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Lee R Machado

University of Leicester
Department of Genetics
leemachado@gmail.com
Research Interests

I have a long standing interest in the role of immune receptors and their ligands in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. During an undergraduate studentship at the Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research in Vienna. I investigated novel signalling pathways triggered by Fc receptors in mast cells and the importance of such pathways in allergic disease. I continued my training during a PhD at the CRUK institute for Cancer studies in Birmingham with Steve Lee and David Adams where I focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of T lymphocyte recruitment to Hodgkin’s lymphoma (an EBV associated malignancy). The implications of our findings for T cell based therapies were examined by analysing the homing phenotype (chemokine receptors, selectins and integrins) and function of T cell clones prepared for a phase I clinical trial of T cell infusion therapy for advanced cancer patients.

During my post-doctoral training I continued research to develop effective T cell based therapies for human cancer. This again involved analysing the molecular mechanisms whereby T cells home to the tumour site (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma). With the renewal of our CRUK funding for a further 6 years, we began exploring the use of retroviral-mediated transfer of TCR genes to confer tumour antigen specificity to patient-derived T cells and studying the efficiency of antigen recognition.

More recently I have worked with Martin Dyer at the MRC Toxicology unit in Leicester where we investigated the role of a cytokine receptor gene, CRLF2, whose deregulated expression (through 2 novel genomic abnormalities that involve the pseudoautosomal region, PAR1, of both sex chromosomes) is involved in lymphoid transformation in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and is associated with constitutive STAT5 activation. Funded by MRC technology I evaluated CRLF2 as a therapeutic target and worked with a commercial company to develop and initially characterise antibodies targeting this receptor.

Currently, I am investigating the mutation and diversity in immunity genes that are copy number variable in humans, with particular focus on the Fc gamma receptor gene family (funded by the Wellcome Trust), which is involved in inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious disease. I am developing and using novel molecular approaches to analyse the variation and mutation rate of copy number variation.

Journal articles

2011
Robert J Hardwick, Lee R Machado, Luciana W Zuccherato, Suzanne Antolinos, Yali Xue, Nyambura Shawa, Robert H Gilman, Lilia Cabrera, Douglas E Berg, Chris Tyler-Smith, Paul Kelly, Eduardo Tarazona-Santos, Edward J Hollox (2011)  A worldwide analysis of beta-defensin copy number variation suggests recent selection of a high-expressing DEFB103 gene copy in East Asia.   Hum Mutat Mar  
Abstract: Beta-defensins are a family of multifunctional genes with roles in defense against pathogens, reproduction, and pigmentation. In humans, six beta-defensin genes are clustered in a repeated region which is copy-number variable (CNV) as a block, with a diploid copy number between 1 and 12. The role in host defense makes the evolutionary history of this CNV particularly interesting, because morbidity due to infectious disease is likely to have been an important selective force in human evolution, and to have varied between geographical locations. Here, we show CNV of the beta-defensin region in chimpanzees, and identify a beta-defensin block in the human lineage that contains rapidly evolving noncoding regulatory sequences. We also show that variation at one of these rapidly evolving sequences affects expression levels and cytokine responsiveness of DEFB103, a key inhibitor of influenza virus fusion at the cell surface. A worldwide analysis of beta-defensin CNV in 67 populations shows an unusually high frequency of high-DEFB103-expressing copies in East Asia, the geographical origin of historical and modern influenza epidemics, possibly as a result of selection for increased resistance to influenza in this region. Hum Mutat 32:1-8, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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2009
Lisa J Russell, Melania Capasso, Inga Vater, Takashi Akasaka, Olivier A Bernard, Maria Jose Calasanz, Thiruppavaii Chandrasekaran, Elise Chapiro, Stephan Gesk, Mike Griffiths, David S Guttery, Claudia Haferlach, Lana Harder, Olaf Heidenreich, Julie Irving, Lyndal Kearney, Florence Nguyen-Khac, Lee Machado, Lynne Minto, Aneela Majid, Anthony V Moorman, Heather Morrison, Vikki Rand, Jonathan C Strefford, Claire Schwab, Holger Tönnies, Martin J S Dyer, Reiner Siebert, Christine J Harrison (2009)  Deregulated expression of cytokine receptor gene, CRLF2, is involved in lymphoid transformation in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.   Blood 114: 13. 2688-2698 Sep  
Abstract: We report 2 novel, cryptic chromosomal abnormalities in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL): a translocation, either t(X;14)(p22;q32) or t(Y;14)(p11;q32), in 33 patients and an interstitial deletion, either del(X)(p22.33p22.33) or del(Y)(p11.32p11.32), in 64 patients, involving the pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of the sex chromosomes. The incidence of these abnormalities was 5% in childhood ALL (0.8% with the translocation, 4.2% with the deletion). Patients with the translocation were older (median age, 16 years), whereas the patients with the deletion were younger (median age, 4 years). The 2 abnormalities result in deregulated expression of the cytokine receptor, cytokine receptor-like factor 2, CRLF2 (also known as thymic stromal-derived lymphopoietin receptor, TSLPR). Overexpression of CRLF2 was associated with activation of the JAK-STAT pathway in cell lines and transduced primary B-cell progenitors, sustaining their proliferation and indicating a causal role of CRLF2 overexpression in lymphoid transformation. In Down syndrome (DS) ALL and 2 non-DS BCP-ALL cell lines, CRLF2 deregulation was associated with mutations of the JAK2 pseudokinase domain, suggesting oncogenic cooperation as well as highlighting a link between non-DS ALL and JAK2 mutations.
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Lee Machado, Ruth Jarrett, Susan Morgan, Paul Murray, Beatrix Hunter, Emma Hamilton, John Crocker, Wendy Thomas, Neil Steven, Tariq Ismail, Ann Chapman, David H Adams, Steven P Lee (2009)  Expression and function of T cell homing molecules in Hodgkin's lymphoma.   Cancer Immunol Immunother 58: 1. 85-94 Jan  
Abstract: Circulating T lymphocytes enter a tissue if they express appropriate chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules to engage ligands presented at this site. To aid rational development of T cell-based therapies for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), we have assessed the expression and function of homing receptors on tumour-infiltrating T cells in HL and compared them with T cells from unaffected lymph nodes and colorectal cancer tissue. Chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4 and CCR7 were expressed on a large proportion of T cells within HL tissue and mediated chemotaxis to purified chemokine. The corresponding ligands (CXCL10, CXCL12, CCL21) were expressed on the malignant cells and/or vascular endothelium. Adhesion molecules including CD62L were widely expressed on HL-derived T cells and their corresponding ligands were detected on vessels within the tumour. This homing phenotype was distinct from T cells isolated from colorectal cancer, but matched closely the phenotype of T cells from unaffected lymph nodes. Thus, T cell recruitment to HL resembles entry of naïve/central memory T cells into normal lymph nodes. This has important implications for current approaches to treat HL using T cells activated and expanded in vitro that lack CCR7 and CD62L expression.
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2008
Karl R N Baumforth, Anna Birgersdotter, Gary M Reynolds, Wenbin Wei, Georgia Kapatai, Joanne R Flavell, Emma Kalk, Karen Piper, Steve Lee, Lee Machado, Kerry Hadley, Anne Sundblad, Jan Sjoberg, Magnus Bjorkholm, Anna A Porwit, Lee-Fah Yap, Soohwang Teo, Richard G Grundy, Lawrence S Young, Ingemar Ernberg, Ciaran B J Woodman, Paul G Murray (2008)  Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 in Hodgkin's lymphoma cells mediates Up-regulation of CCL20 and the migration of regulatory T cells.   Am J Pathol 173: 1. 195-204 Jul  
Abstract: In approximately 50% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic herpesvirus, is present in tumor cells. After microarray profiling of both HL tumors and cell lines, we found that EBV infection increased the expression of the chemokine CCL20 in both primary Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cell-derived cell lines. Additionally, this up-regulation could be mediated by the EBV nuclear antigen 1 protein. The higher levels of CCL20 in the supernatants of EBV-infected HL cell lines increased the migration of CD4(+) lymphocytes that expressed FOXP3, a marker of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are specialized CD4(+) T cells that inhibit effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In HL, an increased number of Tregs is associated with the loss of EBV-specific immunity. Our results identify a mechanism by which EBV can recruit Tregs to the microenvironment of HL by inducing the expression of CCL20 and, by doing so, prevent immune responses against the virus-infected tumor population. Further investigation of how EBV recruits and modifies Tregs will contribute not only to our understanding of the pathogenesis of virus-associated tumors but also to the development of therapeutic strategies designed to manipulate Treg activity.
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Umaimainthan Palendira, Rosanna Chinn, Wajid Raza, Karen Piper, Guy Pratt, Lee Machado, Andrew Bell, Naeem Khan, Andrew D Hislop, Richard Steyn, Alan B Rickinson, Christopher D Buckley, Paul Moss (2008)  Selective accumulation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells with unique homing phenotype within the human bone marrow.   Blood 112: 8. 3293-3302 Oct  
Abstract: The bone marrow plays a unique role within the immune system. We compared the phenotype and function of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells from matched samples of human peripheral blood and bone marrow. Analysis of virus-specific memory CD8(+) T cells showed widely divergent partition of antigen-specific populations between blood and bone marrow. T cells specific for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic antigens were enriched 3-fold in marrow compared with blood, whereas the response to EBV latent epitopes was equivalent between the 2 compartments. No difference in EBV viral load or expression of the EBV lytic protein was observed between blood and bone marrow. In direct contrast, although cytomegalo-virus (CMV)-specific T cells were the largest virus-specific population within peripheral blood, they were reduced by 60% within marrow. Bone marrow T cells were found to exhibit a unique CCR5(+)CXCR6(+)CXCR3(-) homing phenotype which has not been observed on T cells from other secondary lymphoid organs or peripheral organs. Expression of CCR5 and CXCR6 was higher on EBV-specific T cells within peripheral blood compared with CMV-specific populations. These observations identify a novel bone marrow homing phenotype for CD8(+) memory T cells, which necessitates a reevaluation of the magnitude of antigen-specific populations within the lymphoid system.
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