Francesco fp Perrotta

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Notes: The Sports Grounds in Practice : Francesco Perrotta The term "motivation" may be interpreted as "all the factors that promote the activity of the subject, directing it towards certain goals and allowing it to continue if these goals are not achieved immediately, then stop to the achievement of" (Reuchlin , 1957). Prior be specified as the sport is an activity that is practiced by free choice, which is to define in three successive stages: the choice - characterized by the evaluation by the subject of several elements both favorable and opposed to the sport, taking consider all possible alternatives-the decision - to practice a particular sport from the above-assessment and implementation - that is the concrete practice of sport-chosen (Giovannini, Savoy, 2002). Young people, both boys that girls can take a sport driven by a rather wide range of reasons, which have been studied in detail through a considerable number of searches, such as particularly interesting is the work of Gill, Gross and Huddleston (1983). In particular through further analysis was possible to identify eight factors, representative of the general categories of motivation in sports: - The factor "success / status", which refers to the desire to win, being popular, to improve their status, to do something which is able and receive prizes; - The factor "team" on the desire to be part of a team; - The factor "fitness" - The factor "spend energy," including reasons that relate to the desire to download the tensions, to move and stay away from home; - The factor related to those reinforcements that can support extrinsic motivation of the subject, how people significant for him and the pleasure derived from the use of sports equipment; - Development and improvement of sports skills; - Friendship and the desire to nurture the friendships, new and old; - The "fun". Among all these reasons, one that seemed most crucial is linked to the development and improvement of their sports skills, understanding that however the acquisition of that power is necessary to occur in a context that takes into consideration other reasons ( Cei, 1998), especially in order to avoid abandoning sports. Among the motivational processes, it should be named the motivation linked to the success, which was particularly thorough studies of Murray, McClelland and Atkinson, who were defined in terms of motivation to succeed and motivation to avoid failure. In particular, with reference to male athletes, it seems that a high desire to succeed and little fear of failure involving a skill level higher during the competition, while, conversely, a limited predisposition to the success associated with a marked Fear of failure include better performance during training. Further research has shown a level of fear of failure is understood associated with a high desire to succeed can foster positive benefits, this figure may be interpreted as the ability of the person to use effectively the processes of self, allowing him to use this anxiety Pre race in positive terms for the competition. In general, the model suggests that a high desire for success involves better performance compared to a low expectation of success (Cei, 1998). But that criticism can be made to this model refers excessive emphasis that this places on the personality of the subject, as a relatively stable force that determines the motivational, because apart from individual characteristics closely considerable importance should be acknowledged as situational , In a mutual synergistic action. For example, not all give the same meaning to the concept of success in sport: that is when it comes to some sense of success may be understood as the realization of benefits that show a high degree of competence, like other victory in comparison with others. In particular, this example provides an opportunity for two more motivational specific guidelines: that is, the orientation task (for which the subject is concerned to demonstrate a degree of competence / mastery) and orientation to himself (for which the subject wants to show their level of skill in comparison with others). The predominance of one or the motivational style is determined not only by the available equipment, but also from situational factors, as can be, for example reinforcements coming from adults or the way it is structured environment and in the latter case is unclear how a competition characterized by interpersonal confrontation and a public assessment eliciterà guidance to himself, while a greater emphasis on learning and demonstrate a certain level of skill will stimulate a task orientation (Cei, 1998). It is therefore important not to neglect those who are may be the determinants of contextual nature, these are: the structures of reward - which, if linked to performance against the enemy or to provide against a standard, determine different ways in which competitive we will combine the relevant guideline motivational -, the orientation of training - which in turn may be based on information or control by changing the perception of the subject himself and his motivation-the differences related to the type of sport -- which may attract some and not others, and also the socio-cultural factors (social class, race, ethnicity) - that can exert some influence on the degree of involvement of the subject in the same sport (Giovannini, Savoy, 2002). The result of a certain provision should be read not only in terms of victory or defeat, but above all individual perceptions of success or failure: those who are most concerned at the level of mastery will focus more improvements recorded during the performance compared with the previous standards, giving them greater value than the victory itself, unlike those who compete by focusing on a comparison with others, will define the success or failure especially in relation to the performance of others and therefore the outcome of the competition (Giovannini, Savoia , 2002). Both these guidelines sizes are so independent, not tied to each other, be present both in the same subject in different measures: an individual may be strongly oriented both toward the self as to the task, or another might be more focused on the task and less on themselves, or vice versa (Nicholls, 1992). It was also emphasized as the orientation task is in positive relationship with the perception of sport as a fun activity, while the opposite orientation itself would reduce the intrinsic interest for the same (Duda, Nicholls, 1992). Even assessments of the subject on their level of competence exert considerable influence on the performance of that (Harter, 1978, 1985): the feeling of autoefficacia structure is still in the testing of their skills, and while they say it and stabilizing the subject is continuously new targets that will put to the test again. In this process of structuring seem to be particularly important answers provided by external environment, particularly dall'allenatore: the feedback that significantly influence the perception of his abilities and performance in sport, especially in young adolescents (Weiss, Chaumenton, 1992 ). The results of Weiss and Chaumenton (1992) show that young people prefer reinforcements that not only encourage them but especially to provide them technical suggestions to improve them, and how these messages stimulate their perception of competence. Regarding the motivational process is also important to mention the so-called theory of the award, for which individuals seek to give meaning to events that happen to them and to the surrounding environment through causal relations: the so-called locus of control identifies the cause of performance as internal or external, equally important is the notion of stability, which causes a certain performance are identified as stable or unstable (Weiner, 1972, 1979). The first concept makes it possible to determine whether the individual understands the causes as more or less likely to control its part: it is evident that the attribution of success to internal causes act positively on their self-esteem, increasing interest in the same activity ; As, in contrast, a failure attributed to internal causes may include a reduction in the sense of autoefficacia with a consequent reduction of involvement in that particular activity. The stability, on the other hand, can affect expectations of future success acting on emotional experience: associate a failure to lead to stable expectations causes of failure in relation to future performance, and if successful will develop the opposite attitude . Like, if a person gives a possible failure to cause unstable coltiverà positive expectations with respect to future situations, and associate succeed in a constantly unstable causes may induce negative expectations in relation to subsequent performance. Deepening the relationship between interpretation of results, formulation of new expectations and performance has emerged as the actors - especially in order to preserve their self-interpretations tend to provide a causal defensive in case of failures, and in terms of skills ed'impegno successes, recognizing a greater personal liability in case of positive benefits, compared to nil. Moreover, in addition to a particular emphasis to internal locus of control, the successes are also attributed to a greater cause a stable and controllable (McAuley, Gross, 1983). Interesting is also considering the emotional state as a source of influence emotional behavior and performance of same: If a subject is characterized by an emotional state of happiness, enjoyment, pleasure and pride tend to keep and increase their level of motivation and therefore mastery, on the contrary a negative expressed by anxiety, sadness, shame, embarrassment decreases the motivation and desire to participate (Giovannini, Savoy, 2002). bibliography reasoned Cei A. (1998) Psychology Dello Sport, Il Mulino. Duda JL, Nicholls JC (1992), Dimension of Achievement Motivation in Schoolwork and Sport, in "Journal of Educational Psychology", 84, 3, 99.209-9. Gill D.L., Gross J.B., Huddleston S. (1983) Participation Motivation in Youth Sports, in "International Jourmal of Sport Psychology, 14, pp.1-14. Giovannini D., L. Savoia (2002) Psychology of Sport, Carocci. E. McAuley, Gross J.B. (1983) Perceptions of Causality in Sport: An Application of the Causal Dimension Scale, in "Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, pp.184-196. Nicholls J.G. (1992), The General and the Specific in the Development and Expression of Achievement Motivation in GC Roberts (ed.), Motivation in Sports and Exercise, Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp. 31-56. Reuchlin M. (1957), Psychologie, PUF, Paris (trad.it. Handbook of Psychology, Editori Riuniti, Rome, 1981). S. Harter (1978) Effectance Motivation Reconsidered, in "Human Development", 21, pp.34-64. S. Harter (1985) Manual for the Self-perception Profile for Children, Denver, Colo., University of Denver. Weiss M.R., Chaumenton N. (1992) motivational Sport in Orientations, in TH Horn (ed.), Advances in Sport Psychology, Champaign, Ill., Human Kinetics. B. Weiner (1972) Theory of Motivation: From Mechanism to Cognition, Chicago, Ill., Rand-McNally. B. Weiner (1979) A Theory of Motivation from some Classroom Experience, in "Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, PP3-25. read other articles Francesco Perrotta hide items Francesco Perrotta 2007 - The Obesity 2007 - In Emotional Brain of the addiction Smoke 2007 - More Internet, Less School 2007 - Anorexia and Bulimia: Eating disorders in Strong Increase 2006 - The Other Skills 2006 - Sport and Nutrition 2006 - The Psychological Damage of Children maltreatment and abuse 2006 - The Physical Activity Tool as Balance 2006 - 'mens sana in corpore sano' 2006 - The syndrome of Cornelia de Lange 2006 - Education and Hypokinesia Motor 2006 - Pedagogy of sport at school 2006 - Sport and Nutrition 2006 - Activities and Motor Sports Personality of the Training contact Francesco Perrotta close the box contacts PsicoLAB © 2004-2007

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Notes: The recent study by two researchers U.S. states that smoking is an issue that has to do with emotions. Dependence on tobacco is controlled by a specific area of the brain almost as big a dime, the insula, which helps to manage the emotions. It follows that if this area is damaged, and / or its operation is not correct, the desire to smoke disappears suddenly and without any effort. Antonie Bechara and Hanna Damasio, two researchers from the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of California Sourthern, have followed the case of a man who after being struck by heart attack he suffered brain damage in dell'insula; man suddenly Forgot your cigarette addiction, and for many years without smoked about 40 cigarettes a day. Acknowledge this without any problems and no sacrifice, without using nicotine patches and without any psychological assistance. The patient has stopped smoking on his own volition. The researchers then subjected to brain imaging analysis of a sample of 69 avid smokers are affected by stroke. 19 of these had suffered its limited all'insula. Many of them have quit smoking after the stroke, and 13 of 19 with insula compromised did so immediately, unlike those patients with neural lesions otherwise, for which the loss of dependency was much more difficult. Patients with injuries dell'insula, therefore, following the damage stop simply to alert the need for cigarettes. E 'as turn off a switch, Bechara said, until now it was thought that the neural pleasure centers had a primary role in triggering the eventual dependence, but our discovery brought to the forefront dell'insula. The need and dependence appear to be on the island of emotions, the small area located deep in the brain. This discovery could revolutionize treatment of any dependence on tobacco and not

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