Abstract: We determined whether uncertainty about the location of one's hand in virtual environments limits the efficacy of online control processes. In the Non-aligned and Aligned conditions, the participant's hand was represented by a cursor on a vertical or horizontal display, respectively. In the Natural condition, participants saw their hand. During an acquisition phase, visual feedback was either permitted or not during movement execution. To test the hypothesis (Norris et al. 2001) that reliance on visual feedback increases as the task becomes less natural (Natural < Aligned < Non-aligned), following acquisition, participants performed a transfer phase without visual feedback. During acquisition in both visual feedback conditions, movement endpoint variability increased as the task became less natural. This suggests that the orientation of the display and the representation of one's hand by a cursor introduced uncertainty about its location, which limits the efficacy of online control processes. In contradiction with the hypothesis of Norris et al. (2001), withdrawing visual feedback in transfer had a larger deleterious effect on movement accuracy as the task became less natural. This suggests that the CNS increases the weight attributed to the input that can be processed without first having to be transformed.
Abstract: Goal-directed movements performed in a virtual environment pose serious challenges to the central nervous system because the visual and proprioceptive representations of one's hand position are not perfectly congruent. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the vision of one's hand or upper arm, compared with that of a cursor representing the tips of one's index finger and thumb, optimizes the planning and modulation of one's movement as the cursor nears the target. The participants performed manual aiming movements that differed by the source of static visual information available during movement planning and the source of dynamic information available during movement execution. The results revealed that the vision of one's hand during the movement planning phase results in more efficient online control processes than when the movement planning was based on a virtual representation of one's initial hand location. This observation was seen regardless of the availability of online visual feedback during movement execution. These results suggest that a more reliable estimation of the initial hand position results in more accurate estimation of the position of the cursor/hand at any one time resulting in more accurate online control.
Abstract: The goal of the present study was to determine the repeatability of gait parameters measured by a force plate gait analysis system (Leonardo Mechanograph® GW).
Abstract: A modulation of the primary impulse of manual/video-aiming movements performed without visual feedback has been reported. In the present study, we show that this modulation is modified (a) with increased practice, (b) the use of an aligned visual display, and (c) the availability of visual feedback on alternated trials. However, this modulation was not as efficient as that observed in a normal vision condition, which underlines the primary role of vision to ensure endpoint accuracy. Moreover, this modulation was observed only on the extent component of the task. This last observation indicates that proprioception can be used to modulate the extent component of goal-directed movements but that vision is necessary to modulate their direction.
Abstract: To describe mechanographic tests that can be performed by patients with a range of functional abilities and to assess the reproducibility of test results in healthy adults and children.
Abstract: The main objective of this thesis was to identify factors that may influence the effectiveness of the online control processes of manual reaching movements. Nowadays, producing manual movements made in a virtual environment (moving a computer mouse to control a cursor on the screen, for example) have become commonplace. As compared to movements made in natural settings (pushing the start button on the computer), those made in virtual context pose serious challenges to the central nervous system because the proprioceptive and visual information defining the position of the effector is not perfectly congruent. This thesis focuses on the effects of a virtual environment on the control of manual reaching movements. In our first article, we examined whether such factors as (a) the amount of practice, (b) the orientation of the virtual display (aligned vs. non-aligned) or (c) the availability of the visual feedback on alternated trials could increase the efficiency of online control processes of movements made under virtual context. These factors did not influence the effectiveness of process control movements made in virtual context, suggesting that it is difficult to optimize the control of manual reaching movements when they are made under a virtual context. One of the most surprising results of this study is that we have not reported detrimental effects of screen orientation on the performance of participants, which was inconsistent with the existing literature on this subject. Section 2 was intended to push forward our understanding of online control processes of movements made in virtual and natural contexts. In the second article, we highlighted the adverse effects of a virtual environment on the online control of manual reaching movements. More specifically, we observed that the use of a non-aligned display to present visual information resulted in a significant decrease in performance as compared to an aligned or natural display. We also observed a decrease in performance when the movements were performed in a virtual aligned display as compared to a natural context. The decrease in performance observed in the two virtual conditions was largely due to a decrease of the effectiveness of online control processes. We therefore suggest that the use of a virtual representation of the hand introduced uncertainty as to its position in space, which in turn led to less efficient online control. In our third article, we wanted to determine the origin of this uncertainty and how it impacted on movement control. In the third article, two hypotheses were considered. The first suggested that the increase in uncertainty reported in the virtual context of the previous study was due to loss of visual information relative to the configuration of the arm. The second suggested instead that the uncertainty came from the proprioceptive and visual information that is not perfectly congruent in a virtual context as compared to a natural one (the cursor is not directly aligned with the finger for example). The data have not supported our first hypothesis. It rather appears that the uncertainty is caused by the dissociation of visual and proprioceptive information. We also demonstrated that the information on the starting base on the position of the hand greatly influences the control process online, even when vision is available during the effector movement. This result suggests that internal feedback loops use this information to modulate the ongoing movement.
