within 1 ms in mammalian membranes. Our analysis lead to development of a genetically encodable fluorescent protein voltage sensor (VSFP) in which the fast, voltage-dependent con...<br/><br/>Alicia Lundby, Hiroki Mutoh, Dimitar Dimitrov, Walther Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel (2008) <i>PLoS ONE</i> <i></i> <i></i> 3: 6 <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid9 2008-11-23T05:27:48Z

Both cerebellum and neocortex receive input from the somatosensory system. Interaction between these regions has been proposed to underpin the correct selection and execution of motor commands, but it is not clear how such interactions occur. In neocortex, inputs give rise to population rhythms, providing a spatiotemporal coding strategy for inputs and consequent outputs. Here, we show that simila...<br/><br/>Steven J Middleton, Claudia Racca, Mark O Cunningham, Roger D Traub, Hannah Monyer, Thomas Knöpfel, Ian S Schofield, Alistair Jenkins, Miles A Whittington (2008) <i>Neuron</i> <i></i> <i></i> 58: 5 763-774<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid7 2009-06-25T08:25:04Z

Interest in non-invasive methods for optical probing of neuronal electrical activity has been ongoing for several decades and methods for imaging the activity of single or multiple individual neurons in networks composed of thousands of neurons have been developed. Most widely used are techniques that use organic chemistry-based dyes as indicators of calcium and membrane potential. More recently a...<br/><br/>De-Lai Qiu, Walther Akemann, Chun-Ping Chu, Rikita Araki, Thomas Knöpfel (2008) <i>Neurosignals</i> 16: 4 289-299<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid10 2008-11-23T05:27:48Z

Thomas Knöpfel (2008) <i>Nat Methods</i> <i></i> <i></i> 5: 4 293-295<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid1 2009-05-20T13:11:06Z

Very fast oscillations (VFO; > 75 Hz) occur transiently in vivo, in the cerebellum of mice genetically modified to model Angelman syndrome, and in a mouse model of fetal alcohol syndrome. We recently reported VFO in slices of mouse cerebellar cortex (Crus I and II of ansiform and paramedian lobules), either in association with gamma oscillations (approximately 40 Hz, evoked by nicotine) or in isol...<br/><br/>Roger D Traub, Steven J Middleton, Thomas Knöpfel, Miles A Whittington (2008) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 28: 8 1603-1616<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid6 2008-11-23T05:27:48Z

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Despite a tremendous effort to develop therapeutic tools in several HD models, there is no effective cure at present. Acidosis has been observed previously in cellular and in in vivo models as well as in the brains of HD patients. Here we challenged HD models with amiloride (Ami) derivative benzamil (Ben), a chemical agent used to re...<br/><br/>Hon Kit Wong, Peter O Bauer, Masaru Kurosawa, Anand Goswami, Chika Washizu, Yoko Machida, Asako Tosaki, Mizuki Yamada, Thomas Knöpfel, Takemichi Nakamura, Nobuyuki Nukina (2008) <i>Hum Mol Genet</i> <i></i> <i></i> 17: 20 3223-3235<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid2 2009-05-20T13:11:06Z

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) are the final integrative units of the cerebellar network. The strongest single afferent to the DCN is formed by GABAergic Purkinje neuron axons whose synapses constitute the majority of all synapses in the DCN, with their action strongly regulating the intrinsic activity of their target neurons. Although this is well established, it remains unclear whether all DCN...<br/><br/>M Uusisaari, T Knöpfel (2008) <i>Neuroscience</i> <i></i> <i></i> 156: 3 537-549<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid4 2009-05-20T13:11:06Z

Imaging activity of neurons in intact brain tissue was conceived several decades ago and, after many years of development, voltage-sensitive dyes now offer the highest spatial and temporal resolution for imaging neuronal functions in the living brain. Further progress in this field is expected from the emergent development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors of membrane potential. These flu...<br/><br/>B J Baker, H Mutoh, D Dimitrov, W Akemann, A Perron, Y Iwamoto, L Jin, L B Cohen, E Y Isacoff, V A Pieribone, T Hughes, T Knöpfel (2008) <i>Brain Cell Biol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 36: 1-4 53-67<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid3 2009-05-20T13:11:06Z

Deep cerebellar dentate nuclei are in a key position to control motor planning as a result of an integration of cerebropontine inputs and hemispheric Purkinje neurons signals, and their influence through synaptic outputs onto extracerebellar hubs. GABAergic dentate neurons exhibit broader action potentials and slower afterhyperpolarization than non-GABAergic (presumably glutamatergic) neurons. Spe...<br/><br/>V Alonso-Espinaco, I Elezgarai, J Díez-García, N Puente, T Knöpfel, P Grandes (2008) <i>Neuroscience</i> <i></i> <i></i> 155: 4 1059-1069<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid20 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms (PMCAs) are expressed in a wide variety of tissues where cell-specific expression provides ample opportunity for functional diversity amongst these transporters. The PMCAs use energy derived from ATP to extrude submicromolar concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) out of the cell. Their high affinity for Ca2+ and the speed with which they remove [Ca2+...<br/><br/>Thomas P Jensen, Adelaida G Filoteo, Thomas Knopfel, Ruth M Empson (2007) <i>J Physiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 579: Pt 1 85-99<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid21 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicator proteins provide the potential to monitor activity from genetically specified target cells without a need for single cell resolution. Here we report the use of transgenic mice expressing the fluorescent calcium indicator protein GCaMP2 in cerebellar granule cells to image parallel fiber activity transcranially in vivo. We demonstrated reliable meas...<br/><br/>Javier Díez-García, Walther Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel (2007) <i>Neuroimage</i> <i></i> <i></i> 34: 3 859-869<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid23 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) integrate inputs from the brain stem, the inferior olive, and the spinal cord with Purkinje cell output from cerebellar cortex and provide the major output of the cerebellum. Despite their crucial function in motor control and learning, the various populations of neurons in the DCN are poorly defined and characterized. Importantly, differences in electrophysiologic...<br/><br/>Marylka Uusisaari, Kunihiko Obata, Thomas Knöpfel (2007) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 97: 1 901-911<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid19 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Plasticity of synaptic transmission between parallel fiber (PF) and Purkinje neurons (PNs) is widely accepted as a cellular model for certain forms of cerebellar learning. Whereas the signaling cascades involved in postsynaptically expressed bidirectional long-term changes at PF-PN synapses are well investigated, data on presynaptically expressed long-term potentiation (LTP) are incomplete and con...<br/><br/>De-lai Qiu, Thomas Knöpfel (2007) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 27: 13 3408-3415<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid22 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Three first-generation fluorescent protein voltage sensitive probes (FP-voltage sensors) were characterized in mammalian cells. Flare, a Kv1.4 variant of FlaSh [Siegel MS, Isacoff EY. Neuron 1997;19(October (4)):735-41], SPARC [Ataka K, Pieribone VA. Biophys J 2002;82(January (1 Pt 1)):509-16], and VSFP-1 [Sakai R, Repunte-Canonigo V, Raj CD, Knopfel T. Eur J Neurosci 2001;13(June (12)):2314-18] w...<br/><br/>B J Baker, H Lee, V A Pieribone, L B Cohen, E Y Isacoff, T Knopfel, E K Kosmidis (2007) <i>J Neurosci Methods</i> <i></i> <i></i> 161: 1 32-38<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid16 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The validation of the selective, potent and systemically active non-competitive mGlu1 antagonists YM-298198 and JNJ16259685 in a physiological functional assay will facilitate elucidation of this receptor's role in brain function and as a potential drug target.<br/><br/>T Knöpfel (2007) <i>Br J Pharmacol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 151: 6 723-724<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid18 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 2 (PMCA2) is a fast, highly effective mechanism to control resting cytosolic Ca2+ and Ca2+ excursions in neurons and other excitable cells. The strong expression of PMCA2 in the cerebellum and the cerebellar behavioral deficits presented by PMCA2-/- knock-out mice all point to its importance for cerebellar circuit dynamics. Here, we provide direct functional evidence fo...<br/><br/>Ruth M Empson, Molly L Garside, Thomas Knöpfel (2007) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 27: 14 3753-3758<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid15 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

In the brain, neuronal activation triggers an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Here, we use two animal models and several techniques (two-photon imaging of CBF and neuronal calcium dynamics, intracellular and extracellular recordings, local pharmacology) to analyze the relationship between neuronal activity and local CBF during odor stimulation in the rodent olfactory bulb. Application of gl...<br/><br/>Emmanuelle Chaigneau, Pascale Tiret, Jérôme Lecoq, Mathieu Ducros, Thomas Knöpfel, Serge Charpak (2007) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 27: 24 6452-6460<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid13 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) receive synaptic input from numerous parallel fibers (PFs) and from a single climbing fiber (CF). At both types of synapses, fast synaptic transmission is mediated by AMPA receptors, while at PF synapses burst activity can additionally recruit metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) that mediate a slow depolarizing potential. Here, we show that mGluR-activated slo...<br/><br/>Qi Yuan, De-Lai Qiu, John T Weber, Christian Hansel, Thomas Knöpfel (2007) <i>Mol Cell Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 35: 4 596-603<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid17 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

BACKGROUND: Fluorescent proteins have been used to generate a variety of biosensors to optically monitor biological phenomena in living cells. Among this class of genetically encoded biosensors, reporters for membrane potential have been a particular challenge. The use of presently known voltage sensor proteins is limited by incorrect subcellular localization and small or absent voltage responses ...<br/><br/>Dimitar Dimitrov, You He, Hiroki Mutoh, Bradley J Baker, Lawrence Cohen, Walther Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel (2007) <i>PLoS ONE</i> <i></i> <i></i> 2: 5 <br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid28 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

During the past few decades, optical methods for imaging activity in networks composed of thousands of neurons have been developed. These techniques rely mainly on organic-chemistry-based dyes as indicators of Ca(2+) and membrane potential. However, recently a new generation of probes, genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors, has emerged for use by physiologists studying the operation of n...<br/><br/>Thomas Knöpfel, Javier Díez-García, Walther Akemann (2006) <i>Trends Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 29: 3 160-166<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid27 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Fast synaptic transmission between olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells (MCs) is mediated through AMPA and NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. MCs also express high levels of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) whose functional significance is less understood. Here we characterized a slow mGluR1-mediated potential that was evoked by high-frequency (100-Hz) olfactory nerve (ON) stimu...<br/><br/>Q Yuan, T Knöpfel (2006) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 95: 5 3097-3104<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid29 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Olfactory receptor neuron axons form the olfactory nerve (ON) and project to the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, where they form excitatory synapses with terminal arborizations of the mitral cell (MC) tufted primary dendrite. Clusters of MC dendritic tufts define olfactory glomeruli, where they involve in complex synaptic interactions. The computational function of these cellular interacti...<br/><br/>Q Yuan, T Knöpfel (2006) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 95: 4 2417-2426<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid24 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The voltage-gated potassium channels Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 are expressed in several distinct neuronal subpopulations in brain areas known to be involved in motor control such as cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum. Depending on the lack of Kv3.1 or Kv3.3 channel subunits, mutant mice show different Kv3-null allele-dependent behavioral alterations that include constitutive hyperactivity, sleep loss, imp...<br/><br/>R H Joho, C Street, S Matsushita, T Knöpfel (2006) <i>Genes Brain Behav</i> <i></i> <i></i> 5: 6 472-482<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid26 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Purkinje neurons spontaneously generate action potentials in the absence of synaptic drive and thereby exert a tonic, yet plastic, input to their target cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje neurons express two ionic currents with biophysical properties that are specialized for high-frequency firing: resurgent sodium currents and potassium currents mediated by Kv3.3. How these ionic curren...<br/><br/>Walther Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel (2006) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 26: 17 4602-4612<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid25 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Expression of synaptic plasticity involves the translation of mRNA into protein and, probably, active protein degradation via the proteasome pathway. Here, we report on the rapid activation of synthesis and degradation of a probe protein with the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal Schaffer collateral CA1 pathway. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 significantly reduced the fi...<br/><br/>Anna Karpova, Marina Mikhaylova, Ulrich Thomas, Thomas Knöpfel, Thomas Behnisch (2006) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 26: 18 4949-4955<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid31 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The synapses formed by the olfactory nerve (ON) convey sensory information to olfactory glomeruli, the first stage of central odor processing. Morphological and behavioral studies suggest that glomerular odor processing is plastic in neonate rodents. However, long-term synaptic plasticity, a cellular correlate of functional and structural plasticity, has not yet been demonstrated in this system. H...<br/><br/>Hiroki Mutoh, Qi Yuan, Thomas Knöpfel (2005) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 25: 17 4252-4259<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid30 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Genetically encoded fluorescent Ca2+ indicator proteins (FCIPs) are promising tools to study Ca2+ signaling in large assemblies of nerve cells. Currently, there are few examples of stable transgenic mouse lines that functionally express such sensors in well-defined neuronal cell populations. Here we report the generation and characterization of transgenic mice expressing an FCIP under the 5' regul...<br/><br/>Javier Díez-García, Shinichi Matsushita, Hiroki Mutoh, Junichi Nakai, Masamichi Ohkura, Jennifer Yokoyama, Dimitar Dimitrov, Thomas Knöpfel (2005) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 22: 3 627-635<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid36 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Double-mutant mice (DKO) lacking the two voltage-gated K(+) channels Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 display a series of phenotypic alterations that include ataxia, myoclonus, tremor and alcohol hypersensitivity. The prominent cerebellar expression of mRNAs encoding Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 subunits raised the question as to whether altered electrical activity resulting from the lack of these K(+) channels might be relate...<br/><br/>Anne McMahon, Stephen C Fowler, Teresa M Perney, Walther Akemann, Thomas Knöpfel, Rolf H Joho (2004) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 19: 12 3317-3327<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid37 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The homeostasis of intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) is critical for neuronal function, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic transmission. Here, we investigated activity-dependent changes in [Cl(-)](i) using a transgenetically expressed Cl(-)-sensitive enhanced yellow-fluorescent protein (EYFP) in cultures of mouse hippocampal neurons. Application of glutamate (100 m...<br/><br/>Jennifer E Slemmer, Shinichi Matsushita, Chris I De Zeeuw, John T Weber, Thomas Knöpfel (2004) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 19: 11 2915-2922<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid35 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We report an activity-induced green fluorescence signal observed when mouse cerebellar slices were illuminated with blue light and parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses were activated. The optical signal consisted of an initial increase in fluorescence that peaked within 1-2 s after the onset of stimulation, followed by a long lasting (40 s) transient decrease in fluorescence. Single or tetanic el...<br/><br/>V Coutinho, H Mutoh, T Knöpfel (2004) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 20: 3 740-748<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid33 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Long term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses involves an early and a late phase, where only the latter is sensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors. Here we characterized the dynamics of protein synthesis associated with the induction of L-LTP using a transgenic mouse model in which a cAMP responsive element (CRE)-regulated promoter drives production of an enhanced ...<br/><br/>Thomas Behnisch, Shinichi Matsushita, Thomas Knöpfel (2004) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 15: 13 2039-2043<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid34 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Synapses formed by the olfactory nerve (ON) provide the source of excitatory synaptic input onto mitral cells (MC) in the olfactory bulb. These synapses, which relay odor-specific inputs, are confined to the distally tufted single primary dendrites of MCs, the first stage of central olfactory processing. beta-adrenergic modulation of electrical and chemical signaling at these synapses may be invol...<br/><br/>Qi Yuan, Hiroki Mutoh, Franck Debarbieux, Thomas Knöpfel (2004) <i>Learn Mem</i> <i></i> <i></i> 11: 4 406-411<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid32 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The neuronal components of cortical circuits have been characterized on the basis of their morphological and functional properties, and further refined by correlation of marker proteins with particular cell types. This latter approach has been very fruitful for GABA-containing neurons, but comparable diagnostic markers for subpopulations of excitatory pyramidal cells have been more elusive. An eme...<br/><br/>Walther Akemann, Yong-Mei Zhong, Noritaka Ichinohe, Kathleen S Rockland, Thomas Knöpfel (2004) <i>J Comp Neurol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 480: 1 72-88<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid41 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Optical imaging of electrical activity using voltage-sensitive dyes has been envisaged for many years as a powerful method to investigate multineuronal representation of information processing in brain tissue. This article describes the advent of novel genetically targeted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins. This new class of membrane voltage sensors overcomes previous limitations related to t...<br/><br/>Thomas Knöpfel, Kayo Tomita, Ranken Shimazaki, Rieko Sakai (2003) <i>Methods</i> <i></i> <i></i> 30: 1 42-48<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid42 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Maturation of specific neuronal connections in the mature nervous system includes elimination of redundant synapses formed earlier during development. In the cerebellum of adult animals, each Purkinje cell (PC) is innervated by a single climbing fiber (CF). In early postnatal development each PC is innervated by multiple CFs and elimination of synapses formed by supernumerary CFs occurs until mono...<br/><br/>Bibiana Scelfo, Piergiorgio Strata, Thomas Knöpfel (2003) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 89: 5 2555-2563<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid40 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

A pre-embedding immunocytochemical method was used to study the subcellular distribution of the voltage-dependent potassium channel Kv3.1b in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) in developing and adult rat. The main finding was the localization of the channel in specific membrane compartments of the calyces of Held and principal globular neurons. Thus, at postnatal day (P) 9 immunopart...<br/><br/>I Elezgarai, J Díez, N Puente, J J Azkue, R Benítez, A Bilbao, T Knöpfel, F Doñate-Oliver, P Grandes (2003) <i>Neuroscience</i> <i></i> <i></i> 118: 4 889-898<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid38 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Micelacking both Kv3.1 and both Kv3.3 K+ channel alleles display severe motor deficits such as tremor, myoclonus, and ataxic gait. Micelacking one to three alleles at the Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 loci exhibit in an allele dose-dependent manner a modest degree of ataxia. Cerebellar granule cells coexpress Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 K+ channels and are therefore candidate neurons that might be involved in these behavio...<br/><br/>Hiroshi Matsukawa, Alexander M Wolf, Shinichi Matsushita, Rolf H Joho, Thomas Knöpfel (2003) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 23: 20 7677-7684<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid46 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Glial cells are traditionally regarded as elements for structural support and ionic homeostasis, but have recently attracted attention as putative integral elements of the machinery involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we demonstrate that calcium-binding protein S100B, which is synthesized in considerable amounts in astrocytes (a major glial cell subtype), modulates long-term sy...<br/><br/>Hiroshi Nishiyama, Thomas Knopfel, Shogo Endo, Shigeyoshi Itohara (2002) <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i> <i></i> <i></i> 99: 6 4037-4042<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid47 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

During the last few years a variety of genetically encodable optical probes that monitor physiological parameters such as local pH, Ca2+, Cl-, or transmembrane voltage have been developed. These sensors are based on variants of green-fluorescent protein (GFP) and can be synthesized by mammalian cells after transfection with cDNA. To use these sensor proteins in intact brain tissue, specific promot...<br/><br/>Friedrich Metzger, Vez Repunte-Canonigo, Shinichi Matsushita, Walther Akemann, Javier Diez-Garcia, Chi Shun Ho, Takuji Iwasato, Pedro Grandes, Shigeyoshi Itohara, Rolf H Joho, Thomas Knöpfel (2002) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 15: 1 40-50<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid39 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of proteins that have seven transmembrane segments and that couple to G proteins. They differ from ionotropic glutamate receptors in that they do not form ion channels but instead affect intracellular chemical messenger systems. Eight genes coding for different subtypes of mGluRs have been identified to date and numbered accordingly in the ord...<br/><br/>Thomas Knöpfel, Pedro Grandes (2002) <i>Cerebellum</i> <i></i> <i></i> 1: 1 19-26<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid45 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

At the cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse, isolated presynaptic activity induces fast excitatory postsynaptic currents via ionotropic glutamate receptors while repetitive, high-frequency, presynaptic activity can also induce a slow excitatory postsynaptic current that is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1-EPSC). Here we investigated the involvement of glutamate uptak...<br/><br/>W Reichelt, T Knöpfel (2002) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 87: 4 1974-1980<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid44 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Early olfactory preference learning in rat pups occurs when novel odors are paired with reinforcing tactile stimulation that activate the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Pairing of odor and a noradrenergic agonist in the olfactory bulb is both necessary and sufficient for odor preference learning. This suggests the memory change occurs in the olfactory bulb. Previous electrophysiological experiment...<br/><br/>Qi Yuan, Carolyn W Harley, John H McLean, Thomas Knöpfel (2002) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 87: 6 3156-3159<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid43 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Over the last two decades, glutamate has been established as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. Glutamate released from synapses activates ion channel-forming receptors at postsynaptic cells and consequently mediates fast postsynaptic potentials. These receptors are termed ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). The subsequent discovery of metabotropic glutamate receptor...<br/><br/>Victoria Coutinho, Thomas Knöpfel (2002) <i>Neuroscientist</i> <i></i> <i></i> 8: 6 551-561<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid51 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Optical imaging of electrical activity has been suggested as a promising approach to investigate the multineuronal representation of information processing in brain tissue. While considerable progress has been made in the development of instrumentation suitable for high-speed imaging, intrinsic or extrinsic dye-mediated optical signals are often of limited use due to their slow response dynamics, ...<br/><br/>R Sakai, V Repunte-Canonigo, C D Raj, T Knöpfel (2001) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 13: 12 2314-2318<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid50 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR(1)) plays a fundamental role in postnatal development and plasticity of ionotropic glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic excitation of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Synaptic activation of mGluR(1) by brief tetanic stimulation of parallel fibers evokes a slow excitatory postsynaptic current and an elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) ...<br/><br/>F Tempia, M E Alojado, P Strata, T Knöpfel (2001) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 86: 3 1389-1397<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid11 2008-11-23T09:25:13Z

To study the role of mGlu7 receptors (mGluR7), we used homologous recombination to generate mice lacking this metabotropic receptor subtype (mGluR7(-/-)). After the serendipitous discovery of a sensory stimulus-evoked epileptic phenotype, we tested two convulsant drugs, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and bicuculline. In animals aged 12 weeks and older, subthreshold doses of these drugs induced seizures ...<br/><br/>G Sansig, T J Bushell, V R Clarke, A Rozov, N Burnashev, C Portet, F Gasparini, M Schmutz, K Klebs, R Shigemoto, P J Flor, R Kuhn, T Knoepfel, M Schroeder, D R Hampson, V J Collett, C Zhang, R M Duvoisin, G L Collingridge, H van Der Putten (2001) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 21: 22 8734-8745<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid48 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Optical recording of neuronal activities using voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) is a useful method for simultaneous multi-site recording. However, it has been rather difficult to distinguish optical signals from individual, identified cells. We applied the optical recording technique using a high-speed charge coupled device (CCD) imaging system to a teleost thalamic nucleus, corpus glomerulosum (CG) ...<br/><br/>H Tsutsui, A M Wolf, T Knöpfel, Y Oka (2001) <i>Neurosci Lett</i> <i></i> <i></i> 312: 1 17-20<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid49 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

New variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be engineered by circular permutation of their amino acid sequence. We characterized a series of permuted enhanced GFP (PEGFP) with new termini introduced at N144-Y145 and linkers of 1, 3, 5 and 6 residues inserted between G232 and M1, as well as a variant with an extended 7-residues linker between K238 and M1. A minimum linker length of 3 residu...<br/><br/>W Akemann, C D Raj, T Knöpfel (2001) <i>Photochem Photobiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 74: 2 356-363<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid56 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Several metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes have been identified in the cerebellar cortex that are targeted to different compartments in cerebellar cells. In this study, preembedding immunocytochemical methods for electron microscopy were used to investigate the subcellular distribution of the mGluR1b splice variant in the rat cerebellar cortex. Dendritic spines of Purkinje cells rece...<br/><br/>J M Mateos, R Benítez, I Elezgarai, J J Azkue, E Lázaro, A Osorio, A Bilbao, F Doñate, R Sarría, F Conquet, F Ferraguti, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, P Grandes (2000) <i>J Neurochem</i> <i></i> <i></i> 74: 3 1301-1309<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid57 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

This study evaluates the localization of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR4a in the piriform cortex of rats using preembedding immunocytochemical methods. At the light microscopic level, punctate labeling was evident in layers Ia and Ib of the piriform cortex, and immunolabeled fibers were present in layers II and III. Following bilateral destruction of the olfactory bulb, the density of l...<br/><br/>R Benítez, O Fernández-Capetillo, E Lázaro, J M Mateos, A Osorio, I Elezgarai, A Bilbao, K Lingenhoehl, H Van Der Putten, D R Hampson, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, P Grandes (2000) <i>J Comp Neurol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 417: 3 263-274<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid55 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Western blot analysis of protein extracts from rat liver revealed the presence of the mGlu5 receptor, one of the G-protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate (named "metabotropic glutamate receptors" or mGlu receptors). mGlu5 expression was particularly high in extracts from isolated hepatocytes, where levels were comparable with those seen in the rat cerebral cortex. The presence of mGlu5 r...<br/><br/>M Storto, U de Grazia, T Knöpfel, P L Canonico, A Copani, P Richelmi, F Nicoletti, M Vairetti (2000) <i>Hepatology</i> <i></i> <i></i> 31: 3 649-655<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid54 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Cerebellar Purkinje cells express both ionotropic glutamate receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Brief tetanic stimulation of parallel fibers in rat and mouse cerebellar slices evokes a slow excitatory postsynaptic current in Purkinje cells that is mediated by the mGluR1 subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The effector system underlying this mGluR1 EPSC has not yet been identif...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, D Anchisi, M E Alojado, F Tempia, P Strata (2000) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 12: 6 2199-2204<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid53 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

In the rodent primary somatosensory cortex, the configuration of whiskers and sinus hairs on the snout and of receptor-dense zones on the paws is topographically represented as discrete modules of layer IV granule cells (barrels) and thalamocortical afferent terminals. The role of neural activity, particularly activity mediated by NMDARs (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), in patterning of the somat...<br/><br/>T Iwasato, A Datwani, A M Wolf, H Nishiyama, Y Taguchi, S Tonegawa, T Knöpfel, R S Erzurumlu, S Itohara (2000) <i>Nature</i> <i></i> <i></i> 406: 6797 726-731<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid52 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are involved in the regulation of many G-protein-coupled receptors. As opposed to the other GRKs, such as rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) or beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK, GRK2), no receptor substrate for GRK4 has been so far identified. Here we show that GRK4 is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells, where it regulates mGlu(1) metabotropic glutamate ...<br/><br/>M Sallese, L Salvatore, E D'Urbano, G Sala, M Storto, T Launey, F Nicoletti, T Knöpfel, A De Blasi (2000) <i>FASEB J</i> <i></i> <i></i> 14: 15 2569-2580<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid60 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

A preembedding immunocytochemical method for light microscopy was used to study the postnatal development of expression of the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR4a in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of the rat. Immunoreactivity for mGluR4a was localized in axonal endings wrapping the principal globular neurons in MNTB, known as calyces of Held. The percentage of calyce...<br/><br/>I Elezgarai, R Benítez, J M Mateos, E Lázaro, A Osorio, J J Azkue, A Bilbao, K Lingenhoehl, H Van Der Putten, D R Hampson, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, P Grandes (1999) <i>J Comp Neurol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 411: 3 431-440<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid59 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate neuronal excitability via a multitude of mechanisms, and they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative processes. Here we investigated the responses mediated by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in dopamine neurons of the rat substantia nigra pars compacta, using whole cell patch-clamp recordings in combination with mic...<br/><br/>E Guatteo, N B Mercuri, G Bernardi, T Knöpfel (1999) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 82: 4 1974-1981<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid58 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We report in this study with a pre-embedding immunogold method, the clustering of the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor 4a (mGluR4a) along the presynaptic membrane of parallel fiber synaptic terminals in the cerebellar molecular layer. The mGluR4a clusters were homogeneously distributed and interspaced by about 60 nm. These results suggest a particular arrangement of mGluR4a which might he...<br/><br/>J M Mateos, I Elezgarai, R Benítez, A Osorio, A Bilbao, J J Azkue, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, P Grandes (1999) <i>Neurosci Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 35: 1 71-74<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid68 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The subcellular localization of the mGlu4a metabotropic glutamate receptor was investigated in rat cerebellum. At the light microscopical level, strong mGlu4a immunoreactivity was found in the molecular layer. A post-embedding immunogold method for electron microscopy revealed gold particles at the presynaptic sites of synapses made by parallel fiber terminals with dendritic spines of Purkinje cel...<br/><br/>J M Mateos, J Azkue, R Sarría, R Kuhn, P Grandes, T Knöpfel (1998) <i>Histochem Cell Biol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 109: 2 135-139<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid67 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The effects of brief (2-4 min) hypoxia on presumed dopaminergic "principal" neurons of the rat ventral mesencephalon were investigated by using either intracellular or whole cell patch-clamp recordings in in vitro conditions. Under single-electrode voltage clamp, with sharp microelectrode (Vh -60 mV), a brief hypoxia caused an outward current (hypoOUT) of 110.2 +/- 15.2 (SE) pA (n = 18), which was...<br/><br/>E Guatteo, M Federici, A Siniscalchi, T Knöpfel, N B Mercuri, G Bernardi (1998) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 79: 3 1239-1245<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid66 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Intracellular pH and membrane potential were measured during hypoxia and/or hypoglycaemia in cortical pyramidal neurones of a rat cortical slice preparation. Intracellular pH (pHi) was calculated from ratiometric microfluorometry of the pH-sensitive dye BCECF injected via sharp recording microelectrodes into the neurones. Transient (5 min) hypoxia induced a fall of pHi (7.12 +/- 0.03) of -0.72 +/-...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, A Tozzi, A Pisani, P Calabresi, G Bernardi (1998) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 9: 7 1447-1450<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid64 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Cultured cerebellar granule cells grown in medium containing 10 mM K+ undergo apoptosis after 4-5 days in vitro (DIV), and, at that time, the activity of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors coupled to polyphosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis begins to decline. In granule cells at 4 DIV, the mGlu receptor subtype mGlu5 was expressed at high levels. The expression of another PI-coupled mGlu receptor...<br/><br/>A Copani, G Casabona, V Bruno, A Caruso, D F Condorelli, A Messina, V Di Giorgi Gerevini, J P Pin, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, F Nicoletti (1998) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 10: 6 2173-2184<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid63 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Alternative splicing has been shown to occur at the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) gene. Three main isoforms that differ in their carboxy-termini have been described so far and named mGluR1alpha, mGluR1beta and mGluR1c. These variants when expressed in recombinant systems all activate phospholipase C, although the [Ca2+] signals generated have different kinetics. Tissue distribution st...<br/><br/>F Ferraguti, F Conquet, C Corti, P Grandes, R Kuhn, T Knopfel (1998) <i>J Comp Neurol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 400: 3 391-407<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid65 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated the effect of changes in membrane-voltage on intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) of dopamine-sensitive neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in a slice preparation of rat mesencephalon. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were combined with microfluorometric measurements of [Na+]i using the Na+-sensitive probe, sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI). Hyperpolar...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, E Guatteo, G Bernardi, N B Mercuri (1998) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 10: 5 1926-1929<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid61 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated the effects of oxygen (O2)/glucose deprivation on intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) of cortical pyramidal cells in a slice preparation of rat frontal cortex. Intracellular recordings were combined with microfluorometric measurements of [Na+]i using the Na+-sensitive dye sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI). Deprivation of O2/glucose caused an initial membrane hyp...<br/><br/>A Pisani, P Calabresi, A Tozzi, G Bernardi, T Knöpfel (1998) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 10: 11 3572-3574<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid62 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated the hypoxia-induced disturbance of cytosolic sodium concentration ([Na+]i) and of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in rat midbrain slices, by combining whole cell patch-clamp recordings and microfluorometry. Transient hypoxia (3-5 min) induced an outward current (118.7 +/- 15.1 pA, mean +/- SE; VH = -60 mV). The dev...<br/><br/>E Guatteo, N B Mercuri, G Bernardi, T Knöpfel (1998) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 80: 5 2237-2243<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid70 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The mGluR1 metabotropic glutamate receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that exists as different C-terminal splice variants. When expressed in mammalian cells, the mGluR1 splice variants exhibit diverse transduction mechanisms and also slightly differ in their apparent agonist affinities. In the present study, we used an affinity-purified antiserum, specifically reactive to the mGluRlb splice v...<br/><br/>J M Mateos, J Azkue, R Benítez, R Sarría, J Losada, F Conquet, F Ferraguti, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, P Grandes (1998) <i>J Comp Neurol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 390: 2 225-233<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid78 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated the expression and coupling to the phospholipase C signal transduction pathway of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes by Western blot analysis and agonist-stimulated inositol monophosphate formation in several brain regions of postnatal day 9 (P9) and adult rats. In the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, olfactory bulb, cerebellum and hypothalamus, the expr...<br/><br/>G Casabona, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn, F Gasparini, P Baumann, M A Sortino, A Copani, F Nicoletti (1997) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 9: 1 12-17<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid75 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The mGluR-mediated EPSP at parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum was blocked concentration-dependently and reversibly by antagonists acting selectively on group-I mGluRs but not by an inhibitor of group-III receptors. The results provide pharmacological evidence that the receptor type responsible for the mGluR-EPSP is mGluR1.<br/><br/>A M Batchelor, T Knöpfel, F Gasparini, J Garthwaite (1997) <i>Neuropharmacology</i> <i></i> <i></i> 36: 3 401-403<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid77 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of the P-type Ca2+ channel antagonist daurisoline against electroshock-induced convulsions in rats and mice, hypoxic/hypoglycemic-induced damage in rat hippocampal slices and brain damage induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in rats. Daurisoline applied intravenously (i.v.) (bolus of 1-60 mg/kg) reduced the spontaneous activity of ra...<br/><br/>K Lingenhöhl, D L Small, R Monette, A M Buchan, P Morley, P R Allegrini, L W Fröst, D Sauer, M Schmutz, T Knöpfel (1997) <i>Neuropharmacology</i> <i></i> <i></i> 36: 1 107-113<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid69 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonists, quisqualate and (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD), but not (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine or (2S,3S,4S)-alpha-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine, stimulated [3H]inositolmonophosphate ([3H]InsP) formation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. 1S,3R-ACPD-stimulated [3H]InsP formation was inhibited by alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenyl...<br/><br/>F Sureda, A Copani, V Bruno, T Knöpfel, G Meltzger, F Nicoletti (1997) <i>Eur J Pharmacol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 338: 2 R1-R2<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid74 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The group-II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonists (2S,1'R, 2'R,3'R)-2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), S-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (4C3HPG), and (2S,1'S, 2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I) protected mouse cortical neurons grown in mixed cultures against excitotoxic degeneration induced by a 10 min pulse with NMDA. Protection was observed not only when agonist...<br/><br/>V Bruno, F X Sureda, M Storto, G Casabona, A Caruso, T Knopfel, R Kuhn, F Nicoletti (1997) <i>J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 17: 6 1891-1897<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid76 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Two splice variants of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor 7, named hmGluR7a and hmGluR7b, were isolated from a human brain cDNA library. The isoforms differ by an out-of-frame insertion of 92 nucleotides close to the C-terminus of the hmGluR7 coding region, hmGluR7a has a length of 915 amino acids and represents the human homolog of the recently cloned rat mGluR7. hmGluR7b is seven amino ac...<br/><br/>P J Flor, H Van Der Putten, D Rüegg, S Lukic, T Leonhardt, M Bence, G Sansig, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn (1997) <i>Neuropharmacology</i> <i></i> <i></i> 36: 2 153-159<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid73 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

By combining biochemical, molecular and immunohistochemical approaches, we have investigated the presence of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) belonging to the subtype 5 in rat and human spinal cords and the developmental changes in their expression. A polyclonal antibody raised against the carboxy-terminal portion of mGluR5 was used to study the distribution of the receptor in rat foetal ...<br/><br/>A Valerio, P Rizzonelli, M Paterlini, G Moretto, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn, M Memo, P Spano (1997) <i>Neurosci Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 28: 1 49-57<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid72 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) is known to adjust somatic and neurovegetative elements of the defence behaviour. We have used specific polyclonal antibodies to examine the distribution of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) in this region. Immunolabelling for mGluR5 displayed a net preference for dorsolateral areas at rostral and intermediate levels. Electronmicroscopic ex...<br/><br/>J J Azkue, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn, J M Mateos, P Grandes (1997) <i>Neurosci Lett</i> <i></i> <i></i> 228: 1 1-4<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid71 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The cellular and subcellular localization of the mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype was studied in the rat cerebellar cortex, by using the preembedding immunoperoxidase and immunogold techniques. Light microscopic observations revealed an abundant, intense labeling of neurons in the granular layer as well as in the molecular layer. Lugaro and Golgi cells exhibited an intense mGluR5 imm...<br/><br/>L Négyessy, Z Vidnyánszky, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, T J Görcs, J Hámori (1997) <i>J Comp Neurol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 385: 4 641-650<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid86 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Pre-embedding immunogold histochemistry was combined with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing in order to analyse the relationship between the subcellular localization of the GluR1a metabotropic glutamate receptors and the distribution of corticothalamic synapses in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the rat. The injectio...<br/><br/>Z Vidnyanszky, T J Gorcs, L Negyessy, Z Borostyankio, T Knopfel, J Hamori (1996) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 8: 6 1061-1071<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid87 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) share no sequence homology with any other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The characterization of their G-protein coupling domains will therefore help define the general rules for receptor-G-protein interaction. To this end, the intracellular domains of mGluR3 and mGluR1, receptors coupled negatively to adenylyl cyclase and positively to phospholipase ...<br/><br/>J Gomeza, C Joly, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, J Bockaert, J P Pin (1996) <i>J Biol Chem</i> <i></i> <i></i> 271: 4 2199-2205<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid88 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

L-glutamate appears to be a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. Its action is mediated via ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). Eight mGluRs have already been cloned. In the present study the hypothalamic distribution of mGluR1a has been investigated by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies recently produced by some of the present authors (T. J. G.,...<br/><br/>J Kiss, T J Görcs, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, A Csáky, B Halász (1996) <i>Acta Biol Hung</i> <i></i> <i></i> 47: 1-4 221-237<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid12 2008-11-23T09:25:13Z

(RS)-alpha-Methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (MPPG) and (S)-alpha-methyl-3-carboxyphenylalanine (M3CPA), two novel preferential antagonists of group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, antagonized the neuroprotective activity of L-2-amino-4-phosphono-butanoate (L-AP4) or L-serine-O-phosphate in mice cultured cortical cells exposed to a toxic pulse of N-methyl-D-aspartate. In contrast, MPPG ...<br/><br/>V Bruno, A Copani, L Bonanno, T Knoepfel, R Kuhn, P J Roberts, F Nicoletti (1996) <i>Eur J Pharmacol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 310: 1 61-66<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid84 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtype 1 exists as at least three variants (-1a, -1b, and -1c) generated by alternative splicing at the C-terminal domain. Fluorometric Ca2+ measurements were used to compare the concentration dependency of agonist-induced rises in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in human embryonic HEK 293 cells transiently expressing rat mGluR1a, mGluR1...<br/><br/>P J Flor, J Gomeza, M A Tones, R Kuhn, J P Pin, T Knöpfel (1996) <i>J Neurochem</i> <i></i> <i></i> 67: 1 58-63<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid85 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated whether the expression of human alpha-parvalbumin affects depolarization-induced elevations of the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in human neuroblastoma SKNBE2 cells. A full length human parvalbumin cDNA was cloned by PCR from human cerebellum and transiently transfected into SKNBE2 cells. Immunofluorescence staining using an antibody raised against parvalbumin reve...<br/><br/>J Dreessen, C Lutum, B W Schäfer, C W Heizmann, T Knöpfel (1996) <i>Cell Calcium</i> <i></i> <i></i> 19: 6 527-533<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid80 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We have characterized the expression pattern and pharmacological profile of activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in immortalized, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting GT1-7 cells, which represent a homogeneous cellular population of hypothalamic origin. These cells are known to respond to the mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) with increa...<br/><br/>M A Sortino, G Aleppo, A Copani, G Casabona, F Nicoletti, C Ventra, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, B Malitschek, P L Canonico (1996) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 8: 11 2407-2415<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid79 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

It has been proposed that neurotransmitter signalling can occur between axons and glia in the mammalian optic nerve in the absence of synaptic specialisations, and that this may be glutamate mediated. Here, the cellular distribution of five metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR's 1a, 1b, 1c, 2/3 and 5) have been assessed in the rat optic pathway using specific antibodies. Positive immunoreactivi...<br/><br/>G Jeffery, C Sharp, B Malitschek, T E Salt, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel (1996) <i>Brain Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 741: 1-2 75-81<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid81 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can be classified into three families based on amino acid sequence homology, signal transduction mechanisms and pharmacological properties. Generally, class I mGluRs mediate an excitation of neurons while activation of class II and III mGluRs results in a depression of synaptic transmission. In this study we have analyzed the expression pattern of mGlu...<br/><br/>I Blümcke, K Behle, B Malitschek, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel, H K Wolf, O D Wiestler (1996) <i>Brain Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 736: 1-2 217-226<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid82 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Brief tetanic stimulation of parallel fibres can evoke a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in cerebellar Purkinje cells that is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). It is likely that the receptor subtype involved is mGluR1, which couples to the production of diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). We therefore examined whether the mGluR-EPSP is associat...<br/><br/>A M Batchelor, I Vranesic, F Del Principe, J Garthwaite, T Knöpfel (1996) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 7: 12 1949-1952<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid83 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a large, heterogeneous family of G-protein coupled receptors, which modulate excitatory synaptic transmission through various transduction pathways. Evidence is now accumulating that individual mGlu-receptor subtypes mediate distinct, facilitatory (group I subtypes) or inhibitory (group II and group III subtypes), actions on neurodegenerative processes. ...<br/><br/>F Nicoletti, V Bruno, A Copani, G Casabona, T Knöpfel (1996) <i>Trends Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 19: 7 267-271<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid94 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We have tested the two enantiomers of trans-azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (2S,4S)-azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid ((2S,4S)-ADA) and (2R,4R)-azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid ((2R,4R)-ADA) for activity at the human metabotropic glutamate receptors mGlu1b, mGlu2, mGlu4a and mGlu5a expressed in mammalian cells. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human mGlu2 receptors, 500 microM (2S,4S)...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, J Sakaki, P J Flor, P Baumann, A I Sacaan, G Veliçelebi, R Kuhn, H Allgeier (1995) <i>Eur J Pharmacol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 288: 3 389-392<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid95 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

A cDNA encoding the human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4 (hmGluR4) was isolated from human brain cDNA libraries by cross-hybridization with rat mGluR4 probes. The deduced amino acid sequence of human mGluR4 consists of 912 residues and shows a sequence identity of 96% to the amino acid sequence of rat mGluR4. Northern blot analyses indicate that hmGluR4 is strongly expressed in the cerebel...<br/><br/>P J Flor, S Lukic, D Rüegg, T Leonhardt, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn (1995) <i>Neuropharmacology</i> <i></i> <i></i> 34: 2 149-155<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid93 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

A cDNA encoding the human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2 (hmGluR2) was isolated from human brain cDNA libraries by cross-hybridization with rat mGluR2 probes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human mGluR2 receptor consists of 872 residues and shows a sequence identity of 97% to the amino acid sequence of rat mGluR2. Northern blot analyses showed that hmGluR2 is widely expressed in di...<br/><br/>P J Flor, K Lindauer, I Püttner, D Rüegg, S Lukic, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn (1995) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 7: 4 622-629<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid92 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

T Knöpfel, R Kuhn, H Allgeier (1995) <i>J Med Chem</i> <i></i> <i></i> 38: 9 1417-1426<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid89 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

To test the hypothesis that the determinants for agonist selectivity of class III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are localized in the N-terminal extracellular domain, a chimaeric cDNA was constructed where 519 amino acids of the N-terminal extracellular domain of human mGluR1b were exchanged with the corresponding region of human mGluR4. The pharmacological profile of the chimaera, desi...<br/><br/>M A Tones, N Bendali, P J Flor, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn (1995) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 7: 1 117-120<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid90 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The two reported metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists, alpha-methyl-cyclopropyl glycine (MCCG) and alpha-methyl-aminophosphonobutyrate (MAP4) were tested on the mGluR1b, mGluR2 and mGluR4a subtypes of human mGluRs. Neither MCCG (500 microM) nor MAP4 (500 microM) antagonized the activation of mGluR1b by 10 microM quisqualate. MCCG was found to potently antagonize the action of 30 mic...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, S Lukic, T Leonard, P J Flor, R Kuhn, F Gasparini (1995) <i>Neuropharmacology</i> <i></i> <i></i> 34: 8 1099-1102<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid91 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We have studied the influence of class I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) on excitotoxic neuronal degeneration in cultured murine cortical neurons grown on a monolayer of astrocytes. These cultures expressed high levels of mGluR5 mRNA, which were comparable to those found in RNA extracts from cerebral cortex. Cortical neurons in mixed cultures were heavily stained with antibodies raised a...<br/><br/>V Bruno, A Copani, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn, G Casabona, P Dell'Albani, D F Condorelli, F Nicoletti (1995) <i>Neuropharmacology</i> <i></i> <i></i> 34: 8 1089-1098<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid101 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

1. We have developed a compartmental model of a turtle cerebellar granule cell consisting of 13 compartments that represent the soma and 4 dendrites. We used this model to investigate the synaptic integration of mossy fiber inputs in granule cells. 2. The somatic compartment contained six active ionic conductances: a sodium conductance with fast activation and inactivation kinetics, gNa; a high-vo...<br/><br/>F Gabbiani, J Midtgaard, T Knöpfel (1994) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 72: 2 999-1009<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid103 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

1. Depolarization-induced changes in the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were examined in slice-cultured neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei by combined intracellular and multisite fura-2 recording techniques. 2. Firing of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive action potentials induced by depolarizing current pulses caused large elevations in somatic as well as proximal dendritic [Ca2+]i. ...<br/><br/>R Muri, T Knöpfel (1994) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 71: 1 420-428<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid100 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

1. We have developed compartmental models of guinea-pig medial vestibular nuclei neurons (MVNns). The structure and the parameters of the model cells were chosen to reproduce the responses of type A and type B MVNns as described in electrophysiological recordings. 2. Dynamics of membrane potentials were modeled in 46 and 61 branched electrical compartments for Type A and Type B MVNns, respectively...<br/><br/>R Quadroni, T Knöpfel (1994) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 72: 4 1911-1924<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid102 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

IN looking for a structurally defined non-peptide P-channel blocker we have tested the alkaloid daurisoline which has been isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal herb (Menispermum dauricum) used for the treatment of epilepsy, hypertension and asthma. We have found that daurisoline is an inhibitor of omega-Aga-IVA sensitive barium currents in cerebellar Purkinje cells and of excitatory postsyn...<br/><br/>Y M Lu, W Fröstl, J Dreessen, T Knöpfel (1994) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 5: 12 1489-1492<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid96 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The cellular and subcellular distribution of the mGluR5a metabotropic glutamate receptor was studied in the spinal cord of the rat using an antibody raised against a mGluR5a-specific carboxy-terminal peptide. Strong mGluR5a-immunoreactivity (mGluR5a-ir) was found in the laminae I-II of the dorsal horn, which gradually decreased towards the deeper layers. At the electron microscopical level, mGluR5...<br/><br/>Z Vidnyánszky, J Hámori, L Négyessy, D Rüegg, T Knöpfel, R Kuhn, T J Görcs (1994) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 6: 1 209-213<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid99 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Antibodies were raised against C-terminal peptides of the splice variants a, b and c of the rat mGluR1 metabotropic glutamate receptor. Affinity purified antibodies each specifically reacting with mGluR1a, mGluR1b and mGluR1c were used to study the cellular localization of these receptors in rat cerebellum. The mGluR1a antibody strongly labelled Purkinje cells at their cells bodies, portions of th...<br/><br/>P Grandes, J M Mateos, D Rüegg, R Kuhn, T Knöpfel (1994) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 5: 17 2249-2252<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid97 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated the synaptic transmission in the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell system at high spatio-temporal resolution by using voltage-sensitive dyes and an imaging system. In rat cerebellar slices, cut in the frontal plane or in a plane of the cerebellar surface, local electrical stimulation induced volleys of action potentials in the parallel fibers; subsequent postsynaptic responses from Purk...<br/><br/>I Vranesic, T Iijima, M Ichikawa, G Matsumoto, T Knöpfel (1994) <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i> <i></i> <i></i> 91: 26 13014-13017<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid98 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We investigated the spread of membrane voltage changes from the soma into the dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells by using voltage-imaging techniques in combination with intracellular recordings and by performing computer simulations using a detailed compartmental model of a cerebellar Purkinje cell. Fluorescence signals from single Purkinje cells in cerebellar cultures stained with the styryl ...<br/><br/>C Staub, E De Schutter, T Knöpfel (1994) <i>J Comput Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 1: 4 301-311<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid106 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

A depolarization-induced, slowly decaying inward current was examined in slice-cultured CA3 pyramidal cells by voltage-clamp techniques and microfluorometric measurements of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Action potentials elicited by intracellular injection of short-lasting (50-100 ms) depolarizing current pulses were followed by a slowly decaying afterhyperpolarization (AHP). After...<br/><br/>M Caeser, D A Brown, B H Gähwiler, T Knöpfel (1993) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 5: 6 560-569<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid105 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The effects of iontophoretically applied (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD), an agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors, were examined in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells in vivo. Multibarrel electrodes were used for extracellular recordings of spontaneous single unit discharges and iontophoretic ejection of 1S,3R-ACPD. The effect of 1S,3R-ACPD depended on both the str...<br/><br/>K Lingenhöhl, T Knöpfel, H R Olpe (1993) <i>Neurosci Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 18: 3 223-228<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid111 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The responses of slice-cultured Purkinje cells to trans-DL-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) were examined by intracellular recording techniques and fura-2 microfluorometry. Bath-application of t-ACPD (100 microM, 30 s), a selective agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), to Purkinje cells voltage-clamped near their resting potential -65 to -60 mV) consistently induc...<br/><br/>I Vranesic, C Staub, T Knöpfel (1993) <i>Neurosci Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 16: 3 209-215<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid104 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The interactions of the phenylglycine derivatives (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine (S-4CPG) and (R,S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) with responses of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells to (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) were examined by intracellular recordings in acute cerebellar slices and extracellular recordings in vivo, using multibarrel electrodes. In vitro, ...<br/><br/>K Lingenhöhl, H R Olpe, N Bendali, T Knöpfel (1993) <i>Neurosci Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 18: 3 229-234<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid112 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The possible role of protein kinase C activation in the inhibitory action of cholinergic transmitters on the slow Ca-dependent afterhyperpolarizing current (IAHP) in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons was investigated using hippocampal slice cultures. IAHP was inhibited reversibly by methacholine (100 - 600 nM) and irreversibly by the protein kinase C activator, phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 10 n...<br/><br/> Sim, Gerber, Knöpfel, Brown (1992) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 4: 9 785-791<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid110 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

1. Depolarization-induced elevations of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were examined in slice-cultured hippocampal pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells of the CA3 region by combined intracellular and multisite fura-2 recording techniques. 2. In pyramidal cells, spiking activity induced by depolarizing current pulses (200-800 ms) induced transient elevations of somatic as well as of prox...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, B H Gähwiler (1992) <i>J Neurophysiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 68: 3 961-963<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid108 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked in neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei, either by electrical stimulation within the nuclei in cerebellar slice cultures or by electrical stimulation of olivary explants in olivo-cerebellar co-cultures, were investigated in the rat by means of intracellular recordings. In neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei, stimulation of the nuclear tissue, as well as...<br/><br/>E Audinat, B H Gähwiler, T Knöpfel (1992) <i>Neuroscience</i> <i></i> <i></i> 49: 4 903-911<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid107 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Amino acid levels were measured in perfusates from biplanar slices of rat cerebellum installed in a Krebs-filled three-compartment chamber. The two lateral compartments housed the white matter and a section containing parallel fibres respectively. The central compartment housed cortical structures, including the Purkinje cell and granule cell bodies. This arrangement allows selective electrical st...<br/><br/>C Hansel, A Batchelor, M Cuénod, J Garthwaite, T Knöpfel, K Q Do (1992) <i>Neurosci Lett</i> <i></i> <i></i> 142: 2 211-214<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid109 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The responses to activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) of Purkinje cells in rat cerebellar slice cultures were investigated using intracellular recordings in single-electrode voltage-clamp mode combined with microfluorometric measurements of cytosolic free calcium using fura-2. Purkinje cells were perfused with saline containing 0.5 microM tetrodotoxin and 10 microM bicuculline a...<br/><br/> Staub, Vranesic, Knöpfel (1992) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 4: 9 832-839<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid116 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The generation of climbing fibre responses in cerebellar Purkinje cells has been analysed in co-cultured slices of rat cerebellum and inferior olive. Complex spikes were evoked in Purkinje cells by climbing fibre activation or by intrasomatic injection of depolarizing current pulses. Microfluorometric measurements of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) by means of intracellularly injected fura-2 comb...<br/><br/> Knöpfel, Vranesic, Staub, Gähwiler (1991) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 3: 4 343-348<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid115 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We describe techniques for measurements of cytosolic calcium dynamics in single current- or voltage-clamped nerve cells. The calculations of calcium dynamics are based on continuous recordings of fura-2 fluorescence intensity at one excitation wavelength after an initial reference measurement at two excitation wavelengths. We show that such single wavelength recordings are not only sufficient for ...<br/><br/>I Vranesic, T Knöpfel (1991) <i>Pflugers Arch</i> <i></i> <i></i> 418: 1-2 184-189<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid113 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

A combination of intracellular recording and fluorometric measurements of cytosolic calcium [( Ca2+]i) was used to locate changes in [Ca2+]i induced by the specific metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist trans-D,L-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD), in Purkinje cells of rat cerebellar slices. Under voltage-clamp conditions, application of t-ACPD (100 microM) induced an inw...<br/><br/>I Vranesic, A Batchelor, B H Gähwiler, J Garthwaite, C Staub, T Knöpfel (1991) <i>Neuroreport</i> <i></i> <i></i> 2: 12 759-762<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid114 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Slices of inferior olive (IO) and cerebellum were co-cultured for several weeks by means of the roller tube technique. Recordings were carried out intracellularly from Purkinje cells (PCs) which were identified morphologically by intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow, or by immunohistochemical stainings with antibodies raised against the 28 kD Ca(2+)-binding protein calbind...<br/><br/>J Mariani, T Knöpfel, B H Gähwiler (1991) <i>J Neurobiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 22: 8 865-872<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid123 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The dynamics of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) of single voltage-clamped CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slice cultures is reviewed. [Ca2+]i amounts to about 30 nM at resting membrane potential and increases slowly when the membrane potential is clamped at more positive values (up to 500 nM at -30 mV). Short lasting depolarizations (40-100 ms) induce a transient rise in [Ca2+]i which activates a...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, S Charpak, D A Brown, B H Gähwiler (1990) <i>Prog Brain Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 83: 189-195<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid124 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

M Cuénod, E Audinat, K Q Do, B H Gähwiler, P Grandes, P Herrling, T Knöpfel, H Perschak, P Streit, F Vollenweider (1990) <i>Adv Exp Med Biol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 268: 57-63<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid122 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

In co-cultures of rat septum and hippocampus, cholinergic neurons, identified by immunocytochemical techniques using antibodies against choline acetyltransferase, were found to be exclusively located in septal tissue. The presence of nerve growth factor during the entire growth period of four weeks increased the activities of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase about 10-fold and str...<br/><br/>B H Gähwiler, L Rietschin, T Knöpfel, A Enz (1990) <i>Neuroscience</i> <i></i> <i></i> 36: 1 27-31<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid117 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

1. The actions of the endogenous excitatory amino acids (EAAS) glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp) and homocysteate (HCA) on Purkinje cells and neurones of the deep nuclei in cerebellar slice cultures were investigated using intracellular recordings in the single-electrode voltage-clamp mode and the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. 2. Purkinje cells and neurones of deep cerebell...<br/><br/>E Audinat, T Knöpfel, B H Gähwiler (1990) <i>J Physiol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 430: 297-313<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid121 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Cerebellar slices prepared from newborn rats were co-cultured with slices derived from the inferior olive of 4-day-old rats. After several weeks in vitro olivary fibres projecting into the cerebellar tissue could be assessed by anterograde labelling with the fluorescent dye 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil). Following electrical field stimulation of the olivary...<br/><br/> Knöpfel, Audinat, Gähwiler (1990) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 2: 8 726-732<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid119 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Glucose deprivation (GD) results in a hyperpolarization by turning on a potassium conductance (gK,GD) in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. We used combined intracellular and microfluorometric recording techniques to evaluate whether gK,GD is activated by a rise in the concentration of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). We found that the activation of gK,GD is only followed, but not preceded by a rise...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, A Spuler, P Grafe, B H Gähwiler (1990) <i>Neurosci Lett</i> <i></i> <i></i> 117: 3 295-299<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid118 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Excitatory amino acids mediate fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system through the activation of at least three distinct ionotropic receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxasole-4-propionate (AMPA)/quisqualate (QUIS) and the kainate subtypes (for reviews, see refs 1, 2). They also activate the additional QUIS 'metabotropic' receptor (sensitiv...<br/><br/>S Charpak, B H Gähwiler, K Q Do, T Knöpfel (1990) <i>Nature</i> <i></i> <i></i> 347: 6295 765-767<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid120 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Combined intracellular and microfluorometric recording techniques were used to evaluate whether the inhibition by cholinergic or adrenergic transmitters of the Ca2(+)-activated potassium current (IAHP) in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells was mediated by an alteration of depolarization-induced change in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration [(Ca2+]i). Low concentrations of isoproterenol (1-10 microM) an...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, I Vranesic, B H Gähwiler, D A Brown (1990) <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i> <i></i> <i></i> 87: 11 4083-4087<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid126 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Slices were prepared from septal and hippocampal tissue and co-cultured for periods up to one month. The presence of cholinergic neurons within the septal slices was demonstrated by histochemical staining techniques for acetylcholinesterase or by Golgi-like immunoperoxidase techniques with antibodies raised against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Cholinergic fibers originating in the septal ...<br/><br/>B H Gähwiler, D A Brown, A Enz, T Knöpfel (1989) <i>EXS</i> <i></i> <i></i> 57: 236-250<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid125 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Slices from the brainstem at the level of the locus coeruleus and from the hippocampus of 5 - 7 day old rats were co-cultured using the roller tube technique. After 2 - 6 weeks in vitro the co-cultures were examined with antibodies raised against tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH). The cultures derived from the brainstem consistently contained a bilateral cluster of TH-positive neurons with 3 - 5 long slen...<br/><br/> Knöpfel, Rietschin, Gähwiler (1989) <i>Eur J Neurosci</i> <i></i> <i></i> 1: 6 678-689<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid129 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

T Knöpfel, N Dieringer (1988) <i>Adv Otorhinolaryngol</i> <i></i> <i></i> 42: 229-233<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid127 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The effect of (+/-)-beta-parachlorophenylglutamate (CP) on depolarizations induced by iontophoretically applied L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-homocysteate (L-HCA) and D-HCA was investigated in neurons of the rat neocortex in vitro. CP, a reported blocker of amino acid uptake, strongly enhanced L-HCA responses whereas responses to the other amino acids remained little affected. This action was observ...<br/><br/>M L Zeise, T Knöpfel, W Zieglgänsberger (1988) <i>Brain Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 443: 1-2 373-376<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid128 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The synaptic excitation of central vestibular neurons in the isolated superfused brainstem of chronic hemilabyrinthectomized (HL) frogs and of controls was studied electrophysiologically and pharmacologically. Central vestibular neurons were excited either through vestibular afferent fibers or through the vestibular commissural pathway by means of electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral or the c...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, N Dieringer (1988) <i>Exp Brain Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 72: 1 129-134<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid131 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

The effects of ionophoretically applied L-homocysteate (L-HCA), L-glutamate (L-Glu) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were compared in rat neocortical neurons recorded intracellularly in vitro. The firing pattern and the time course of membrane depolarization induced by L-HCA resembled those of NMDA responses. Action potentials evoked by NMDA and L-HCA were superimposed upon slow depolarizations in ...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel, M L Zeise, M Cuénod, W Zieglgänsberger (1987) <i>Neurosci Lett</i> <i></i> <i></i> 81: 1-2 188-192<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid130 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

We have investigated the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the excitatory synaptic transmission to central vestibular neurons in the isolated superfused brainstem of the frog. In superfusate containing 1 mM Mg2+ field potentials in the vestibular nuclei evoked by electrical stimulation of either the ipsi- or the contralateral VIIIth nerve were not affected by bath-applied D-2-amino-...<br/><br/>T Knöpfel (1987) <i>Brain Res</i> <i></i> <i></i> 426: 2 212-224<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid132 2008-11-23T09:31:53Z

Compensatory torsional and vertical eye movements were recorded in the frog during sinusoidal linear acceleration along the longitudinal and transverse body axes, respectively. Stimulus frequencies ranged between 0.1 and 1.0 Hz and peak accelerations from 0.01 g to 0.1 g corresponding to body tilts ranging from 0.57 to 5.7 degrees. In addition, static compensatory eye movements were studied during...<br/><br/>B J Hess, T Knöpfel, W Precht (1984) <i>Neuroscience</i> <i></i> <i></i> 11: 3 645-650<br/>

http://publicationslist.org/tknopfel/refid136 2009-03-26T14:36:24Z

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