Abstract: Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was first introduced in India based on the Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986. But formally it came in to effect, when Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) has passed a major legislative measure under EPA in January 1994 for Environmental Clearance (EC) known as EIA Notification, 1994. Subsequently, EIA processes have been strengthened by MoEF by a series of amendments. The current practice is adhering to EIA Notification, 2006 and its amendments. The evidences collected and analysis in the present assessment suggests that, despite a sound legislative, administrative and procedural set-up EIA has not yet evolved satisfactorily in India. An appraisal of the EIA system against systematic evaluation criteria, based on discussions with various stakeholders, EIA expert committee members, approval authorities, consultants, project proponents, NGOs and consulting professionals, reveals various drawbacks of the EIA system. These mainly include; inadequate capacity of EIA approval authorities, deficiencies in screening and scoping, poor quality EIA reports, inadequate public participation and weak monitoring. Overall, EIA is used presently as a project justification tool rather than as a project planning tool to contribute to achieving sustainable development. Whilst shortcomings are challenging, Government of India is showing a high degree of commitment. The EIA system in the country is undergoing progressive refinements by steadily removing the constraints. The paper identifies opportunities for taking advantage of the current environment for strengthening the EIA process.
Abstract: Cyclone generated surface waves are simulated using state-of-art SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) model coupled with hydrodynamic model inputs. A severe cyclonic storm passed over the Arabian Sea during 4-9th November 1982, is selected from UNISYS track records. The cyclone lasted for nearly six days and subsided with a land fall at Gujarat coast, west coast of India. In this study, cyclonic wind fields are generated using a well established relationship suggested by Jelesniaski and Taylor (1973). The associated water level variations due to storm surge and surge generated currents are simulated using POM (Princeton Ocean Model). The outputs are one way coupled with the wave model SWAN for simulating wave parameters off Gujarat, north-east basin of Arabian Sea. An extensive literature review is carried out on the progress and methodology adopted for storm wave modeling and analysis. The results presented in this paper reveal the severity of the storm event and would be highly useful for assessing the extreme wave event/climate especially for the south coast of Gujarat.
Abstract: In India provision for Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) has been formally introduced in 1991. It relied on the institutional framework that has a supporting legislative, administrative and procedural set-up. National, State and District authorities together are sharing the responsibility of its development and management. This paper summarizes the evolvement of CRZ Notifications over past two decades (1991-2011) and critically reviews it’s planning and implementation. A Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis taken up in this article has suggested that there are several issues that need to be readdressed. It highlights several constraints, ranging from improper scientific basis, guidelines, baseline information and no social basis, frequent amendments, ambiguity in project activities, ineffective implementation and enforcement. The opportunities are realized as increasing public awareness, initiative of environmental groups, and forward thinking to sustainably manage the coastal resources by implementing Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to plans and policies. Poor Governance, rapid economic reforms, lack of scientific forecast and undue favors to coastal infrastructure are some of the foreseen threats to the system. This article concludes with some suggestions to improve the effectiveness of the Coastal Zone Management (CZM) and CRZ provision in India.
Abstract: Seaports are very critical in international trade, as they provide linkages between international and
domestic production and distribution networks. Rapid economic growth in India demanding quality
logistical services, implying that seaports, often characterized by inefficiency, would play pivotal roles.
The National Maritime Development Program executed between 2005 and 2010 has significant impact
on the growth of commercial seaport in India. In order to make the system more vibrant, ministry of
shipping, Government of India has formulated the Maritime Agenda: 2010e2020. The changes proposed
in the perspective plan will attract investments for creation and up-gradation of infrastructure in the
ports. These reform process mostly likely to create a new scenario forcing the growth in the port sector.
New commercial seaports are in the growing trend, while the old ones are facing the loss of their traffic
and the situation appears to be developing new strategies. The present paper is a reflection on the
findings generated in recent years in the area of competitive policies. The main focus is on the strategic
issues, policy framework and its consequences for the future Indian scenario.
Abstract: A numerical simulation study is carried out to assess the possible reject water circulation pattern around the Lekki coast, Nigeria. Critical decision like selection of suitable location for intake and outfall systems are decided based on the simulation results. The tide and wave induced flow pattern and the advection-dispersion of disposed thermal plume in the vicinity of the Lekki coast are established using hydrodynamic model (HD) and advection-dispersion (AD) model of Mike-21 suite of programs respectively. The modeling and simulation experiment is performed using the field measurements and the end results for critical scenarios are presented in this paper. The performance of the model is encouraging and it is a reliable tool for marine environmental monitoring.
Abstract: Phenomenal storm surge levels associated with cyclones are common in East
Coast of India. The coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh are in rapid stride of myriad marine
infrastructural developments. The safe elevations of coastal structures need a long-term
assessment of storm surge conditions. Hence, past 50 years (1949–1998), tropical cyclones
hit the Bay are obtained from Fleet Naval Meteorological & Oceanographic Center, USA,
and analyzed to assess the storm surge experienced around Kakinada and along south
Andhra Pradesh coast. In this paper, authors implemented Rankin Hydromet Vortex model
and Bretschneider’s wind stress formulation to hindcast the surge levels. It is seen from the
hindcast data that the November, 1977 cyclone has generated highest surge of the order of
1.98 m. Extreme value analysis is carried out using Weibull distribution for long-term
prediction. The results reveal that the surge for 1 in 100-year return period is 2.0 m.
Further the highest surge in 50 years generated by the severe cyclone (1977) is numerically
simulated using hydrodynamic model of Mike-21. The simulation results show that the
Krishnapatnam, Nizampatnam and south of Kakinada have experienced a surge of 1.0, 1.5
and 0.75 m, respectively.
Abstract: The optimal trajectory from Calcutta port to Mumbai port is charted for a tanker transshipping from the East coast to the West coast of India during rough weather. Rough weather is simulated over Indian seas using the state-of-the-art WAM numerical wave model (WAMDI Group in J Phys Oceanogr 18:1775–1810, 1988), assimilating satellite (IRS-P4) wind fields. These simulated wave fields and two-dimensional (2D) directional wave spectrum are an absolute representation of the irregular seaway. Hence, the same for the monsoon month of August 2000 formed the input basis for this study. Loss of ship speed due to the wave field (i.e., nonlinear motion of the tanker in waves) and associated sea-keeping characteristics in the seaway are estimated (Bhattacharya in Dynamics of marine vehicles, Wiley, New York, 1978). The approach adopted in this paper is unique in that it takes into account both voluntary and involuntary speed reductions of the ship. It helps in ship tracking by the optimum route using inverse velocity as the weight function for the path in an efficient way. Dijkstra’s algorithm [Numer Math 1(3):269–271, 1959] is applied in an iterative manner for determining the optimum track. The optimum track information has broad scope for use in modern shipping industry for obtaining safe and least-time routing by avoiding schedule delays with economic fuel consumption.
Abstract: A numerical simulation study is carried out over Indian Ocean using spectral wind-wave
model “WAM.” The surface wind analysis data utilized in this study are generated by
assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction models. These winds are
used for forcing the oceanWAveModel (WAM) and various spectral and significant wave
parameters are simulated. The model simulated outputs viz. significant wave height,
peak, and mean wave periods; mean wave and wind-wave directions; the swell wave
height, frequency, and direction; frictional wind velocity,wave-induced stress, frequency
spectrum, and the two-dimensional directional wave spectrum are presented. A detail
analysis is performed to these parameters for assessing spatio-temporal variability for
rough weather period (July 1–August 24, 1999). Further, the input wind and simulated
waves are validated against ocean buoy observations. The time series spectral evolution
of wind-wave in central Bay of Bengal is discussed. The comparison results of significant
and spectral wave parameters with measured data co-locating in time and space are
presented. The result reveals that the performance of third generation wave model is
promising over Indian Ocean despite several limitations. Further, the coincidence and
departure of simulated and observed waves are critically examined.
Abstract: The launch of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1) has opened
up many important applications. Meteorological navigation is one of the new
avenues, which was suffering due to the lack of a synoptic wave database. The
research in this area was hindered mainly by the unavailability of real-time wind
data. Now, it has become feasible to carry out routine wave forecasting. The Multifrequency
Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) channel of the satellite gives
scalar wind information. This is analysed at the National Center for Medium-range
Weather Forecast (NCMWF), India and converted to vector wind information. The
6-hourly u- and v-components of wind in a 1.5 grid covering both the north and
south Indian Ocean are available to the research community for further application.
In the present study the information has been used to force a third generation
spectral wave model (WAM). The simulations are performed for the rough weather
month of July 1999 for the regional grid system of the Indian Ocean. This simulated
wave climate formed the basis for computing effective ship velocity in the irregular
seaway. This study gives a quantitative estimation of change in ship velocity in the
open Indian Ocean for a tanker. The optimal path is charted using Dijkstra’s
algorithmfor the optimum route voyage fromCalcutta to Singapore and vice versa.
Abstract: The littoral drift in the surf zone of Visakhapatnam has been evaluated using simulated longshore current. In this study we examined littoral
processes, driven by longshore currents using a set of numerical models (Mike-21 modeling system). Deepwater waves as they approach shallow
water dissipate energy and the water from the broken waves flow parallel to the shoreline known as longshore current. In order to simulate the
current from wave breaking, offshore wave data for the period 1995e2004, have been collected from British Met Office (BMO), UK. Waves
having an annual exceedance of 20% are allowed to propagate to nearshore using a nearshore spectral wind-wave model from predominant
directions. The wave-induced radiation stress obtained from wave model then formed the basis for simulating the longshore current and
associated sediment transport. The results of these simulations show the pattern of longshore flow and sedimentation. The net annual discharge at
selected coastal stretches is estimated and presented. It has been inferred from the study that the sediment transport for the coast is of the order of
0.4e0.6 million m3/year.
Abstract: The cyclone wave parameters are predicted using Young’s parametric hurricane wave prediction model. The input cyclone tracks for this work are obtained from Fleet Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Center, USA. Extreme value analysis is carried out to obtain the wave heights and periods for 1 in 5, 10, 50 and 100 years return periods, respectively. The deep-water hindcast wave corresponding to 100 years from probable directions are allowed to propagate to Visakhapatnam coastal waters using nearshore spectral wind-wave mode. The offshore wave height for one in 100-year return period is 11.9 m, and the corresponding nearshore wave height at 10-m water depth varies between 4.6 and 5.6 m depending on the directional spreading. Weibull distribution is chosen to fit the 24 cyclonic data sets over a total period of 30 years (September 1972 to November 2002). This paper demonstrates usefulness of Young’s wave model for deep-water extreme wave hindcasting. Further, the results of the present study would be highly useful for assessing the design wave height for Visakhapatnam coast.
Abstract: A numerical modeling and simulation experiment is carried out to assess the sediment dynamics of Arklow bank, Ireland. To meet a requirement for favorable site selection to establish windmills on the bank, the long-term morphological changes of the coast are studied using the CAMS (Coastal Area Morphological Shell) model of the Mike-21 suite of programs. The morphological modeling of the bank was accomplished by pursuing a probabilistic approach for the observed tide and wave characteristics that contribute significantly to the sediment transport processes over the bank. A series of simulations are performed using Mike-21 NSW (Nearshore Spectral Wind-Wave), HD (Hydrodynamic), and ST (Sand Transport) models to establish the coastal hydraulics parameters. The results of the morphological modeling showed that generally the bank is dynamically stable with most areas of the bank having average bed level changes on the order of ±8 cm/day.
Abstract: Rough weather ship routing is studied using model hindcast wave climate. With the launch of IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT-I), it became possible to carry out routine wave forecasting over the Indian Ocean. The MSMR channel of the satellite gives scalar wind, which is analysed at National center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), India for converting to vector winds. The same is used as input to third generation wave model for the rough weather month of July 2000. Simulations are carried out using Cycle-4 of third generation spectral wave model WAM for regional grid system. This simulated wave climate formed the basis for computing effective ship velocity in the irregular seaway. This study gives a quantitative estimation of change in ship velocity in the open Indian Ocean for a Liberty type ship. The optimal route is charted using Dijkstra’s algorithm for minimal time path between Calcutta and Sumatra. The optimum track information has broad scope for obtaining a safer route, least time route by avoiding delay in schedule with minimum fuel consumption.
Abstract: Minimal time ship routing is studied between Mumbai port (India) to Mombasa port (Kenya) using model hindcast wave climate over the Arabian Sea. With the launch of IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT-I), it became possible now to carry out routine wave hindcasting over the Indian Ocean. The MSMR channel of the satellite gives scalar wind, which is analyzed at NCMRWF, India, for converting to vector winds. The same is used as input to third-generation spectral wave model WAM for regional grid system for simulating the rough weather period of July 2000. This simulated wave climate formed the basis for computing effective ship velocity in the irregular seaway. This study gives a quantitative estimation of change in ship velocity in the open Indian Ocean for a bulk carrier. The minimal time path is charted using Dijkstra's algorithm for optimum route voyage. The optimum track information has broad scope for obtaining a safer route, least time route by avoiding delay in schedule with minimum fuel consumption.
Abstract: Study of noise is very important for the design and development of traditional underwater acoustic instruments such as various types of sonars and also for acoustic communications, where it has detrimental effects on the performance. Ambient noise in the sea influences natural life therein and calls for effective predictive tools that will help in setting regulatory norms. In this paper, the latest model published by Tkalich and Chan (2002) in its present form is implemented. It is basically a parametric model incorporating the spectral characteristics of the resultant wave breaking and white capping phenomena responsible for the generation and propagation of ambient noise in the sea. The model incorporates the evolution of wind and wave phenomena and numerically integrates the ambient noise. In this investigation, the additional assumption on the wave stress, no more restricts the basic parametric approach of the model. The Wind and Wave induced Ambient Noise Model (WWAN) implemented is also integrated with the third generation wave model WAM for its input parameters. WAM integrates the basic transport wave equation without prior assumption on the shape of the wave spectrum and predicts the evolution of 2-dimensional spectrum and associated wave parameters. The results of the preliminary model outputs of WWAN are compared with available measurements, collected during the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX-I).
Abstract: (A study on “Planning the layout & optimum location of a work harbour”
-Karwar, West Coast of India.)
J.K.Panigrahi, P.N. Ananth*, Sayed Munavar Ali and N. Uday Bhaskar
L&T RAMBOLL Consulting Engineers Limited, Chennai, India. (* Former employee)
[Abstract: Wave Climate of an area plays an important role for deciding the harbor Layout. In this study the authors are carried out planning of a work harbor based on the offshore & nearshore wave characteristics. The wave climate of the harbor is established by analyzing the directional wave buoy data measured off the Karwar project location. A wave rose diagram is prepared and the predominant wave directions approaching to the site are identified. It is observed that during SW Monsoon waves of 2.5-5 m are arrive at the Harbor. Hence the harbor is planned to afford good protection to the vessels and barges used for the breakwater construction. The advanced mathematical modeling techniques are used to transform the waves and evaluate tranquility conditions inside the harbor. The selection of the optimum location for a harbor and planning of the layout including the breakwater layout are decided from the results of model simulations.]
Abstract: Anomalously warmer waters, viz. the Arabian Sea mini
warm pool were reported in the southeastern Arabian
Sea, which is believed to drive the onset vortex of the
southwest monsoon. To understand the characteristics
of this mini warm pool, an experiment was conducted
on-board INS Sagardhwani during the middle of May
2000. Analysis of the oceanographic data revealed the
existence of a mini warm pool with temperature in
excess of 30.25°C along 9°N between 68 and 75.5°E
during the pre-onset period of the southwest monsoon.
This mini warm pool coincided with the regions of low
salinity (35.2 PSU) layer and its intensity inversely
correlated with the depth of the highly stable (E >
2000 × 10–8 m–1) layer. At the core (73.5°E, 9°N) of the
mini warm pool, surface temperature was 31.2°C and
sea surface salinity was less than 34.6 PSU. This core
was found restricted to the upper 5 m water column
following the thickness of low-salinity pocket and the
resulting increased vertical density stratification. This
communication clearly brings out the vertical stability
as an important parameter to correlate the intensity
of the warm pool. With the occurrence of the southwest
monsoon conditions, this mini warm pool dissipated
(SST decreased to ~ 30°C). Evidences were obtained for
the recirculation of low salinity Bay of Bengal water
mass under the influence of a clockwise gyre in the
study region.
Abstract: In this study, the third generation wave model (3g-WAM) results for the period May-August 2000 using the IRS-P4 analysed wind fields supplied by National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF) are compared with 3 hourly time-series buoy measurements (DS1, Arabian Sea) of National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). The input winds representing DS1 location are also compared with the measurements. The synoptic wind, wave fields and the mean monthly model products have been analysed to study the spatio-temporal variability in the region of interest. This study reveals that, the model performance is encouraging in spite of limitations in the input wind fields. Based on the performance of the wave model, attempts are on its way to implement the model operationally at Naval Operational Data Processing and Analysis Centre (NODPAC), Indian Navy, Kochi for the purpose of routine wave forecasting in the Indian Ocean.
Abstract: Time-series wind and wave measurements were carried out onboard INS Sagardhwani in the central Bay of Bengal during BOBMEX-99. Various other marine meteorological and oceanographic measurements relevant to monsoon studies were also collected simultaneously. The observed variations of wind and waves and the associated mixed layer depth (MLD) variability based on both temperature and density criteria at 3 hourly intervals are presented in this paper as a case study. At the time-series location (13‡N, 87‡E) wind varied between 6 and 16m/s and the predominant direction was southwesterly. The significant wave height and period varied from 1.9 to 3.7m and 8 to 13 s respectively. Some of the available statistical predictive methods for the determination of MLD by forced mixing are utilized to test the extent of mechanical mixing within the top layer of water by the local wind and wave activity. The same is extended to formulate a new empirical relation for gross estimation of effective depth within which the sound energy is generally trapped during its transmission in the surface duct. The present analysis aiming for estimation of observed MLD variability (35 to 75 m) using the suggested simple empirical relation reveals that, the mixed layer variability observed during the experiment depends on both local ocean variability as well as remote forcing as reported earlier.
Abstract: The wind-induced surface gravity waves have several applications both in civilian and defence sectors. The wave information is vital in design of coastal and offshore structures, management and protection of coastal zone, optimum tracking of surface and subsurface vehicles, assessment and exploitation of wave power potential, towing of underwater bodies, detection and discrimination of underwater objects, search and rescue operations during rough weather; and several other applications. The sea-state also has a dominant role in the air-sea interaction processes of the coupled ocean atmosphere system while predicting the future weather in advance. Keeping these in view, it is necessary that one should aim at predicting the sea-state or the evolution of sea surface waves on a routine basis for the region of interest. With the launch of Oceansat-I (IRS-P4), it has become feasible to undertake the routine wave nowcast and forecast for the Indian Ocean utilising the analysed and forecast winds respectively. Therefore, before attempting the same, it is essential to validate the model to be used for routine wave prediction. This can be attempted in two ways, either in operational mode or through hindcasting. The model used in this study is the latest third generation wave model “3g-WAM” (The WAMDI Group, 1988) which is implemented at NPOL for the Indian Ocean as shown in Fig.1 for research as well as operational applications. The method adopted here for its validation is hindcasting based on the past analysed winds.
The results of 3g-WAM hindcast presented in this study is a collaborative research programme between NPOL (DRDO) and Space Application Centre (ISRO) for wave nowcasting in the Indian Ocean utilising the MSMR wind measurements. The model has to be validated with field measurements during different seasons of the year representing different wind and wave characteristics. At the same time it is proper to validate the model utilising data from few representative locations to have better confidence on the performance of the model. This can be done using both ship measurements and the buoy measurements of DOD (deployed by NIOT, Chennai) by executing the wave model for longer duration, at least a year or more. To begin with, this is an initial attempt to validate the 3g-WAM results using the time-series data collected during BOBMEX-99 experiment and the data reported by the ships of opportunity.
Abstract: The wind-induced surface gravity wave variability in the north Indian Ocean is primarily governed by the south-west (May to September) and north-east (November to March) monsoon wind activities. There are several studies available on the wind and wave variability of this region based on limited measurements, which are mostly confined to the coastal areas of interest and are insufficient to have a thorough understanding of the sea-state variability. Hence, the present study focussed at analysing the spatial and temporal variability of wind-induced surface gravity wave field in the north Indian Ocean based on our present understanding of wind and wave variability of this region. The numerical wave prediction has been carried out using the available wind measurements and the analysed wind fields of global weather prediction model blended with the winds provided by the satellite. The model simulations have been validated with measured data and the performance of the model also evaluated. Further, the study emphasized on exploring the potential applications of the sea-state information over north Indian Ocean for different user community in India focusing on practical applications.
The state-of-the-art third generation wave model WAM has been implemented and used for wave prediction over the regional grid system covering the whole of Indian Ocean region. The long-term wind and wave variabilities are discussed based on 60 years climatic wind data and simulated mean monthly wave parameters of WAM. The results are very promising and the performance of WAM suggest that, the model can be operationalised over Indian Ocean for routine wave forecasting purposes by improving the quality of wind inputs. Apart from this, the wave model hindcasts (case studies) have been carried out by providing IRS-P4 (Oceansat-I) analysed wind fields supplied by National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF, New Delhi). The model products such as significant and spectral wave parameters are compared with time series National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT, Chennai), buoy measurements. The analysis reveals that the WAM simulated significant wave height shows around 0.3m root mean squared deviation during south-west monsoon season when compared with three hourly time-series of buoy measurements and acceptable departures in spectral wave parameters.
The sea-state hindcast products obtained from the wave model have several potential applications in defence as well as civilian sectors. The usefulness of these model products is established through qualitative and quantitative assessment of their contributions in spatio-temporal scales. A few case studies are demonstrated relating the feasible applications of predicted wave fields when sea truth measurements are limited or not available. The deepwater wave rose and return periods estimated using the statistical analysis techniques fairly contribute towards establishing sort and long-term wave characteristics for the coastal hydraulic designs and engineering applications. The extreme wave analysis infers that, the Young’s parametric wave model predicts hurricane waves reasonably well and can be used for assessing offshore cyclonic waves. The near shore spectral wave model utilizing offshore or deep water predictions exactly simulates the shallow water wave parameters which can be used for coastal engineering applications. The BW wave model of Mike-21 from DHI, Denmark is a state-of-the-art model, which could evaluate the wave tranquility afforded by the masterplan of a harbor layout. The EMS model of Mike-21 also could simulate the harbor resonance phenomenon for a conceptual layout. The empirical method implemented for demarcation of breaker zone could be also a good approximation for field applications. The simulation of longshore currents for a coastal stretch off Visakhapatnam using the hydrodynamic module was very useful for demonstrating the surf zone dynamics. Wave induced sediment transport using Soulsby’s model could yield promising results which are in good agreement with past studies. The estimation of wave force on cylindrical piles in the coastal waters using third order Stoke’s theory revealed to be an appropriate method for non-breaking shallow water regions of interest. The minimal time ship route (OTSR), estimated using deep water WAM hindcasts appeared to be realistic but it require ship log data for validation. The wave power potential along the Indian coast using an empirical model agree well with the available information published in the literature and it can be further assessed with long-term data sets. The Stoke’s drift and spreading of oil spill estimated from the case study is a crude way for its monitoring, but it can be used as guide line for general risk assessment during emergency situations.
The sea-state dependent drag and wave stress analyzed and discussed under wave applications is an important parameter directly predicted by WAM Model and it can be used as important input for ocean environmental models. The contribution of wind and wave induced mechanical mixing at the sea surface is quantified to estimate the variations of the mixed layer depth at a selected location and compared with observations. The comparison is encouraging and the proposed statistical formula can be used as a thumb rule for MLD estimation. Model simulation and validation of sea-state dependent noise using one of the latest models was very satisfactory. It is one of the important defence applications involving wave breaking, white capping, bubble plume distribution apart from indirect effects like scattering and reverberation in the sea. Moreover, the wave model products such as significant wave height, period, direction and the two dimensional wave spectrum will find applications in surface and subsurface navigation, landing and takeoff operations at sea, mine laying/sweeping, towing of hydrophones, missile launching, torpedo firing, search and rescue operations etc.
Conclusively, the establishment of wave climate or a long-term wave hindcast as attempted in this study is extremely useful for development, validation and implementation of futuristic wave models besides various coastal and offshore engineering applications. Therefore, the proposed investigation on the wind-induced surface gravity waves in the north Indian Ocean with special emphasis on their potential applications will be a reference for the meteorologists, oceanographers, coastal engineers, port planners, navigators and operational forecasters
Abstract: Seasonal variation of SST over Bay of Bengal is studied using NOAA-AVHRR data. The opearational generation of SST from NOAA satellite including sensor callibration and retrival procedure at NRSA is desceibed. Monthly mean SST maps are prepared for the complete year of 1997 from daily satellite passes. Seasonal variation of SST over the Bay of Bengal and annual SST cycle are established. Apart from spatio-temporal variabilty, it's usefulness on monitoring the surface thermal features are discussed.
