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e-magazine article | |
2011 |
Î ÎÎēίÎēÎąĪ (2011) Î ÎąĪÎąÎēÎŋÎģÎŋĪθΡĪΡ ĪÎˇĪ Î´Ī
ÎŊÎąÎŧΚÎēÎŽĪ ĪĪ
ÎŧĪÎĩĪΚĪÎŋĪÎŦĪ ÎŧÎĩĪÎąÎģÎģΚÎēĪÎŊ ÎēÎąĪÎąĪÎēÎĩĪ
ĪÎŊ ÎŧÎĩ ĪĪÎŽĪΡ ĪÎŋÎŧĪÎŋĪΚÎēÎŋĪ ÎŗÎĩĪδιΚĪΚÎēÎŋĪ ĪĪιθÎŧÎŋĪ (RTS) ΤÎĩĪĪÎŋĪ 2011_05, ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ ÎÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą ÎēιΚ Î ÎąĪιδÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą, e-Î ÎĩĪΚÎŋδΚÎēĪ ÎĪÎŗÎąĪĪΡĪίÎŋĪ
ÎÎŊĪĪÎĩĪÎˇĪ ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ, ÎŖĪÎŋÎģÎŽ ÎÎŗĪÎŋÎŊĪÎŧĪÎŊ ΤÎŋĪÎŋÎŗĪÎŦĪĪÎŊ ÎΡĪÎąÎŊΚÎēĪÎŊ, ÎθÎŊΚÎēĪ ÎÎĩĪĪĪβΚÎŋ Î ÎŋÎģĪ
ĪÎĩĪÎŊÎĩίÎŋ [e-magazine article] Abstract: The systematic monitoring and analysis of the dynamic behavior of metallic structures against seismic action, alternating loads of wind, snow and temperature variations of the environment is a key factor for their safe operation. Traditionally, determination of the kinematic characteristics of a structure is achieved indirectly by using various sensors such as accelerometers and gradiometers. In recent years the application of positioning systems like GPS (Global Positioning System) have demonstrated the capabilities and contributions of geodetic methods to monitor the dynamic behavior of metallic structures and other infrastructure works. Furthermore, recent developments in the technology of modern geodetic stations with automatic target recognition and tracking (Tracking Total Stations) make conventional surveying methods to be a reliable, alternative method for recording the kinematic characteristics of such structures. Notes: Î ÎΡÎÎÎΨΠ-
Î ÏÏ
ÏÏημαÏική ÏαÏακολοÏθηÏη και ανάλÏ
Ïη ÏÎ·Ï Î´Ï
Î½Î±Î¼Î¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÏÏ
μÏεÏιÏοÏÎ¬Ï ÏÏν μεÏαλλικÏν καÏαÏκεÏ
Ïν ÎνανÏι ÏειÏÎ¼Î¹ÎºÎ®Ï Î´ÏάÏηÏ, ÏÏν εναλλαÏÏÏμενÏν ÏοÏÏίÏεÏν ÏοÏ
ανÎμοÏ
, ÏοÏ
ÏÎ¹Î¿Î½Î¹Î¿Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ ÏÏν μεÏαβολÏν ÏÎ·Ï Î¸ÎµÏμοκÏαÏÎ¯Î±Ï ÏοÏ
ÏεÏιβάλλονÏÎ¿Ï Î±ÏοÏελεί βαÏική ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη για Ïην αÏÏαλή λειÏοÏ
Ïγία ÏοÏ
Ï. ΠαÏαδοÏιακά, ο ÏÏοÏδιοÏιÏμÏÏ ÏÏν κινημαÏικÏν ÏαÏακÏηÏιÏÏικÏν Î¼Î¹Î±Ï ÎºÎ±ÏαÏκεÏ
Î®Ï ÎµÏιÏÏ
γÏάνεÏαι με ÎμμεÏο ÏÏÏÏο με ÏÏήÏη αιÏθηÏήÏÏν, ÏÏÏÏ ÎµÏιÏαÏÏ
νÏιÏμεÏÏα και κλιÏίμεÏÏα. Τα ÏελεÏ
Ïαία ÏÏÏνια η εÏαÏμογή ÏοÏ
ÏÏ
ÏÏήμαÏÎ¿Ï GPS (Global Positioning System) Ïε ÏÏεÏικÎÏ ÎµÏαÏμογÎÏ ÎºÎ±ÏÎδειξε ÏÎ¹Ï Î´Ï
ναÏÏÏηÏÎµÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹ Ïη ÏÏ
νειÏÏοÏά ÏÏν γεÏδαιÏικÏν μεθÏδÏν ÏÏην ÏαÏακολοÏθηÏη ÏÎ·Ï Î´Ï
Î½Î±Î¼Î¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÏÏ
μÏεÏιÏοÏÎ¬Ï ÏÏν μεÏαλλικÏν ÎÏγÏν. ΠαÏάλληλα, οι ÏÏÏÏÏαÏÎµÏ ÎµÎ¾ÎµÎ»Î¯Î¾ÎµÎ¹Ï ÏÏην ÏεÏνολογία ÏÏν ÏÏγÏÏονÏν γεÏδαιÏικÏν ÏÏαθμÏν αÏ
ÏÏμαÏÎ·Ï Î±Î½Î±Î³Î½ÏÏιÏÎ·Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ ÏαÏακολοÏθηÏÎ·Ï ÏÏÏÏοÏ
(Tracking Total Stations) καθιÏÏοÏν ÏÎ¹Ï ÏÏ
μβαÏικÎÏ Î³ÎµÏδαιÏικÎÏ Î¼ÎµÎ¸ÏδοÏ
Ï Î¼Î¹Î± αξιÏÏιÏÏη, εναλλακÏική μÎθοδο για Ïην καÏαγÏαÏή ÏÏν κινημαÏικÏν ÏαÏακÏηÏιÏÏικÏν ανÏίÏÏοιÏÏν καÏαÏκεÏ
Ïν.
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Î ÎÎąĪÎĩίĪΡĪ, Î ÎŖÎŋĪ
ĪÎŽĪ ÎēιΚ Î ÎÎĩÎģΡÎēÎąĪÎŦÎŋÎŗÎģÎŋĪ
(2011) GPS ÎĨĪΡĪÎĩĪίÎĩĪ PPP: ÎÎŊÎŦÎģĪ
ĪΡ ÎŧÎĩĪĪÎŽĪÎĩĪÎŊ ÎŗĪÎŽÎŗÎŋĪÎą, ÎĩĪÎēÎŋÎģÎą, ιΞΚĪĪΚĪĪÎą, ÎΊΥÎÎÎ!!! ΤÎĩĪĪÎŋĪ 2011_04, ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ ÎÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą ÎēιΚ Î ÎąĪιδÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą, e-Î ÎĩĪΚÎŋδΚÎēĪ ÎĪÎŗÎąĪĪΡĪίÎŋĪ
ÎÎŊĪĪÎĩĪÎˇĪ ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ, ÎŖĪÎŋÎģÎŽ ÎÎŗĪÎŋÎŊĪÎŧĪÎŊ ΤÎŋĪÎŋÎŗĪÎŦĪĪÎŊ ÎΡĪÎąÎŊΚÎēĪÎŊ, ÎθÎŊΚÎēĪ ÎÎĩĪĪĪβΚÎŋ Î ÎŋÎģĪ
ĪÎĩĪÎŊÎĩίÎŋ [e-magazine article] Abstract: Establishing geodetic control networks for the purpose of serving various applications has been proven in practice that can be a costly task, even with the use of satellite positioning systems like GPS, EGNOS and GLONASS today or/and GALILEO in the near future. The main reason for the considerable costs is that such tasks require the deployment of multiple receivers in the field, so that to acquire simultaneous satellite measurements at many points which are needed in order to provide high accuracy. Moreover, the field work is followed by lengthy computational procedures which are required for the careful treatment of the collected observations. This computational procedure, in turn, it is necessary to be carried out by experienced personnel in the use of appropriate, usually complex, software which has to be of high standards so that to ensure accuracy and reliability of the results. Even with the use of the various services currently offered by various providers of Virtual Reference Stations networks (VRS Networks), such as the Hellenic Positioning System (HEPOS), while facilitating the necessary computational procedures, the cost can be quite high (e.g. because of subscription charges and service fees for the use of the services offered by the providers of such networks, extra charges associated with the downloading of needed data files from real or virtual network stations, etc.).
However, it is now possible to utilize one of the many available nowadays free Online Services providing analysis of GPS measurements. The analyses of GPS data by these online services are based on a technique known as Precise Point Positioning (PPP). These services provide accurate results after processing the available measurements from a single (usually dual frequency) receiver operated by a single person in the field. The analysis of the measurements, in this case, does not require any specialized staff familiar with any special software, but only an internet connection in order to download the GPS measurement files to the Online Service. The only requirement are:
the format of the files of the field measurements to be in one of the internationally accepted standards for GPS data exchange, such as the conventional RINEX or the Hatanaka Compact RINEX format, and
to have an internet connection in order to upload the GPS measurement files to the Online Service.
Typically, the results from the adjustment of the measurements uploaded to the Online Service are sent almost immediately (e.g. within a few minutes, depending on the file size) to the email address specified by the user.
In order to demonstrate the ease of use and the capabilities of using the PPP technique through such an Online Service, we have selected a real geodetic network of nine points, which is part of network of permanent GPS stations installed and operated by the Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens. The GPS data collected at these stations are available in daily files through NOA's web site at http://www.gein.noa.gr/gps.html.
Using data from these stations, from different days and different durations of measurement sessions, we have looked at different aspects related to the PPP results obtained through an Online Service (e.g. solution convergence, repeatability) and came up with valuable conclusions regarding the possibilities and benefits of using these new techniques, which are particularly attractive and beneficial in cases whereby there is a need to establish geodetic networks in areas where there are no available networks of permanent stations GNSS (e.g. in remote areas) or where the existing geodetic infrastructure does not allow the establishment of appropriate reference stations for conducting kinematic RTK or network VRS/RTK surveys.
Notes: Î ÎΡÎÎÎΨΠ-
H ίδÏÏ
Ïη γεÏδαιÏικÏν δικÏÏÏν ελÎγÏοÏ
για ÏÎ¿Î¹ÎºÎ¯Î»ÎµÏ ÎµÏαÏμογÎÏ ÎÏει αÏοδειÏθεί ÏÏην ÏÏάξη ÏÏι μÏοÏεί να είναι Îνα δαÏανηÏÏ ÎÏγο, ακÏμη και με Ïη ÏÏήÏη δοÏÏ
ÏοÏικÏν ÏÏ
ÏÏημάÏÏν ενÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÏÏÏÏ Ïο GPS, Ïο EGNOS και Ïο GLONASS ÏήμεÏα ή/και Ïο GALILEO ÏÏο άμεÏο μÎλλον. ΠκÏÏÎ¹Î¿Ï Î»ÏÎ³Î¿Ï ÎµÎ¯Î½Î±Î¹ ÏÏι Ïε ÏÎÏÎ¿Î¹ÎµÏ Î´Î¹ÎµÏγαÏÎ¯ÎµÏ Î±ÏαιÏοÏνÏαι ÏολλαÏλοί δÎκÏÎµÏ Î¼Îµ ÏοÏ
Ï Î¿ÏοίοÏ
Ï Î¸Î± ÏÏÎÏει να γίνονÏαι δοÏÏ
ÏοÏικÎÏ Î¼ÎµÏÏήÏÎµÎ¹Ï ÏαÏ
ÏÏÏÏονα Ïε Ïολλά Ïημεία (εξ αιÏÎ¯Î±Ï ÏÎ·Ï Î±Î½Î±Î³ÎºÎ±Î¹ÏÏηÏÎ±Ï ÎµÏαÏÎ¼Î¿Î³Î®Ï Î´Î¹Î±ÏοÏικÏν μεθÏδÏν ενÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÏοÏ
ÏαÏÎÏοÏ
ν και ÏÎ¹Ï Ï
ÏηλÏÏεÏÎµÏ Î±ÎºÏίβειεÏ), ÎµÎ½Ï Î¼ÎµÏά ÏÎ¹Ï ÎµÏγαÏÎ¯ÎµÏ ÏεδίοÏ
ακολοÏ
θοÏν ÏÏ
νήθÏÏ ÏÏονοβÏÏÎµÏ Î´Î¹Î±Î´Î¹ÎºÎ±ÏÎ¯ÎµÏ ÏÏοÏεκÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ ÏÏ
ÏÏημαÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï Î¼ÎµÏα-εÏεξεÏγαÏÎ¯Î±Ï ÏÏν μεÏÏήÏεÏν αÏÏ ÏÏοÏÏÏÎ¹ÎºÏ ÎμÏειÏο ÏÏη ÏÏήÏη καÏάλληλÏν λογιÏμικÏν, Ïο οÏοίο αÏαιÏείÏαι να είναι Ï
ÏηλÏν ÏÏοδιαγÏαÏÏν ÏÏοκειμÎνοÏ
να εÏιÏÏ
γÏάνεÏαι Ï
Ïηλή ακÏίβεια και αξιοÏιÏÏία ÏÏν αÏοÏελεÏμάÏÏν. ÎκÏμα και με Ïη ÏÏήÏη ÏÏν Ï
ÏηÏεÏιÏν ÏοÏ
ÏαÏÎÏονÏαι ÏήμεÏα αÏÏ Î´Î¯ÎºÏÏ
α εικονικÏν ÏÏαθμÏν αναÏοÏÎ¬Ï (Virtual Reference Stations Networks), ÏÏÏÏ Ïο ÎÎ»Î»Î·Î½Î¹ÎºÏ Î£ÏÏÏημα ÎνÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï (HEPOS), ÏαÏÏλο ÏοÏ
διεÏ
κολÏνονÏαι οι αÏαιÏοÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½ÎµÏ Î´Î¹Î±Î´Î¹ÎºÎ±ÏίεÏ, Ïο κÏÏÏÎ¿Ï Î¼ÏοÏεί να είναι εξ ίÏοÏ
Ï
ÏÎ·Î»Ï (Ï.Ï. εξ αιÏÎ¯Î±Ï ÏοÏ
κÏÏÏοÏ
Ï ÎµÎ³Î³ÏαÏήÏ, ÏÏονοÏÏÎÏÏÎ·Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ Ïα Ïάγια ÏÎλη ÏÏήÏÎ·Ï ÏÏν Ï
ÏηÏεÏιÏν ÏοÏ
ÏÏοÏÏÎÏοÏ
ν οι ÏάÏοÏοι ÏÏν ÏÏ
γκεκÏιμÎνÏν δικÏÏÏν, ÏÏεÏÏÎµÎ¹Ï Î³Î¹Î± Ïην ανάκÏηÏη αÏÏείÏν δεδομÎνÏν ÏÏαγμαÏικÏν ή εικονικÏν ÏÏαθμÏν ÏÏν δικÏÏÏν κ.ά.).
ΩÏÏÏÏο, ÏήμεÏα είναι δÏ
ναÏÏν να αξιοÏοιήÏει ÎºÎ±Î½ÎµÎ¯Ï Ïη δÏÏεάν διάθεÏη ÏÏο ÎιαδίκÏÏ
ο Ï
ÏηÏεÏιÏν ανάλÏ
ÏÎ·Ï Î¼ÎµÏÏήÏεÏν GPS, οι οÏÎ¿Î¯ÎµÏ Î²Î±ÏίζονÏαι Ïε μεθÏδοÏ
Ï Î±ÏÏλÏ
ÏοÏ
ενÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÏημείÏν (Precise Point Positioning, PPP) μεÏά Ïην εÏεξεÏγαÏία ÏÏν διαθÎÏιμÏν μεÏÏήÏεÏν αÏÏ Îνα μÏνο δÎκÏη, (ÏÏ
νήθÏÏ) διÏÎ»Î®Ï ÏÏ
ÏνÏÏηÏαÏ, Ïον οÏοίο μÏοÏεί να ÏειÏίζεÏαι Îνα μÏνο άÏομο ÏÏο Ïεδίο. ΠανάλÏ
Ïη ÏÏν εν λÏÎ³Ï Î¼ÎµÏÏήÏεÏν, ÏÏην ÏεÏίÏÏÏÏη αÏ
Ïή, δεν αÏαιÏεί οÏÏε εξειδικεÏ
μÎνο ÏÏοÏÏÏικÏ, οÏÏε Ïη διάθεÏη ÎµÎ¹Î´Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï Î»Î¿Î³Î¹ÏÎ¼Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï Î´Î¹ÎºÏÏ
Î±ÎºÎ®Ï ÏÏ
νÏÏθÏÏÎ·Ï ÏÏν μεÏÏήÏεÏν GPS. Το μÏνο ÏοÏ
αÏαιÏείÏαι είναι
η μοÏÏοÏοίηÏη ÏÏν ÏÏν αÏÏείÏν ÏÏν ÏÏÏÏογενÏν μεÏÏήÏεÏν Ïε Îνα αÏÏ Ïα διεθνÏÏ Î±ÏοδεκÏά ÏÏÏÏÏ
Ïα ανÏÎ±Î»Î»Î±Î³Î®Ï Î´ÎµÎ´Î¿Î¼ÎνÏν GPS, ÏÏÏÏ ÎµÎ¯Î½Î±Î¹ Ïα αÏÏεία RINEX ή Hatanaka Compact RINEX, και
η μεÏάδοÏη μÎÏÏ ÏοÏ
ÎιαδικÏÏοÏ
ÏÏν μοÏÏοÏοιημÎνÏν αÏÏείÏν Ïε μια αÏÏ ÏÎ¹Ï Î´Î¹Î±Î¸ÎÏÎ¹Î¼ÎµÏ Î¼Î·ÏανÎÏ Online εÏεξεÏγαÏÎ¯Î±Ï Î¼ÎµÏÏήÏεÏν GNSS.
ΤÏ
Ïικά, Ïα αÏοÏελÎÏμαÏα ÏÎ·Ï Î±Î½Î¬Î»Ï
ÏÎ·Ï ÏÏν μεÏÏήÏεÏν αÏοÏÏÎλονÏαι ÏÏεδÏν αμÎÏÏÏ (Ï.Ï. Ïε διάÏÏημα μεÏικÏν λεÏÏÏν ÏÎ·Ï ÏÏαÏ, ανάλογα με Ïο μÎÎ³ÎµÎ¸Î¿Ï ÏÏν αÏÏείÏν) ÏÏην ηλεκÏÏονική διεÏθÏ
νÏη ÏοÏ
ÎÏει Ï
Ïοδείξει ο ÏÏήÏÏηÏ.
Î ÏοκειμÎνοÏ
να ελεÏθοÏν Ïα ÏÏακÏικά ÏαÏακÏηÏιÏÏικά και οι δÏ
ναÏÏÏηÏÎµÏ Î¼Î¹Î±Ï ÏÎÏÎ¿Î¹Î±Ï Î´Î¹Î±Î´Î¹ÎºÎ±ÏίαÏ, εÏιλÎÏθηκε Îνα ÏÏαγμαÏÎ¹ÎºÏ Î³ÎµÏδαιÏÎ¹ÎºÏ Î´Î¯ÎºÏÏ
ο εννÎα ÏημείÏν, ÏοÏ
αÏοÏελεί Ïμήμα ÏοÏ
δικÏÏοÏ
ÏÏν μονίμÏν ÏÏαθμÏν GPS ÏοÏ
ÎÏει εγκαÏαÏÏήÏει και λειÏοÏ
Ïγεί Ïο ÎεÏδÏ
Î½Î±Î¼Î¹ÎºÏ ÎνÏÏιÏοÏÏο ÏοÏ
ÎÎ¸Î½Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÎÏÏεÏοÏκοÏείοÏ
ÎθηνÏν. Τα δεδομÎνα GPS ÏοÏ
ÏÏ
λλÎγοÏ
ν οι εν λÏÎ³Ï ÏÏαθμοί είναι διαθÎÏιμα online, Ïε 24ÏÏη βάÏη, ÏÏην ηλεκÏÏονική διεÏθÏ
νÏη http://www.gein.noa.gr/gps.html, μαζί με ÏÎ¹Ï Î³Î½ÏαÏÏÎÏ ÏÏ
νÏεÏαγμÎÎ½ÎµÏ ÏοÏ
Ï.
ΧÏηÏιμοÏοιÏνÏÎ±Ï Î´ÎµÎ´Î¿Î¼Îνα αÏÏ ÏοÏ
Ï ÏÏ
γκεκÏιμÎνοÏ
Ï ÏÏαθμοÏÏ, αÏÏ Î´Î¹Î±ÏοÏεÏικÎÏ Î¼ÎÏÎµÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹ με διαÏοÏεÏικÎÏ ÏÏονικÎÏ Î´Î¹Î¬ÏÎºÎµÎ¹ÎµÏ ÏαÏαÏηÏήÏεÏν, Îγιναν διάÏοÏÎµÏ ÏÏ
γκÏίÏÎµÎ¹Ï ÏÏν αÏοÏελεÏμάÏÏν ÏοÏ
αÏÏλÏ
ÏοÏ
ενÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÏÏν εν λÏÎ³Ï ÏημείÏν μÎÏÏ online εÏεξεÏγαÏÎ¯Î±Ï ÏÏν μεÏÏήÏεÏν και εξάÏθηκαν ÏÏήÏιμα ÏÏ
μÏεÏάÏμαÏα ÏÏ ÏÏÎ¿Ï ÏÎ¹Ï Î´Ï
ναÏÏÏηÏÎµÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹ Ïα οÏÎλη αÏÏ Ïη ÏÏήÏη αÏ
ÏÏν ÏÏν νÎÏν ÏεÏνικÏν, οι οÏÎ¿Î¯ÎµÏ ÎµÎ¯Î½Î±Î¹ ιδιαίÏεÏα ελκÏ
ÏÏικÎÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹ εÏÏÏÎµÎ»ÎµÎ¯Ï Ïε ÏεÏιÏÏÏÏÎµÎ¹Ï Î±Î½Î¬Î³ÎºÎ·Ï ÎºÎ±Î¸Î¿ÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï Î³ÎµÏδαιÏικÏν δικÏÏÏν Ïε ÏεÏιοÏÎÏ ÏÏοÏ
δεν Ï
ÏάÏÏοÏ
ν διαθÎÏιμα δίκÏÏ
α μονίμÏν ÏÏαθμÏν GNSS (Ï.Ï. Ïε αÏομακÏÏ
ÏμÎÎ½ÎµÏ ÏεÏιοÏÎÏ) ή ÏÏοÏ
οι Ï
ÏιÏÏÎ¬Î¼ÎµÎ½ÎµÏ Î³ÎµÏδαιÏικÎÏ Ï
ÏοδομÎÏ Î´ÎµÎ½ εÏιÏÏÎÏοÏ
ν Ïη δημιοÏ
Ïγία καÏάλληλÏν ÏÏαθμÏν αναÏοÏÎ¬Ï Î³Î¹Î± Ïη διεξαγÏγή διαδικαÏιÏν ÏÏεÏÎ¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÎµÎ½ÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï Î® κινημαÏÎ¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÎµÎ½ÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï RTK.
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ÎÎĩĪĪÎŗÎ¯Îą ÎÎąĪĪÎšÎŗÎšÎŦÎŊÎŊΡ (2011) ÎΚιĪιΚÎŊĪÎŧÎĩÎŊÎĩĪ ÎŊÎÎĩĪ ĪĪÎŋÎŋĪĪΚÎēÎĪ ÎąĪĪ ĪΡ ĪĪ
ÎŊδĪ
ÎąĪÎŧÎÎŊΡ ĪĪÎŽĪΡ ĪĪÎŊ ÎĩĪÎĩĪĪĪÎŧÎĩÎŊĪÎŊ ĪĪ
ĪĪΡÎŧÎŦĪĪÎŊ GNSS ÎŗÎšÎą ÎēΚÎŊΡÎŧÎąĪΚÎēÎĪ ÎĩĪÎąĪÎŧÎŋÎŗÎĪ ĪĪÎŋÎŊ ÎĩÎģÎģΡÎŊΚÎēĪ ĪĪĪÎŋ ΤÎĩĪĪÎŋĪ 2011_03, ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ ÎÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą ÎēιΚ Î ÎąĪιδÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą, e-Î ÎĩĪΚÎŋδΚÎēĪ ÎĪÎŗÎąĪĪΡĪίÎŋĪ
ÎÎŊĪĪÎĩĪÎˇĪ ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ, ÎŖĪÎŋÎģÎŽ ÎÎŗĪÎŋÎŊĪÎŧĪÎŊ ΤÎŋĪÎŋÎŗĪÎŦĪĪÎŊ ÎΡĪÎąÎŊΚÎēĪÎŊ, ÎθÎŊΚÎēĪ ÎÎĩĪĪĪβΚÎŋ Î ÎŋÎģĪ
ĪÎĩĪÎŊÎĩίÎŋ [e-magazine article] Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is the study and comparison of present and future Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). More specifically, the study is focused on the GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System), Galileo and EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System) systems which are compared in terms of their performance with respect to the conditions of satellite visibility, the dilution of precision (DOP), the level of Navigation System Precision (NSP) and system integrity. For this purpose several tracks of kinematic users were studied, using different means of transportation over the territory of Greece. Notes: Î ÎΡÎÎÎΨΠ-
ΠαÏÏδοÏη ÏÏν ΠαγκÏÏμιÏν ÎοÏÏ
ÏοÏικÏν ΣÏ
ÏÏημάÏÏν ÎνÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ ΠλοήγηÏÎ·Ï (GNSS) μÏοÏεί να ÏÏοÏδιοÏιÏÏεί ÏοÏοÏικά αÏÏ Ïη διαθεÏιμÏÏηÏα, Ïην ακÏίβεια και Ïην αξιοÏιÏÏία ÏοÏ
Ï. Σε ÏÏÎÏη με ÏÎ¹Ï ÏημεÏινÎÏ Î´Ï
ναÏÏÏηÏÎµÏ ÏοÏ
ÏαÏÎÏει κÏ
ÏίÏÏ Ïο αμεÏÎ¹ÎºÎ±Î½Î¹ÎºÏ ÏÏÏÏημα GPS, και με ÏημανÏική ÏÏ
νειÏÏοÏά αÏÏ Ïο ÏÏÏÎ¹ÎºÏ ÏÏÏÏημα GLONASS, ÏÏα εÏÏμενα λίγα ÏÏÏνια, Ïε ÏαγκÏÏμιο εÏίÏεδο, οι ÏημανÏικÏÏεÏÎµÏ ÎµÎ¾ÎµÎ»Î¯Î¾ÎµÎ¹Ï ÏοÏ
αναμÎνονÏαι να εÏηÏεάÏοÏ
ν ÏÎ¹Ï ÎµÏαÏμογÎÏ ÎµÎ½ÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ ÏλοήγηÏÎ·Ï ÎµÎ¯Î½Î±Î¹ ο εκÏÏ
γÏÏονιÏμÏÏ ÏοÏ
GPS και η ÏλήÏÎ·Ï Î±Î½Î¬ÏÏÏ
ξη ÏοÏ
ÏÏ
ÏÏήμαÏÎ¿Ï GALILEO αÏÏ Ïην ÎÏ
ÏÏÏαÏκή ÎνÏÏη.
ΣÏο ÎÏγαÏÏήÏιο ÎνÏÏεÏÎ·Ï ÎεÏδαιÏίαÏ, ÏÏÏÏÏαÏα ÏÏα ÏλαίÏια Î¼Î¹Î±Ï ÎιÏλÏμαÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÎÏγαÏÎ¯Î±Ï ÏεÏαÏÏθηκε μια εκÏεÏαμÎνη ÏειÏά ÏÏοÏομοιÏÏεÏν με ÏκοÏÏ Ïη μελÎÏη εÏιδÏÏεÏν ÏÏν ÏÏ
ÏÏημάÏÏν GNSS για εÏαÏμογÎÏ ÎºÎ¹Î½Î·Î¼Î±ÏÎ¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÎµÎ½ÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÏÏον ÎµÎ»Î»Î·Î½Î¹ÎºÏ ÏÏÏο. ΠμελÎÏη εÏÏίαÏε ÏÏα ÏÏÎÏονÏα και Ïα μελλονÏικά δοÏÏ
ÏοÏικά ÏÏ
ÏÏήμαÏα GNSS (GPS, EGNOS και GALILEO ανÏίÏÏοιÏα) και αναλÏθηκε η αÏÏδοÏή ÏοÏ
Ï Î±Î½Î±ÏοÏικά με ÏÎ¹Ï ÏÏ
Î½Î¸Î®ÎºÎµÏ Î¿ÏαÏÏÏηÏÎ±Ï ÏÏν δοÏÏ
ÏÏÏÏν, Ïη γεÏμεÏÏική ακÏίβεια, Ïα εÏίÏεδα ÏλοήγηÏÎ·Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ ακεÏαιÏÏηÏÎ±Ï Î³Î¹Î± Ïο εκάÏÏοÏε ÏÏÏÏημα ή Ïο ÏÏ
νδÏ
αÏÎ¼Ï ÏοÏ
Ï.
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Î ÎÎÎÎ ÎΤÎÎŖ, Î ÎÎÎÎÎÎŖÎÎ ÎÎĨÎÎÎĨ, Χ ÎÎÎÎĨÎĄÎÎŖ, Î ÎÎΊΥÎÎÎÎÎÎÎŖ, ÎŖ ÎÎΊΥÎÎÎ ÎÎĨÎÎÎŖ, Î ÎÎÎÎΤΥÎÎÎĨ, Î ÎÎÎÎÎĨ, Χ -Î ÎÎÎÎΊΥÎÎÎŖ, Î ÎÎÎÎÎŖ, Î ÎÎ ÎÎĄÎÎŖ, Î ÎÎ ÎÎĨÎŖÎÎÎŖ-ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎŖ, Î ÎΤÎÎÎÎĨÎÎ, Î Î ÎÎŖÎ§ÎÎÎÎÎÎĨ, Î Î ÎÎĨÎÎÎÎÎŖ, Î ÎŖÎ ÎĨÎĄÎÎĨ, Î ÎŖÎ¤ÎÎĨÎĄÎÎÎĄÎÎŖ, Î -ΠΤÎÎÎĄÎÎ, Î Î¤ÎŖÎÎÎÎÎÎÎĨ, ÎĻÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎŖ, Îē Îą Κ Î ÎÎĩÎģΡÎēÎąĪÎŦÎŋÎŗÎģÎŋĪ
(2011) ÎÎŋĪĪ
ĪĪĪÎŋΚ ÎąÎģĪΚÎŧÎĩĪĪÎ¯ÎąĪ ÎĩÎŊĪÎŋĪίÎļÎŋĪ
ÎŊ "Hotspots" ÎŗÎšÎą ĪΡÎŊ ĪΚθιÎŊÎŽ ÎĩÎēÎŧÎĩĪÎŦÎģÎģÎĩĪ
ĪΡ ĪÎˇĪ ÎēĪ
ÎŧÎąĪΚÎēÎŽĪ ÎĩÎŊÎĪÎŗÎĩÎšÎąĪ Î¤ÎĩĪĪÎŋĪ 2011_02, ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ ÎÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą ÎēιΚ Î ÎąĪιδÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą, e-Î ÎĩĪΚÎŋδΚÎēĪ ÎĪÎŗÎąĪĪΡĪίÎŋĪ
ÎÎŊĪĪÎĩĪÎˇĪ ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ, ÎŖĪÎŋÎģÎŽ ÎÎŗĪÎŋÎŊĪÎŧĪÎŊ ΤÎŋĪÎŋÎŗĪÎŦĪĪÎŊ ÎΡĪÎąÎŊΚÎēĪÎŊ, ÎθÎŊΚÎēĪ ÎÎĩĪĪĪβΚÎŋ Î ÎŋÎģĪ
ĪÎĩĪÎŊÎĩίÎŋ [e-magazine article] Abstract: The technique of satellite altimetry is used as a geodetic tool mainly for the systematic study of the dynamic state of the sea surface (e.g., tides, currents, waves), as well as to determine the marine geoid in the oceanic and open seas areas. The students of the Higher Geodesy Laboratory of the Department of Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, as part of the requirements for the course "Introduction to Earth's Gravity Field", during the fall semester of the academic year 2010-11, studied the role of satellite altimetry in a different application: that is, how to use it as a diagnostic tool to identify marine areas with the potential for the exploitation of wave energy in the Greek seas. Their tests with weekly samples of satellite altimetry data showed that it is possible to identify and propose areas where appropriate installation of wave energy harvesting facilities. The need for more extensive such studies, is readily understood if one considers the importance of utilizing more renewable energy resources today.
The wave energy together with other clean energey resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, etc. form an inexhaustible renewable energy resource which is very friendly to the environment. If we consider our country's efforts to enter the global energy saving networks, and the fact that Greece is surrounded by extensive coastlines and a large marine space we can easily understand the economic, social and political importance of exploiting this abundant energy resource.
A summary of the most representative results of the student's quick evaluations reveal how the altimetry carrying satellites "detect" wave energy hotspots in the Greek seas are presented in the following pages. Notes: Î ÎΡÎÎÎΨΠ-
Î ÏεÏνική ÏÎ·Ï Î´Î¿ÏÏ
ÏοÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï Î±Î»ÏιμεÏÏίαÏ, ÏÏ Î³ÎµÏδαιÏÎ¹ÎºÏ ÎµÏγαλείο ÏÏηÏιμοÏοιείÏαι κÏ
ÏίÏÏ Î³Î¹Î± Ïη ÏÏ
ÏÏημαÏική μελÎÏη ÏÎ·Ï Î´Ï
Î½Î±Î¼Î¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÎºÎ±ÏάÏÏαÏÎ·Ï ÏÎ·Ï Î¸Î±Î»Î¬ÏÏÎ¹Î±Ï ÎµÏιÏÎ¬Î½ÎµÎ¹Î±Ï (Ï.Ï. ÏαλίÏÏοιεÏ, κÏμαÏα), καθÏÏ ÎµÏίÏÎ·Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ για Ïον Ï
ÏολογιÏÎ¼Ï ÏοÏ
θαλάÏÏιοÏ
γεÏειδοÏÏ. Îι ÏÏοÏ
δαÏÏÎÏ ÏοÏ
ÏαÏακολοÏθηÏαν Ïο μάθημα "ÎιÏαγÏγη ÏÏο Îήινο Πεδίο ÎαÏÏÏηÏαÏ" ÏοÏ
ÏειμεÏÎ¹Î½Î¿Ï ÎµÎ¾Î±Î¼Î®Î½Î¿Ï
για Ïο ακαδ. ÎÏÎ¿Ï 2010-11, μελÎÏηÏαν Ïο ÏÏλο ÏÎ·Ï Î´Î¿ÏÏ
ÏοÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï Î±Î»ÏιμεÏÏÎ¯Î±Ï Ïε μια διαÏοÏεÏική εÏαÏμογή: ÏÏ Î´Î¹Î±Î³Î½ÏÏÏÎ¹ÎºÏ ÎµÏγαλείο για Ïον ενÏοÏιÏÎ¼Ï Î¸Î±Î»Î¬ÏÏιÏν ÏεÏιοÏÏν με διαÏαινÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½ÎµÏ Î´Ï
ναÏÏÏηÏÎµÏ ÎµÎºÎ¼ÎµÏάλλεÏ
ÏÎ·Ï ÏÎ·Ï ÎºÏ
μαÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÎµÎ½ÎÏÎ³ÎµÎ¹Î±Ï ÏÏÎ¹Ï ÎµÎ»Î»Î·Î½Î¹ÎºÎÏ Î¸Î¬Î»Î±ÏÏεÏ, με βάÏει Ïα μεγÎθη ÏÎ·Ï ÏεÏνικά εÏικÏÎ®Ï ÏαÏαγÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î·Ï ÎµÎ½ÎÏÎ³ÎµÎ¹Î±Ï ÏοÏ
ÏÏοκÏÏÏει αÏÏ Ïην εÏεξεÏγαÏία δεδομÎνÏν ÏοÏ
ÏημανÏÎ¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏÏοÏ
Ï ÏÏν κÏ
μάÏÏν ÏοÏ
ÏαÏÎÏοÏ
ν οι αλÏιμεÏÏικοί δοÏÏ
ÏÏÏοι. ΣÏα ÏλαίÏια αÏ
ÏÏν ÏÏν αναλÏÏεÏν αναδείÏθηκε ÏÏι είναι δÏ
ναÏÏν θα ÏÏοÏαθοÏν ÏÏ
γκεκÏιμÎÎ½ÎµÏ ÏεÏιοÏÎÏ ÏÏοÏ
ενδείκνÏ
Ïαι η εγκαÏάÏÏαÏη μονάδÏν εκμεÏάλεÏ
ÏÎ·Ï ÏÎ·Ï ÎºÏ
μαÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÎµÎ½ÎÏγειαÏ. ΠαναγκαιÏÏηÏα εκÏÏνηÏÎ·Ï ÎµÎºÏενÎÏÏεÏÏν ÏαÏÏμοιÏν μελεÏÏν, γίνεÏαι άμεÏα καÏανοηÏή εάν αναλογιÏÏεί ÎºÎ±Î½ÎµÎ¯Ï Ïην ÏημαÏία ÏÏν ενεÏγειακÏν ÏÏÏÏν ÏήμεÏα, ιδιαίÏεÏα για Ïα νηÏιά ÏÎ·Ï ÏÏÏαÏ. ΠκÏ
μαÏική ενÎÏγεια αÏοÏελεί μαζί με Ïην αιολική, Ïην ηλιακή, Ïην γεÏθεÏμική κÏλ μία μοÏÏή ανεξάνÏληÏÎ·Ï Î±Î½Î±Î½ÎµÏÏÎ¹Î¼Î·Ï ÎµÎ½ÎÏÎ³ÎµÎ¹Î±Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ ÏÎ¿Î»Ï ÏÎ¹Î»Î¹ÎºÎ®Ï Î³Î¹Î± Ïο ÏεÏιβάλλον. Îν λάβοÏ
με Ï
ÏÏÏη Î¼Î±Ï ÎºÎ±Î¹ Ïο ενεÏÎ³ÎµÎ¹Î±ÎºÏ Î¹ÏοζÏγιο ÏÎ·Ï ÏÏÏÎ±Ï Î¼Î±Ï, αλλά και Ïο γεγονÏÏ ÏÏι η Îλλάδα είναι μία ÏÏÏα με εκÏεÏαμÎÎ½ÎµÏ Î±ÎºÏογÏαμμÎÏ Îνα ÏÎ¿Î»Ï Î¼ÎµÎ³Î¬Î»Î¿ ÏοÏοÏÏÏ Î¸Î±Î»Î¬ÏÏιοÏ
ÏÏÏοÏ
μÏοÏοÏμε να καÏαλάβοÏ
με Ïην οικονομική, κοινÏνική και ÏολιÏική ÏημαÏία ÏÎ·Ï ÎµÎºÎ¼ÎµÏάλλεÏ
ÏÎ·Ï Î±Ï
ÏÎ®Ï ÏÎ·Ï Î¬ÏÎ¸Î¿Î½Î·Ï ÏÎ·Î³Î®Ï ÎµÎ½ÎÏγειαÏ. ΣÏÏÏÎ¿Ï ÏÎ·Ï Î¼ÎµÎ»ÎÏÎ·Ï ÏÏν ÏÏοÏ
δαÏÏÏν, μÎÏÏ ÏÎ·Ï Î´ÎµÎ¹Î³Î¼Î±ÏοληÏÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï Î±Î½Î¬Î»Ï
ÏÎ·Ï Î±Î»ÏιμεÏÏικÏν δεδομÎνÏν, ήÏαν η διεξαγÏγή ÏÏν ÏÏÏÏÏν ÏÏ
μÏεÏαÏμάÏÏν για Ïην καθιÎÏÏÏη και αξιοÏοίηÏη ÏÎ·Ï ÎºÏ
μαÏÎ¹ÎºÎ®Ï ÎµÎ½ÎÏÎ³ÎµÎ¹Î±Ï ÏÏ ÎµÎ½Î±Î»Î»Î±ÎºÏική και ÏεÏιβαλλονÏικά Ïιλική μοÏÏή ενÎÏγειαÏ, με ÏÏηÏιμοÏοίηÏη ÏÏν ÏλÎον ÏÏγÏÏονÏν ÏεÏνολογιÏν.
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Î ÎÎĩÎģΡÎēÎąĪÎŦÎŋÎŗÎģÎŋĪ
(2011) Î ĪĪ ĪÎŋ GPS "ÎĩίδÎĩ" ĪÎŋ ĪÎĩΚĪÎŧĪ Î=9 ĪĪÎŋ Honshu ĪÎˇĪ ÎÎąĪĪÎŊÎ¯ÎąĪ Î¤ÎĩĪĪÎŋĪ 2011_01, ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ ÎÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą ÎēιΚ Î ÎąĪιδÎĩÎ¯ÎŗÎŧÎąĪÎą, e-Î ÎĩĪΚÎŋδΚÎēĪ ÎĪÎŗÎąĪĪΡĪίÎŋĪ
ÎÎŊĪĪÎĩĪÎˇĪ ÎÎĩĪδιΚĪÎ¯ÎąĪ, ÎŖĪÎŋÎģÎŽ ÎÎŗĪÎŋÎŊĪÎŧĪÎŊ ΤÎŋĪÎŋÎŗĪÎŦĪĪÎŊ ÎΡĪÎąÎŊΚÎēĪÎŊ, ÎθÎŊΚÎēĪ ÎÎĩĪĪĪβΚÎŋ Î ÎŋÎģĪ
ĪÎĩĪÎŊÎĩίÎŋ [e-magazine article] Abstract:
In the Higher Geodesy Laboratory of the Department of Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens we have analyzed various data sets from several permanent GPS stations of the active network of the International GNSS Service (IGS, formely the International GPS Service) in the vicinity of the devastating earthquake near the East Coast Of Honshu, Japan, that hit on Friday 11/3/2011, 5:46:23 UTC.
It is interesting that the kinematic positioning solutions detection for at least two nearby stations, approximately 140 and 430 km from the epicenter of the earthquake, showed ground movements of up to 3 meters, and also indicate clearly, minutes after the first shock, the intense post-seismic displacement waveforms.
A summary of the most significant results of these quick evaluations reveal how GPS "saw" (detected) the big earthquake in Hunshu are presented in the following pages. Notes: Î ÎΡÎÎÎΨΠ-
ΣÏο ÎÏγαÏÏήÏιο ÎνÏÏεÏÎ·Ï ÎεÏδαιÏÎ¯Î±Ï Î±Î½Î±Î»ÏÏαμε μια εκÏεÏαμÎνη ÏειÏά δεδομÎνÏν GPS αÏÏ Î¼ÏνιμοÏ
Ï ÏÏαθμοÏÏ ÏοÏ
αÏοÏελοÏν μÎÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
δικÏÏοÏ
ÏÎ·Ï ÎιεθνοÏÏ Î¥ÏηÏεÏÎ¯Î±Ï GNSS (IGS, International GNSS Service) ÏÏην ÏεÏιοÏή ÏοÏ
καÏαÏÏÏεÏÏÎ¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏειÏÎ¼Î¿Ï ÏÏο Hunshu ÏÎ·Ï ÎαÏÏνίαÏ, Ïην ΠαÏαÏκεÏ
ή 11/3/2011, 05:46:23 UTC.
Îίναι ενδιαÏÎÏον ÏÏι οι εÏιλÏÏÎµÎ¹Ï ÎºÎ¹Î½Î·Î¼Î±ÏÎ¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÎµÎ½ÏοÏιÏÎ¼Î¿Ï Î³Î¹Î± δÏο ÏοÏ
λάÏιÏÏον αÏÏ ÏοÏ
Ï Ï
ÏάÏÏονÏÎµÏ ÏÏαθμοÏÏ, Ïε αÏοÏÏάÏÎµÎ¹Ï ÏεÏίÏοÏ
140 και 430 ÏιλιÏμεÏÏα αÏÏ Ïο εÏίκενÏÏο ÏοÏ
ÏειÏμοÏ, δείÏνοÏ
ν εμÏανÏÏ Î¼ÎµÏακινήÏÎµÎ¹Ï ÏοÏ
εδάÏοÏ
Ï Î¼ÎÏÏι και 2.4 μÎÏÏÏν, και εÏιÏλÎον εμÏανίζοÏ
ν ÏÎ¹Ï ÎνÏÎ¿Î½ÎµÏ Î¼ÎµÏαÏειÏμικÎÏ Î¼Î¹ÎºÏοκινήÏÎµÎ¹Ï ÏεÏÎ¹Î¿Î´Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏαÏακÏήÏα.
Îια ÏειÏά αÏÏ Ïα ÏλÎον ενδεικÏικά αÏοÏελÎÏμαÏα αÏ
ÏÏν ÏÏν αναλÏÏεÏν ÏοÏ
αναδεικνÏοÏ
ν ÏÏÏ Ïο GPS είδε Ïο μεγάλο ÏειÏÎ¼Ï ÏÏο Hunshu ÏÎ·Ï ÎαÏÏÎ½Î¯Î±Ï Î´Î¯Î½Î¿Î½Ïαι ÏÏÎ¹Ï ÎµÏÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½ÎµÏ ÏελίδεÏ.
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