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{userid:"kevinspencer1", "articletype":"article","pages":"","author":"K Spencer, J N Macri, D A Aitken, J M Connor","year":"1992","title":"Free beta-hCG as first-trimester marker for fetal trisomy.","month":"Jun","journal":"Lancet","publisher":"","volume":"339","number":"8807","note":"","tags":"Chorionic Gonadotropin,Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18,Down Syndrome,Female,Fetal Diseases,Humans,Peptide Fragments,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Trimester, First,Prenatal Diagnosis,Trisomy","booktitle":"","editor":"","abstract":"","address":"","school":"","issn":"0140-6736","doi":"","isi":"","pubmed":"1376387","key":"Spencer1992","howpublished":"","urllink":"","refid":154}
,

{userid:"gusferguson", "refid":"11","repocollections":"","attachment":"","_thumb":"","articletype":"misc","sectionheading":"Workshop and Seminar Presentations","title":"XSPAN: A Cross-Species Anatomy Network.","year":"2002","author":"Burger A, Webber B. Nutt W, Wagner S, Aitken S, Ferguson G, Holt PO\u2019B, Bard J.","howpublished":" Workshop on Standards and Ontologies for Functional Genomics (SOFG), Hinxton, Cambridge.","doi":"","pubmed":"","pdflink":"","urllink":"","abstract":"","note":"","tags":"Heriot-Watt, BISEL","weight":11}
,

{userid:"euan.wallace", "articletype":"article","pages":"416-424","author":"E M Wallace, R J Aitken, F C Wu","year":"1992","title":"Residual sperm function in oligozoospermia induced by testosterone enanthate administered as a potential steroid male contraceptive.","month":"Oct","journal":"Int J Androl","publisher":"","volume":"15","number":"5","note":"","tags":"Adult,Animals,Contraceptive Agents, Male,Cricetinae,Female,Fertility,Humans,Male,Pregnancy,Sperm-Ovum Interactions,Spermatozoa,Testosterone","booktitle":"","editor":"","abstract":"To investigate the fertility of men who remain oligozoospermic despite sex steroid suppression, the in-vitro fertilizing capacity of residual spermatozoa was assessed in 30 men receiving intramuscular testosterone enanthate (TE). Spermatozoa were prepared by either Percoll or repetitive centrifugation\/washing. Although the mean (+\/- SEM) pretreatment zona-free hamster oocyte penetration (HOP) rates were similar (59.4 +\/- 10.1 and 63.8 +\/- 10.8%), following the induction of oligozoospermia the Percoll-prepared spermatozoa exhibited a penetration rate (26.9 +\/- 10.2%) which was markedly greater than that obtained for sperm prepared by repetitive washing (0 +\/- 0%). In addition, the partners of two men exhibiting a HOP test with Percoll-prepared spermatozoa, conceived despite a sperm concentration of 3 x 10(6) ml-1 and a negative HOP test with spermatozoa prepared by repetitive washing. These results suggest that Percoll preparation optimizes the assessment of in-vitro sperm function and that the fertility of men with TE-induced severe oligozoospermia is suppressed but not abolished.","address":"","school":"","issn":"0105-6263","doi":"","isi":"","pubmed":"1428200","key":"Wallace1992","howpublished":"","urllink":"","refid":112}
,

{userid:"euan.wallace", "articletype":"article","pages":"109-112","author":"E M Wallace, J A Crossley, N P Groome, D A Aitken","year":"1997","title":"Amniotic fluid inhibin-A in chromosomally normal and Down's syndrome pregnancies.","month":"Jan","journal":"J Endocrinol","publisher":"","volume":"152","number":"1","note":"","tags":"Amniotic Fluid,Down Syndrome,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,Female,Humans,Inhibins,Peptides,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Trimester, Second,Reference Values","booktitle":"","editor":"","abstract":"Recently, inhibin-A has been shown to be a useful new prenatal marker of Down's syndrome, significantly increasing detection rates. While the placenta is believed to be the major source of inhibin in pregnancy, there are actually very limited data available on specific inhibin dimers in pregnancy. Using a sensitive and specific ELISA we have measured the inhibin-A content of amniotic fluid (AF) to investigate further the biology of inhibin-A in chromosomally normal and abnormal pregnancies. AF from 51 Down's syndrome and 161 chromosomally normal pregnancies between 16 and 19 weeks of gestation were analysed, blinded as to whether the sample was from a Down's syndrome or normal pregnancy. There were no sex differences in inhibin-A content in either the control or Down's syndrome pregnancies. The median (10-90th percentiles) inhibin-A level in the control pregnancies increased from 339.6 (175.2-649.1) pg\/ml at 16 weeks to 592.9 (256.4-1027.3) pg\/ml at 19 weeks of gestation. The median (95% confidence interval) inhibin-A in the Down's syndrome pregnancies, expressed as multiples of the median (MoM) to correct for gestation, was 0.77 (0.68-0.89) MoM, significantly lower than the controls (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). We believe that these data are compatible with more than one source of inhibin-A in pregnancy and suggest that the fetal membranes may be contributing significantly to AF inhibin-A content. Further, our data would suggest that the endocrine function of the placenta and the other inhibin source(s) are differentially regulated.","address":"","school":"","issn":"0022-0795","doi":"","isi":"","pubmed":"9014845","key":"Wallace1997","howpublished":"","urllink":"","refid":94}
,

{userid:"kevinspencer1", "refid":"40","attachment":"ref-40\/pnd2005_25_358_361.pdf","articletype":"article","sectionheading":"","title":"Second-trimester levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and free beta-hCG in pregnancies with trisomy 13.","year":"2005","author":"K Spencer, J A Crossley, D A Aitken, K H Nicolaides","journal":"Prenat Diagn","volume":"25","number":"5","pages":"358-361","month":"May","doi":"10.1002\/pd.1151","pubmed":"15906423","pdflink":"","urllink":"","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To examine the levels of free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (free beta-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in second-trimester maternal serum from pregnancies affected by trisomy 13 and compare these with the known reduced levels of these markers in first-trimester cases in an attempt to better understand the pathophysiology of changes in marker levels in chromosomally abnormal pregnancies between the first and second trimester. METHODS: Using the Kryptor immunoassay system, we measured free beta-hCG and PAPP-A in 32 singleton pregnancies affected by trisomy 13 between 14 and 20 weeks of gestation. Using medians established in a previous study, these results were compared against 450 normal singleton pregnancies over the same gestational range. The data were combined with data from 82 cases of trisomy 13 previously examined in the first trimester (11-13 weeks) and an analysis of analyte trend was performed. RESULTS: The median free beta-hCG in multiples of the appropriate gestational median (MoM) in the second-trimester samples was not significantly different from the controls (1.15 (95% CI 0.827-1.651) vs 1.00). The median PAPP-A MoM in the second-trimester samples was significantly lower (p<0.001) than in controls (0.25 (95% CI 0.164-0.373) vs 1.00). Seventy-eight percent of cases were below the 5th centile of normal for PAPP-A. The combined cases in the first trimester had a median free beta-hCG MoM of 0.58 (95% CI 0.454-0.668) and a median PAPP-A MoM of 0.26 (95% CI 0.218-0.320). For PAPP-A, there was no significant change in median across the gestational period of 11 to 20 weeks, whilst for free beta-hCG, there was a significant increase with gestation (r=0.458, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although PAPP-A levels are reduced in trisomy 13 pregnancies in the second trimester, this isolated lower marker value is unlikely to be of value in screening for trisomy 13 in the second trimester. The aetiology of reduced levels of PAPP-A in cases with trisomy 13 may be similar to that in cases with trisomy 18, but different from that in cases with trisomy 21 since the temporal pattern in trisomies 13 and 18 are different from that in trisomy 21.","note":"","tags":"Adult,Biological Markers,Case-Control Studies,Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13,Female,Humans,Predictive Value of Tests,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Trimester, Second,Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A,Prenatal Diagnosis,Trisomy"}
,

{userid:"kevinspencer1", "articletype":"article","pages":"605-613","author":"K Spencer, D A Aitken, J N Macri, P D Buchanan","year":"1996","title":"Urine free beta hCG and beta core in pregnancies affected by Down's syndrome.","month":"Jul","journal":"Prenat Diagn","publisher":"","volume":"16","number":"7","note":"","tags":"Adult,Biological Markers,Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human,Creatinine,Down Syndrome,Female,Fetal Diseases,Gestational Age,Humans,Normal Distribution,Peptide Fragments,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Trimester, Second,Prenatal Diagnosis,Probability,Reference Values","booktitle":"","editor":"","abstract":"Urine beta core was shown in recent studies to be markedly elevated in pregnancies affected by Down's syndrome in the late second trimester. Free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has also been shown to be the most discriminatory maternal serum marker of Down's syndrome. Since free beta hCG is rapidly cleared from the maternal circulation, we have carried out a study to evaluate whether free beta hCG is elevated in the urine of pregnancies affected by Down's syndrome and to investigate whether urine beta core or urine free beta hCG may be used as possible screening markers. Urine samples from 29 cases of Down's syndrome, three cases of trisomy 18, and 400 control pregnancies were analysed for the two prospective markers. Results were corrected for urine concentration by expressing marker concentrations at a fixed creatinine concentration and then expressing the results as multiples of the median for unaffected pregnancies of the same gestation. The median value of beta core in the Down's syndrome pregnancies was 2.35 compared with 2.47 for free beta hCG. Free beta hCG distributions were closely similar to those in maternal serum. Using free beta hCG, we predict Down's syndrome detection rates of 58 per cent at a 5 per cent false-positive rate. Using beta core, however, this rate fell to 41 per cent. Measurement of free beta hCG in urine may present a feasible route for screening pregnant populations, particularly where community-based obstetric care is the norm and\/or if early first-trimester screening becomes a reality.","address":"","school":"","issn":"0197-3851","doi":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199607)16:7<605::AID-PD918>3.0.CO;2-Q","isi":"","pubmed":"8843469","key":"Spencer1996","howpublished":"","urllink":"","refid":125}
,

{userid:"gusferguson", "refid":"12","repocollections":"","attachment":"","_thumb":"","articletype":"inproceedings","sectionheading":"","title":"Extending the Use of Anatomy Ontologies for Cross-Species Data Integration.","year":"2005","author":"Burger A, Aitken S, Ferguson G, Luger S, McLeod K, Nutt W, Webber B and Bard J.","booktitle":"Workshop on Biomedical Ontology Engineering (in association with the 10th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine - AIME 05), Aberdeen","editor":"","pages":"","organization":"","address":"","publisher":"","doi":"","pubmed":"","pdflink":"","urllink":"","abstract":"","note":"","tags":"Heriot-Watt, BISEL","weight":12}
,

{userid:"kevinspencer1", "articletype":"article","pages":"557-562","author":"J N Macri, K Spencer, D Aitken, K Garver, P D Buchanan, F Muller, A Boue","year":"1993","title":"First-trimester free beta (hCG) screening for Down syndrome.","month":"Jul","journal":"Prenat Diagn","publisher":"","volume":"13","number":"7","note":"","tags":"Biological Markers,Chorionic Gonadotropin,Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human,Double-Blind Method,Down Syndrome,Female,Gestational Age,Humans,Mass Screening,Peptide Fragments,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Complications,Pregnancy Trimester, First,Prenatal Diagnosis,Retrospective Studies","booktitle":"","editor":"","abstract":"Maternal serum free beta (hCG) levels are elevated (median 2.20 MOM) in the first trimester of pregnancy in 38 Down syndrome cases as compared with appropriate controls. This observation may form the basis for its use as a marker in screening for Down syndrome in the first trimester. Altered levels of the free beta analyte are observed in pregnancy conditions or complications other than Down syndrome.","address":"","school":"","issn":"0197-3851","doi":"","isi":"","pubmed":"7692430","key":"Macri1993","howpublished":"","urllink":"","refid":142}
,

{userid:"alammj", "refid":"111","repocollections":"","attachment":"","_thumb":"","articletype":"article","sectionheading":"","title":"In the endemic setting, Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 is virulent but not hypervirulent.\r\n","year":"2015","author":"SL Aitken, MJ Alam, M Khaleduzzaman, ST Walk, WL Musick, VP Pham, J Christensen, R Atmar, Y Xie, KW Garey.","journal":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology (*co-first authors).","volume":"36","number":"","pages":"1318-1323","month":"","doi":"","pubmed":"","pdflink":"","urllink":"","abstract":"","note":"","tags":"","weight":111}
,

{userid:"kevinspencer1", "articletype":"article","pages":"681-689","author":"D A Aitken, G McCaw, J A Crossley, E Berry, J M Connor, K Spencer, J N Macri","year":"1993","title":"First-trimester biochemical screening for fetal chromosome abnormalities and neural tube defects.","month":"Aug","journal":"Prenat Diagn","publisher":"","volume":"13","number":"8","note":"","tags":"Biological Markers,Chromosome Aberrations,Chromosome Disorders,Embryonic and Fetal Development,Female,Genetic Screening,Humans,Neural Tube Defects,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Proteins,Pregnancy Trimester, First,Prospective Studies","booktitle":"","editor":"","abstract":"Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated oestriol (UE3), intact human chorionic gonadotrophin (intHCG), and the free beta subunit of chorionic gonadotrophin (F beta HCG) were investigated in a series of 21 chromosomally abnormal and 14 open neural tube defect pregnancies ascertained from a series of 14,000 prospectively collected maternal serum samples at 6-14 weeks' gestation. In 16 cases of Down's syndrome, significant reductions were found for AFP (0.65 multiples of the normal median) and UE3 (0.67 MOM). IntHCG levels were unaltered (0.97 MOM) but a significant increase was found for F beta HCG (1.96 MOM). Significant correlations were found for AFP and UE3 in the controls and for intHCG and F beta HCG in both the control and the Down's syndrome pregnancies. In a group of five trisomy 18 pregnancies, median MOMs were for AFP 0.71, for UE3 0.34, for intHCG 0.27, and for F beta HCG 0.15. None of 13 pregnancies with open neural tube defects at 8-13 weeks gestation had elevated maternal serum AFP levels, whereas matched second-trimester samples from the same pregnancies at 16-18 weeks gestation all had significantly elevated AFP levels. Thus, biochemical screening for chromosome abnormalities may be practicable in the first trimester using free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin in combination with AFP and maternal age. However, a separate screening protocol using AFP at 15-18 weeks gestation would still be required for effective detection of neural tube defects.","address":"","school":"","issn":"0197-3851","doi":"","isi":"","pubmed":"8284287","key":"Aitken1993","howpublished":"","urllink":"","refid":141}
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