Joaquin Perez-Guisado

Abstract: Objective: An accurate diagnosis of nasal fracture is dependent on a thorough history and physical examination. The purpose of this investigation was to create a simple method to establish the diagnosis of nasal fracture based only on clinical criteria. Methods: A retrospective chart review was carried out of 220 patients suspected of nasal fracture admitted to a hospital specializing in occupational injuries in 2003 and 2004. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive value (PPV/NPV) were calculated for each clinical criterion (8), all the possible combinations of 2 clinical criteria (28) and 3 clinical criteria (56). The following clinical criteria were considered for the analysis: epistaxis, periorbital and/or perinasal ecchymosis, nasal wound or laceration, airway obstruction, nasal inflammation, lateral deviation, irregular nasal dorsum, and acute septal injury. Logisitic regression was used to assess statistical significance. Results: For any of the 8 criteria, the average sensitivity and negative predictive values for nasal fracture were very low (<35%). However, specificity and positive predictive values were relatively high (>90%) and increased, respectively, when at least 1 criterion was present (92% and 94%, respectively), when 2 clinical criteria were present (98% and 96%, respectively), and when at least 3 clinical criteria were present (100% for both). Conclusions: The presentation of the clinical criteria can be a valuable method for the diagnoses of nasal fracture; nevertheless, when these clinical criteria are absent, the possibility of the nasal fracture cannot be ruled out though the possibility is remote.

Abstract: It is well established that breakfast beverages contain high quantities of Citrus juices. The purpose of the present study was to assess the nutraceutical value of orange and lemon juices as well as two of their active compounds: hesperidin and limonene. Indicator assays were performed at three levels to evaluate different biological health promoter activities: (i) determination of the safety and DNA-damage protecting ability against free radicals by using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster, (ii) study of the modulating role for life span in Drosophila melanogaster, and (iii) measurement of the cytotoxic activity against the human tumor cell line HL60. The highest concentrations assayed for lemon juice and limonene (50% v/v and 0.73 mM, respectively) showed genotoxic activity as evidenced from SMART. Orange and lemon juices as well as hesperidin and limonene exhibit antigenotoxic activity against hydrogen peroxide used as an oxidative genotoxin. Life-span experiments revealed that the lower concentrations of orange juice, hesperidin, and limonene exerted a positive influence on the life span of Drosophila. Finally all substances showed cytotoxic activity, with hesperidin being least active. Taking into account the safety, antigenotoxicity, longevity, and cytotoxicity data obtained in the different assays, orange juice may be a candidate as a nutraceutical food as it (1) is not genotoxic, (2) is able to protect DNA against free radicals, and (3) inhibits growth of tumor cells.

Abstract: The ��Spanish Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet�� (SKMD) has been shown to promote potential therapeutic properties for the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic properties under free-living conditions of the SKMD in patients with metabolic syndrome (following the International Diabetes Federation consensus guidelines) over a 12-week period. A prospective study was carried out in 22 obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (12 men and 10 women) with the inclusion criteria whose body mass index of 36.58 ± 0.54 kg=m2 and age was 41.18 ± 2.28 years. Statistical differences between the parameters studied before and after the administration of the SKMD (week 0 and 12, respectively) were analyzed by paired Student�s t test. There was an extremely significant (P<.001) improvement in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 126.25 mg=dL to 103.87 mg=dL) and all the parameters studied associated with metabolic syndrome: body weight (from 106.41 kg to 91.95 kg), body mass index (from 36.58 kg=m2 to 31.69 kg=m2), waist circumference (from 111.97 cm to 94.70 cm), fasting plasma glucose (from 118.81 mg=dL to 91.86 mg=dL), triacylglycerols (from 224.86 mg=dL to 109.59 mg=dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 44.44 to 57.95 mg=dL), systolic blood pressure (from 141.59mm Hg to 123.64mm Hg), and diastolic blood pressure (from 89.09mm Hg to 76.36mm Hg). The most affected parameter was the triacylglycerols (51.26% reduction). After the diet all the subject were free of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation definition, and 100% of them had normal triacylglycerols and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, in spite of the fact that 77.27% of them still had a body mass index of >30 kg=m2. We conclude that the SKMD could be an effective and safe way to cure patients suffering from metabolic syndrome. Future research should include a larger sample size, a longer-term use, and a comparison with other ketogenic diets.

Abstract: The "Spanish Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet" (SKMD) has been shown to be an effective and safe way to cure patients suffering from metabolic syndrome (MS). Keeping in mind that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with MS, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic properties under free living conditions of the SKMD in patients with MS (following the International Diabetes Federation [IDF] consensus guidelines) and NAFLD (suspected by using a cutoff value of alanine aminotransferase [ALT] levels of >40�U/L and confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography) over a 12-week period. A prospective study was carried out in 14 obese men meeting the inclusion criteria and whose body mass index (BMI) and age were 36.58±0.54�kg/m² and 41.18±2.28 years, respectively. Statistical differences between the parameters studied before and after administration of the SKMD (week 0 and 12) were analyzed by paired Student's t test (continuous variables) and the �² test (discontinuous variables). P<.05 was considered statistically significant. There was an extremely significant (P<.001) improvement in body weight (from 109.79�kg to 95.86�kg), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (from 123.43 mg/dL to 100.35�mg/dL), ALT (from 71.92�U/L to 37.07�U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (from 47.71�U/L to 29.57�U/L), steatosis degree (complete fatty liver regression was observed in 21.4% of the patients, and an overall reduction was found in 92.86% of the patients), and all the parameters studied associated with the MS: BMI (from 36.99�kg/m² to 32.42�kg/m²), waist circumference (from 114.01�cm to 98.59�cm), fasting plasma glucose (from 118.57�mg/dL to 90.14�mg/dL), triacylglycerols (from 232.64�mg/dL to 111.21�mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLc) (from 42.81�mg/dL to 58.71�mg/dL), systolic blood pressure (from 142.86�mm Hg to 125.36�mm Hg), and diastolic blood pressure (from 89.64�mm Hg to 77.86�mm Hg). After the diet all the subjects were free of MS according to the IDF definition, and 100% of them had normal triacylglycerols and HDLc levels, in spite of the fact that 100% of them still had a BMI of >30�kg/m². We conclude that the SKMD could be an effective and safe way to treat patients suffering from MS and the associated NAFLD.

Abstract: Efficacy has been demonstrated in some uses of fibrin glue associated with graft loss. Smoking and hyperglycemia significantly decrease the success of skin graft survival in specific injuries. This retrospective study aimed to verify the association with decreased skin graft survival and whether fibrin glue is useful in reversing the influence of these factors. This bicentric, retrospective, cross sectional case control study was carried out on 1881 medical patients. Patients who met inclusion criteria were admitted to the Plastic Surgery Service of Reina Sofia University Hospital (Spain) and the Trauma/Burn intensive Care Unit of UAB Hospital at Birmingham (USA) between January 2000 and December 2009. The successful graft take for each group and its control were analyzed by a Chi-square test; the confidence interval was 95%. Smoking and DM type 2 decrease skin graft survival when compared with their control groups. There was a statistically significant improvement in skin graft take when fibrin glue was used. The percentage improvement in the control groups was approximately 10%, whereas in the study groups it was 2-3 times higher. We conclude that graft loss is associated with smoking and DM type 2, but fibrin glue might restore graft adherence to almost normal levels.

Abstract: Objective: The management of lower eyelid reconstruction has a variety of treatment strategies with varying success depending on the patient. We tried to apply the most suitable reconstruction techniques for this particular case. Methods: We report a case of a 99-year-old woman, with a vision loss of 70% in the left eye and 40% in the right eye, who underwent basal cell carcinoma resection of the lower right eyelid 3 months before. The margins of resection and the deepest layers were affected. After the histopathology report, we decided to plan a more aggressive treatment with a total resection of the lower right eyelid. We had a case with 3 added difficulties: the old age of the patient, the vision loss in the contralateral eye, and the size of the resection. Results: On the basis of our experience and the bibliography reviewed, we decided to use the chondromucosal nasal flap for the posterior lamella reconstruction and the transposition flap of von Langenbeck for the anterior lamella. We found it was a good election for this patient since we achieved good functional, anatomical, and aesthetical results with a one-step operation. Conclusions: The chondromucosal nasal flap with the transposition flap of von Langenbeck was a good election for a total lower eyelid defect reconstruction in an old patient with a high vision loss in the contralateral eye.

Abstract: <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Licencia Creative Commons" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" property="dct:title" rel="dct:type">Clinical evaluation of the nose: a cheap and effective tool for the nasal fracture diagnosis</span> por <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="Joaquín Pérez-Guisado" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">Joaquín Pérez-Guisado</a> se encuentra bajo una Licencia <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Unported</a>.<br />Basada en una obra en <a xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="http://publicationslist.org/data/pv1peguj/ref-27/Registro%20de%20la%20propiedad2.pdf" rel="dct:source">publicationslist.org</a>.

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a single dose of citrulline malate (CM) on the performance of flat barbell bench presses as an anaerobic exercise and in terms of decreasing muscle soreness after exercise. Forty-one men performed 2 consecutive pectoral training session protocols (16 sets). The study was performed as a randomized, double-blind, 2-period crossover design. Eight grams of CM was used in 1 of the 2 training sessions, and a placebo was used in the other. The subjects' resistance was tested using the repetitions to fatigue test, at 80% of their predetermined 1 repetition maximum (RM), in the 8 sets of flat barbell bench presses during the pectoral training session (S1-4 and S1'-4'). The p-value was 0.05. The number of repetitions showed a significant increase from placebo treatment to CM treatment from the third set evaluated (p <0.0001). This increase was positively correlated with the number of sets, achieving 52.92% more repetitions and the 100% of response in the last set (S4'). A significant decrease of 40% in muscle soreness at 24 hours and 48 hours after the pectoral training session and a higher percentage response than 90% was achieved with CM supplementation. The only side effect reported was a feeling of stomach discomfort in 14.63% of the subjects. We conclude that the use of CM might be useful to increase athletic performance in high-intensity anaerobic exercises with short rest times and to relieve postexercise muscle soreness. Thus, athletes undergoing intensive preparation involving a high level of training or in competitive events might profit from CM.

Abstract: English There is no clear biochemical evidence to support then otion that lactate production causes acidosis;on the contrary, lactate production delays rather than causes acidosis.In addition to manipulation of the internal acid-basic environment before a sporting event through the use of ergogenic aids such as sodium bicarbonate or citrate, the nutritional habits of sportsmen can also play an important role in modulating acidosis. Clearexamples are the use of a ketogenic diet or adiet high infruit and vegetables. Ketogenic diets may be are useful in aerobic sporting activities but are detrimental in sporting activities with a high anaerobic component. A well-balanced diet high in fruit and vegetables can counteract subclinical metabolic acidosis due to a high intake of animal products or high-glycemic load foods such as cereals and related products, which could prevent the loss of muscle mass and bone density associated with this metabolic process. Furtherinvestigations are required to determine the realinfluence of these nutritional patterns in improving sporting performance. Spanish No existe evidencia bioquímica clara para sostener que la producción de lactato cause acidosis, sino más bien todo lo contrario, ya que el lactato retrasa y no causa la aparición de dicha acidosis. Además de la manipulación previa a un evento deportivo de las condiciones ácido-básicas del medio interno, mediante el empleo de ayudas ergogénicas como pudiera ser el bicarbonato o el citrato sódico, los hábitos alimenticios del deportista también pueden desempeñar un papel importante. Como ejemplos claros tenemos el empleo de dietas cetogénicas y el de una alimentación rica en vegetales y frutas. En el primer caso, las dietas cetógenicas podrían ser de utilidad en actividades deportivas con predominio aeróbico, en detrimento de las que tienen un alto componente anaeróbico. En relación a una dieta equilibrada rica en vegetales y frutas, podría contrarrestar la acidosis metabólica subclínica derivada de una alta ingesta de productos de origen animal y alimentos con una alta carga glucémica como son los cereales y sus derivados. Esto contrarrestaría la pérdida de masa muscular y densidad ósea asociada a este proceso metabólico. Son necesarias más investigaciones que aporten datos contrastables sobre la verdadera influencia y peso de estos patrones alimenticios en la mejora del rendimiento del deportista.

Abstract: ENGLISH Telemedicine is available in any medical fields, including Surgery. Poor attention has been showed to diagnosis application. Nevertheless, Plastic Surgery, is a practice in which the application of the old chinese proverb: "A picture is better than thousand words", would be very benefited, reducing costs and improving efficiency and quality. We present a Telemedicine store and forward model developed and worked in a Plastic Surgery Unit of southern England for 7 years. We show system advantages and disvantages and its potential applications in our country. It's clear that this technology will be able to produce a great change in our society and in our daily medical activity in the next years. What today we knows as Telemedicine, in a few time will lose "tele" prefix, because people will understand as usual this kind of Medicine and telematic applications. SPANISH La Telemedicina es aplicable a todos los campos médicos, incluyendo la Cirugía. Poca atención se ha prestado a sus aplicaciones diagnósticas, de las que sin embargo, nuestra especialidad, en la que es perfectamente aplicable el antiguo proverbio chino "una imagen vale mil palabras", podría salir muy beneficiada. Esto permitiría una mayor reducción de costes con contundentes mejoras en eficiencia y calidad. Presentamos un modelo de Telemedicina tipo envío y almacenaje (store and forward) desarrollado y aplicado en un hospital británico del sureste de Inglaterra desde hace 7 años. Comentamos las ventajas e inconvenientes del sistema y sus posibles aplicaciones en nuestro medio. Es un hecho claro que estas tecnologías van a producir un gran cambio en la sociedad y en el quehacer diario del médico durante la próxima década. Lo que hoy conocemos como Telemedicina, en breve perderá el prefijo "tele" porque la población entenderá este tipo de Medicina y de aplicaciones telemáticas como algo habitual. Sin duda, nuestra especialidad será una de las grandes beneficiadas de la aplicación de estas tecnologías.

Abstract: ENGLISH Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are a class of lipids in which each fat molecule is between 6 and 12 carbons in length. MCTs are a component of many foods, with coconut and palm oils being the dietary sources with the highest concentration of MCT. The major adverse effect that is noted by beginning users of MCTs is nausea, gastric discomfort and diarrhoea. This can be minimized or eliminated by starting with very small doses and increasing the dose as tolerated. MCT (medium chain triglycerides) compared with LCT (long chain triglycerides) are more satiating, lead to a greater caloric expending and are able to reduce the size and the number of adipocytes. The final consequence is a lower weight gain and less fatty deposits. In ketogenic diets, MCT intake allows more carbohydrates consumption yet preserving ketosis state. So carbohydrates can reach the 20% of daily energy intake if between 30-60% of such energy come from MCT. MCT have also many healthy properties, being useful for: malabsorption syndromes, bowel disease, enterogenous infection, weight maintenance in AIDS patients, symptoms of cachexia, prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and diabetes type 2, preserving cognitive function during acute hypoglycaemia, stimulating the immune system of the patient and the defenses against the cancer. ESPA�OL Los triglicéridos de cadena media (TCM) son un tipo de lípido en el cual cada molécula de ácido graso que lo forma tiene entre 6 y 12 átomos de carbono. Los TCM forman parte de muchos alimentos, siendo las fuentes naturales que tienen una mayor concentración el aceite de coco y de palma. Su consumo es considerado totalmente seguro, presentando como únicos posibles efectos adversos a destacar las nauseas, malestar gástrico y diarreas. Esto se puede evitar en parte empezando con dosis bajas que se irán aumentando progresivamente según la tolerancia. Los TCM en comparación con los triglicéridos de cadena larga (TCL) producen un mayor efecto saciante, conducen a un mayor gasto energético y son capaces de reducir tanto el número de adipocitos como el tamaño de los mismos. Todo esto trae como consecuencia una menor ganancia de peso y un descenso en los depósitos grasos. El consumo de TCM en una dieta cetogénica permite aumentar los valores de hidratos de carbono ingeridos en hasta un 20% de las calorías totales, sin que el paciente salga de su estado de cetosis, si los TCM representan entre el 30- 60% del gasto calórico diario total ingerido. Los TCM poseen además innumerables beneficios saludables, siendo de utilidad para: problemas de malabsorción intestinal, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, infecciones intestinales, preservar el peso en pacientes con VIH, síntomas de la caquexia, prevención y tratamiento del síndrome metabólico y la diabetes tipo 2, preservar la función cerebral en situaciones de hipoglicemia, activar el sistema inmune del paciente y las defensas contra el cáncer.

Abstract: English The following points summarize the text: 1. Too little body fat results in deterioration of health and performance and can be associated with eating disorders. 2. The nutritional strategy to promote fat-free muscle gain in a short time is not the most suitable since 60-70% of the weight gained is fat. 3. To intake enough calories will help the athletes in their performance, metabolic basal rate, health, body composition and final aesthetic body. 4. In terms of carbohydrate and protein needs, athletes need to consume 5-10g/kg of carbohydrates and 1-2g/kg of proteins per day (the combination of whey and casein protein is one of the best options), in order to guarantee the recovery. These quantities will depend on the volume and frequency training protocol. In relation to fat intake, it has been recommended to consume at least 0.5-1g/kg per day and under isocaloric proportions distributed among saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat (avoiding trans fats). 5. For the gastric emptying and the intestinal absorption, the most important characteristic of a fluid replacement beverage during a sport session, is the carbohydrates and not the electrolytes concentration. A solution containing 5-7% carbohydrate might be considered optimal and the sucrose (saccharose or table sugar) would be a good option. Spanish El texto se podría resumir en los siguientes puntos: 1. La presencia de grasa corporal en el atleta es necesaria, ya que un bajo porcentaje de grasa corporal se asocia a un deterioro en la salud y el rendimiento deportivo. 2. Ganar peso demasiado rápido tiene el inconveniente de que el 60-70% de la ganancia es grasa. 3. Tener un óptimo aporte energético beneficiará al atleta no sólo en su rendimiento deportivo, sino también en su perfil metabólico, salud, composición corporal y estética final. 4. Los niveles óptimos de hidratos de carbono y proteínas en el deportista dependen de la intensidad-frecuencia del ejercicio y oscilan entre 5-10g/kg de peso y día para los primeros y 1-2g/kg de peso y día para los segundos, siendo una de las mejores opciones proteicas la combinación suero de leche-caseína. En relación a la grasa, se recomienda consumir al menos 0.5-1g/kg de peso y día, haciéndolo de forma isocalórica y evitando las grasas trans. 5. En la ingesta de soluciones enriquecidas con electrolitos y carbohidratos, el nivel óptimo de hidratos de carbono es del 5-7%, siendo poco influyente el nivel de electrolitos presente y una buena opción el empleo de la sacarosa o azúcar de mesa.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine factors that might be linked to dominance aggression in pet dogs. Our results show that possession aggression is the first manifestation of dominance aggression and its basic form. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors that are associated with higher levels of dominance aggression and depend on the owner include first time ownership, a lack of obedience training, the owner not being the main obedience trainer, spoiling the dog, not using physical punishment, acquisition as a present, as a pet, impulsively, or to guard and spaying female dogs. Modifiable factors have the greatest influence on dominance aggression in dogs. Dog-dependent factors (gender, breed, age, size and coat color) are fewer than owner dependent factors. There was an association between certain dog behaviour patterns and higher level of dominance aggression.

Abstract: For many people a good guard dog is a dog that defends aggressively the property that is to say a dog with high levels of territorial aggression. Nevertheless, this advantage can turn into a problem when the dog attacks friends and family, or when the dog disturbs our neighbours with excessive barking at strangers. The study involved carrying out 711 surveys on dog owners. The survey analyses many factors that might be linked to territorial aggression. The results show that there are many factors that are connected to higher levels of territorial aggression and which depend on the owner: not punishing the dog when it does something bad; a high level of education (university studies) and if the animal is acquired as a guard dog. It also found dog-dependent factors associated with territorial aggression: sex (male); certain breeds; FCI groups 5 and 7 and aged between 3 and 7 years. Furthermore, we discovered certain dog behavioural factors that are associated with a higher level of territorial aggression, such as: having as favourite games tug-of-war or bring things, a long time spent eating; if the dog barks a lot; if it attacks strangers randomly; if it tends to bite upper limbs and how nervous the dog is.

Abstract: English: For the sportsman improvement, to know the best moment to intake the nutrients and the proportion of these nutrients can lead to a better assimilation and the use of such nutrients. In addition to the importance of the breakfast, lunch and dinner, the three key moments for the sportman in the nutrients intakes are: approximately one hour before the workout, during the workout and inmediately after the workout. At these moments, there are no international consensus about the best proportion of nutrients, although it seems to be a 7% glucose or saccharose solution with electrolytes during the workout session the most suitable measurement. Whereas before and after the training, the most effective measurement to increase the muscle mass and strength is favored by the proteins or protein mixtures with carbohydrates intakes and not by single carbohydrate intakes. Nevertheless, more investigations are necessary to determine the best combination of these nutrients depending on the intake moment. Spanish: En el progreso del deportista, saber cual es el momento oportuno a la hora de ingerir los nutrientes, y la proporción de dichos nutrientes, puede marcar una mejor asimilación y utilización de los mismos. Además de la importancia del desayuno, almuerzo y cena, los tres momentos claves en la suplementación nutricional del deportista son: aproximadamente una hora antes de la sesión deportiva, durante la misma y justo después de la misma. En dichos momentos la proporción de nutrientes varía de unos autores a otros, aunque parece ser que durante la sesión deportiva lo más adecuado es el empleo de una solución de glucosa o sacarosa al 7% con electrolitos. Mientras que antes y después de dicha sesión, la estrategia más efectiva para aumentar la ganancia de masa muscular y de fuerza se sustenta en mayor medida en la ingesta de proteínas o mezclas de proteínas con carbohidratos y no en la ingesta de carbohidratos solos. Son necesarias más investigaciones que establezcan la proporción ideal de dichos nutrientes.

Abstract: English The following points summarize the text: 1. Too little body fat results in deterioration of health and performance and can be associated with eating disorders. 2. The nutritional strategy to promote fat-free muscle gain in a short time is not the most suitable since 60-70% of the weight gained is fat. 3. To intake enough calories will help the athletes in their performance, metabolic basal rate, health, body composition and final aesthetic body. 4. In terms of carbohydrate and protein needs, athletes need to consume 5-10g/kg of carbohydrates and 1-2g/kg of proteins per day (the combination of whey and casein protein is one of the best options), in order to guarantee the recovery. These quantities will depend on the volume and frequency training protocol. In relation to fat intake, it has been recommended to consume at least 0.5-1g/kg per day and under isocaloric proportions distributed among saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat (avoiding trans fats). 5. For the gastric emptying and the intestinal absorption, the most important characteristic of a fluid replacement beverage during a sport session, is the carbohydrates and not the electrolytes concentration. A solution containing 5-7% carbohydrate might be considered optimal and the sucrose (saccharose or table sugar) would be a good option. Spanish El texto se podría resumir en los siguientes puntos: 1. La presencia de grasa corporal en el atleta es necesaria, ya que un bajo porcentaje de grasa corporal se asocia a un deterioro en la salud y el rendimiento deportivo. 2. Ganar peso demasiado rápido tiene el inconveniente de que el 60-70% de la ganancia es grasa. 3. Tener un óptimo aporte energético beneficiará al atleta no sólo en su rendimiento deportivo, sino también en su perfil metabólico, salud, composición corporal y estética final. 4. Los niveles óptimos de hidratos de carbono y proteínas en el deportista dependen de la intensidad-frecuencia del ejercicio y oscilan entre 5-10g/kg de peso y día para los primeros y 1-2g/kg de peso y día para los segundos, siendo una de las mejores opciones proteicas la combinación suero de leche-caseína. En relación a la grasa, se recomienda consumir al menos 0.5-1g/kg de peso y día, haciéndolo de forma isocalórica y evitando las grasas trans. 5. En la ingesta de soluciones enriquecidas con electrolitos y carbohidratos, el nivel óptimo de hidratos de carbono es del 5-7%, siendo poco influyente el nivel de electrolitos presente y una buena opción el empleo de la sacarosa o azúcar de mesa.

Abstract: English Many people look for territorial aggression in a dog, since it characterises a typical �good guard dog�. However, it can be a problem when the dog attacks friends and family, or when the dog disturbs our neighbours with excessive barking at strangers. The aim of this study is to determine which factors that depend on the owner are associated to territorial aggression. Our results show that there are many factors that are connected to higher levels of territorial aggression and which depend on the owner: not punishing the dog when it does something bad; a high level of education (university studies); and if the animal is acquired as a guard dog. Owner�s sex, owner�s age, kids in the family, first time ownership, a lack of obedience training and other factors that depend on the owner are not associated to territorial aggression. Spanish La agresividad territorial es un tipo de agresividad muy solicitado por los propietarios de perros ya que es lo que caracteriza al �buen perro guardián�. No obstante, ésta se puede convertir en un problema cuando el perro ataca a personas no intrusas o molesta al vecindario debido a su excesivo ladrido frente a extraños. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar qué factores dependientes del dueño pudieran estar asociados a la agresividad territorial y por tanto dar respuesta a la pregunta de cómo puede influir el dueño en la agresividad territorial de su perro. Según nuestros resultados, existen factores asociados a una mayor agresividad territorial, que son dependientes del dueño como: no castigarlo cuando hace algo que está mal, adquirirlo con la finalidad de guarda y tener estudios universitarios. El sexo del dueño, la edad del dueño, la presencia de niños en la familia, el haber tenido perros con anterioridad, el haber sometido al perro a entrenamiento básico de obediencia y otros factores estudiados, no se asocian a la agresividad territorial del perro.

Abstract: English Many people look for dogs with high levels of territorial aggression. However, it can be a problem when the dog attacks friends and family, or when the dog disturbs our neighbours with excessive barking at strangers. The aim of this study is to determine which factors that depend on the dog are associated to territorial aggression. Our results show that there are many factors that are connected to higher levels of territorial aggression and which depend on the dog: male sex, certain breeds, 5 and 7 FCI groups, age between 3-7 years and not to have any favourite game. Our results as well show that territorial aggression is also associated to several behavioural patterns: it is focus on strangers with no discrimination on age and sex of the victim, the most attacked part of the body is the upper limbs, it is associated to higher levels of aggression in general and to higher levels of barking. Spanish La agresividad territorial puede ser una cualidad que el dueño busque en su futuro perro. No obstante, ésta se puede convertir en un problema cuando el perro ataca indiscriminadamente o ladra frente a cualquier ruido o persona que se acerca a la zona que él percibe como parte de su propiedad. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar qué factores dependientes del perro pudieran estar asociados a la agresividad territorial. Es decir, que características del propio perro, independientemente de la influencia que pudiera ejercer su dueño, le hacen más proclive a ser un perro con unas mayores o menores características de territorialidad. Hemos comprobado, que los factores que son dependientes del perro y se asocian a mayores niveles de agresividad territorial son: el sexo masculino, ciertas razas, los grupos raciales de la FCI 5 y 7, una edad comprendida entre los 3 y 7 años y no tener predilección por ningún juego. Por último hemos visto que la agresividad territorial se asocia a una serie de características conductuales en el perro como son: estar dirigida hacia los extraños sin ningún tipo de discriminación en cuanto a la edad y sexo de la víctima, preferir a la hora de morder el miembro superior, una mayor lentitud a la hora de comer, una mayor tendencia a la agresión en general y una mayor tendencia al ladrido.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Campbell test and discover if there is a link between a puppy�s scores and factors such as age, breed, sex, sex-breed interaction, size, Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) groups, and coat color. The Campbell test was performed on 342 puppies (191 males and 151 females) of different breeds. The results show that the criteria used by Campbell to classify puppies are incomplete, and that it is more appropriate to use numerical values for each type of answer. In general, the mean value obtained, regardless of sex and breed, corresponded to the Campbell�s submissive stable category. The mean value was higher in male dogs than in females.

Abstract: English: The international consensus is that carbohydrates are the basis of the food pyramid of a healthy diet. Today's specialists believe that the best way to lose weight is by cutting down on calories, essentialy in the form of fat. However, this paper will clarify that ketogenic diets are, from a physiological, biochemicale and practical point of view, a much more effective way of losing weight, since such diets provide metabolic advantages such as the capacity to preserve muscle mass, reduce appetite, to have a lower metabolic efficiency, produce a metabolic activation of thermogenesis and favour a greater fat loss even with a greater number of calories. Spanish: El consenso internacional es que los carbohidratos son la base de la pirámide alimenticia de una dieta saludable, de tal forma que la mayoría de los especialistas de hoy en día piensan que la mejor forma de perder peso es mediante una reducción en el número total de calorías ingeridas diariamente, principalmente las que vienen en forma de grasa. No obstante, esta revisión intentará demostrar que las dietas cetogénicas son desde un punto de vista fisiológico, bioquímico y práctico, un camino mucho más efectivo para perder peso. Además se argumenta cómo este tipo de dietas proporciona ventajas metabólicas como son la capacidad de preservar la masa muscular, reducir el apetito, tener una eficiencia metabólica más baja, producir una activación de la termogénesis y favorecer una mayor pérdida de grasa incluso en presencia de una mayor cantidad de calorías.

Abstract: Background Ketogenic diets are an effective healthy way of losing weight since they promote a non-atherogenic lipid profile, lower blood pressure and decrease resistance to insulin with an improvement in blood levels of glucose and insulin. On the other hand, Mediterranean diet is well known to be one of the healthiest diets, being the basic ingredients of such diet the olive oil, red wine and vegetables. In Spain the fish is an important component of such diet. The objective of this study was to determine the dietary effects of a protein ketogenic diet rich in olive oil, salad, fish and red wine. Methods A prospective study was carried out in 31 obese subjects (22 male and 19 female) with the inclusion criteria whose body mass index and age was 36.46 ± 2.22 and 38.48 ± 2.27, respectively. This Ketogenic diet was called "Spanish Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet" (SKMD) due to the incorporation of virgin olive oil as the principal source of fat (�30 ml/day), moderate red wine intake (200�400 ml/day), green vegetables and salads as the main source of carbohydrates and fish as the main source of proteins. It was an unlimited calorie diet. Statistical differences between the parameters studied before and after the administration of the "Spanish Ketogenic Mediterranean diet" (week 0 and 12) were analyzed by paired Student's t test. Results There was an extremely significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in body weight (108.62 kg� 94.48 kg), body mass index (36.46 kg/m2�31.76 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (125.71 mmHg�109.05 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (84.52 mmHg� 75.24 mmHg), total cholesterol (208.24 mg/dl�186.62 mg/dl), triacylglicerols (218.67 mg/dl�113.90 mg/dl) and glucose (109.81 mg/dl� 93.33 mg/dl). There was a significant (p = 0.0167) reduction in LDLc (114.52 mg/dl�105.95 mg/dl) and an extremely significant increase in HDLc (50.10 mg/dl�54.57 mg/dl). The most affected parameter was the triacylglicerols (47.91% of reduction). Conclusion The SKMD is safe, an effective way of losing weight, promoting non-atherogenic lipid profiles, lowering blood pressure and improving fasting blood glucose levels. Future research should include a larger sample size, a longer term use and a comparison with other ketogenic diets.

Abstract: English: It is also necessary to emphasize that as well as the weight loss, ketogenic diets are healthier because they promote a non-atherogenic lipid profile, lower blood pressure and diminish resistance to insulin with an improvement in blood levels of glucose and insulin. Such diets also have antineoplastic benefits, do not alter renal or liver functions, do not produce metabolic acidosis by Ketosis, have many neurological benefits in central nervous system, do not produce osteoporosis and could increase the perfomance in aerobic sports. Spanish: Además de la pérdida de peso, también es importante enfatizar que las dietas cetogénicas son saludables cardiovascularmente y para el metabolismo glucídico, ya que promueven un perfil lipídico no aterogénico, el descenso de la presión arterial y disminuyen la resistencia a la insulina con una mejora en los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa e insulina. Estas dietas podrían tener efectos anticancerígenos, no tienen efectos perniciosos sobre el hígado o el riñón, no se asocian a acidosis metabólica, tienen muchas propiedades beneficiosas sobre el sistema nervioso central, no producen osteoporosis y podrían aumentar el rendimiento en la actividad deportiva de tipo aeróbico.

Abstract: English: To achieve optimal athletic performance by controlling factors directly or indirectly associated with the intake, knowledge of how to control the metabolic processes associated with muscle glycogen and protein intake are highly important. Recovery of glycogen stores after exercise is a slow process, and complete recovery may take 24-48 h after exercise has ceased, depending on how much glycogen has been lost. The maximum rate of glycogen resynthesis occurs in the first 2 hours after the workout. The rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis could be accelerated through simultaneous intake of carbohydrate-proteins or carbohydrate-amino acids, effective combinations after the workout being sucrose or table sugar (1 g/kg) and whey protein (0.5 g/kg). Glycogen supercompensation or carbohydrate loading aims to raise glycogen storage above physiological levels to increase the duration of carbohydrate availability to exercising muscles, thus enhancing performance. The stored glycogen is accompanied by water, which increases muscle volume and definition, and consequently this strategy is frequently used by bodybuilding competitors. There are three supercompensation methods: the Astrand, Sherman/Costill and Fairchild/ Fournier, they have the same effectiveness but the least option is the quickest and easier way. Protein intake is essential for athletes but should account for no more than 15-20% of the daily calorie intake because protein loses its anabolic profile when consumed in quantities higher than this threshold. Thus, athletes aiming to acquire new muscle mass should increase total calorie intake by following a balanced diet and should not aim to increase calories from protein alone. Spanish: Para conseguir un óptimo rendimiento deportivo mediante el control de parámetros relacionados directa o indirectamente con la ingesta, puede resultar de gran importancia conocer y saber controlar el entramado metabólico relacionado con el glucógeno muscular y la optimización del consumo proteico. La recuperación de las reservas de glucógeno tras la realización del ejercicio físico es un proceso lento que puede llevar de 24 a 48 h según las pérdidas producidas. La velocidad de resíntesis del glucógeno es máxima en las 2 primeras horas tras la realización del ejercicio físico. El proceso de resíntesis glucogénico podría acelerarse por la ingestión simultánea de hidratos de carbono-proteína o hidratos de carbono-aminoácidos, pudiendo ser una buena opción tomar nada más acabar el ejercicio físico una mezcla de sacarosa o azúcar de mesa (1 g/kg) con suero de leche (0,5 g/kg). Mediante la supercompensación del glucógeno o sobrecarga de hidratos de carbono se pretende conseguir aumentar las reservas de glucógeno por encima de los valores fisiológicos, de tal forma que el atleta tenga un extra energético que le pueda ayudar a mejorar su rendimiento deportivo. Esta ganancia va acompañada de agua que hace que aumente el volumen y vistosidad muscular, motivo por el cual se usa con frecuencia por los competidores de culturismo. Existen 3 técnicas se similar eficacia, la de Astrand, Sherman/Costill y Fairchild/Fournier siendo la última la más rápida y facil de realizar. El consumo de proteínas en el deportista es necesario pero no debería representar más del 15-20% del consumo calórico diario total, ya que cuando se sobrepasa este umbral la proteína pierde su efecto anabólico. Así, si el deportista tiene como objetivo aumentar la masa muscular, se debería aumentar el aporte calórico total de forma equilibrada y no el procedente únicamente de las proteínas.

Abstract: Many negative comments have been made about the use of ketogenic diets (KDs) and experts today believe that the best way to lose weight is by cutting back on calories, chiefly in the form of fat. The international consensus is that carbohydrates are the basis of the food pyramid for a healthy diet. However, this review will clarify that low-carbohydrate diets are, from a practical and physiological point of view, a much more effective way of losing weight. It is also argued that such diets provide metabolic advantages, for example: they help to preserve muscle mass, reduce appetite, diminish metabolic efficiency, induce metabolic activation of thermogenesis and favor increased fat loss and even a greater reduction in calories. These diets are also healthier because they promote a non-atherogenic lipid profile, lower blood pressure and decrease resistance to insulin with an improvement in blood levels of glucose and insulin. Low-carbohydrate diets should therefore be used to prevent and treat type II diabetes and cardiovascular problems. Such diets also have neurological and antineoplastic benefits and diet-induced ketosis is not associated with metabolic acidosis, nor do such diets alter kidney, liver or heart functions.

Abstract: English: The dog�s castration is an effective way to treat behavioural problems connected with the reproduction such roaming, mounting and intraspecific aggression in males. Nevertheless, in many behavioural problems there is no international consensus on the suitable for castration. Specifically, for dogs� aggression problems many authors declares that castration is not a useful tool or that will make worse the problem, on the contrary others authors declare the opposite. Bearing in mind the lack of consensus and that each dog might have a particular responses, the surgical castration would not be justified for a start since it is an irreversible process, so that a chemical or pharmaceutical castration would the most suitable for a star to know if a surgical castration will really solve the problem. Spanish: Existe unanimidad en considerar la castración como un medio efectivo para tratar problemas conductuales que pudieran estar relacionados con la reproducción como son el vagabundeo, la monta y la agresividad intraespecífica de los machos. Sin embargo, no existe unanimidad a la hora de determinar si la castración es efectiva o no en función del problema conductual. Concretamente, para los problemas de agresividad, muchos autores afirman que la castración o no sirve para nada o pudiera incluso a gravarlos, mientras que otros opinan lo contrario. Teniendo en cuenta la falta de consenso y que no todos los perros tienen por qué responder de la misma manera, no estaría justificado realizar una castración quirúrgica de entrada, de tal forma que sería recomendable, antes de dar el paso irreversible de dicho acto, hacer una valoración empírica previa mediante la castración química o medicamentosa.

Abstract: English Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a brain dysfuction. It is not the same that dog�s natural age-related decline. In the SDC there are extracellular amyloid deposits as in Alzheimer disease but not intracellular tau deposits. Extracellular amyloid deposits are the result of a high oxidative stress and a higher production of amyloid protein insoluble form 1-42. These facts will be determined by a genetic and environmental interaction. CDS has as well as anatomopathological alterarions, brain neurotransmitter and receivers alterations. The most important could be: low levels of Dopamine, Dopamine D2 receiver, Noradrenaline, Serotonin, Acetylcholine and Acetylcholine Transferase; higher activity of MAO (monoamine oxidase) and Acetyl-Cholinesterase; and higher levels or higher sensitivity to Glutamate. Nowadays, anatomopathological diagnosis is the only accurate diagnosis for CDS (detect amyloid deposits), although presuntive clinical diagnosis with differential diagnosis can be very useful. There is evidence as well, that an early diagnosis of CDS would be possible for the future based on a blood analysis or the use of the FDDNP marker with a PET scanning. In the treatment, behavioural reeducation techniques could be useful in early stages and selegiline and nicergoline are pharmacological treatments with effectiveness proven in dogs. Nevertheless, almost all pharmacological treatments are proven in humans but not in dogs, it would be interesting to test these treatments in dogs. Finally, to adopt healthy habits based on regular physical exercise, proper food and suplements, will help to prevent and delay the evolution of this illness. Spanish El síndrome de disfunción cognitiva (SDC) del perro, es un desorden neurodegenerativo asociado a la edad que se caracteriza por provocar un declive en las funciones cerebrales. Resulta de gran importancia diferenciarlo del declive normal que se produce como consecuencia del envejecimiento. Al igual que la enfermedad de Alzheimer, se producen depósitos extracelulares de proteína Beta-Amiloide (PBA), pero no depósitos intracelulares de proteína tau. Este depósito de PBA es el resultado final de nn gran estrés oxidativo y una mayor formación de formas insolubles de PBA 1-42, hechos que vendrán determinados por una interacción genética y ambiental. En el SDC no sólo se producen alternaciones anatomopatológicas sino que también se podrían afectar una serie de neurotransmisores y receptores cerebrales. Las principales alteraciones al respecto podrían ser: niveles bajos de dopamina, el receptor D2 de la dopamina, la noradrenalina, serotonina, Acetil-Colina y Acetil-Colina Transferasa; mayor actividad de la MAO (monoaminooxidasa) y de la Acetil-Colinesterasa; y mayores niveles o sensibilidad aumentada al glutamato. Actualmente, el único diagnóstico de certeza se basa en un estudio anatomopatológico postmorten mediante el hallazgo de las placas amiloides, aunque el diagnóstico presuntivo de tipo clínico con diagnóstico diferencial puede ser de gran ayuda y se ha comprobado que sería posible en un futuro la detección precoz de la enfermedad mediante un simple análisis de sangre o mediante el empleo de un marcador (FDDNP) detectado por tomografía axial por emisión de positrones. En el tratamiento, merece la pena destacar que en estadios no muy avanzados, la terapia comportamental de tipo reeducacional podría ayudar. También se ha comprobado la eficacia de la seleginina y nicergolina, aunque la mayor parte de los tratamientos farmacológicos no han sido probados en perros, por lo que sería interesante ensayar con otros fármacos de reconocida eficacia en humanos. Por último, hábitos de vida más saludables basados en el ejercicio físico, una correcta alimentación y suplementación, serán de gran utilidad tanto para retrasar la aparición del proceso como la velocidad de evolución del mismo.

Abstract: English: β-D-glucan belongs to a group of glucose polymers whose monomers are linked by β-glycosidic bonds, which give the glucan its structural function. The best-known example of glucan is cellulose. The main dietary sources of β-glucans are vegetables, cereal fibers, mushroom and fungi such as yeast. β-glucans have important effects on health, both in animals and humans. These polysaccharides improve cardiovascular health by decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycemic response. They also exert potent immunomodulatory effects through radioprotective, myeloproliferative, antiinflammatory and antitumoral properties and promote an increased antiinfective state of the innate immune system. Among all the known glucans, the soluble form of (1�3),(1�6)-β-D-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (beer yeast) has been shown to have the greatest immunomodulatory effects, enhancing anti-tumour and anti-infection functions. Oral administration of β-D-glucan is well tolerated, does not impair the palatability of food, and has no toxic effects. Their molecular weight, degree of branching, and nature of the branches are believed to determine their bioactive and functional effects. In view of the healthy effects of glucans, intake of foods rich in these substances can be recommended. Such foods include vegetables, soluble cereal fiber and especially beer yeast, which contains the glucans with the greatestnumber of beneficial properties reported. Spanish: Los β-glucanos son polisacáridos formados por glucosa o derivados de ésta unidos entre sí mediante enlaces glucosídicos de tipo β, que son los que les confieren su función estructural. Como ejemplo más característico tenemos a la celulosa y como principales fuentes alimenticias de β-glucanos a los vegetales, las setas, el salvado de los cereales integrales y hongos como la levadura. Los β-glucanos tienen importantes efectos sobre la salud cuando se administran tanto en humanos como animales, mejorando la salud cardiovascular gracias a un descenso del colesterol LDL y una reducción en la respuesta glucémica. Además, pueden tener un potente efecto inmunomodulador, mostrando efectos radioprotectores, mieloproleferativos, antiinflamatorios, antitumorales y promoviendo una mayor estimulación del sistema inmune innato contra las infecciones. De todos los glucanos conocidos es la forma soluble del (1�3),(1�6)-β-D-glucano de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (levadura de cerveza) el que muestra unos mayores efectos inmunomodulatorios estimulando la lucha contra las infecciones y los tumores. La administración oral de β-D-glucano es bien tolerada, siendo capaz de mantener la palatabilidad de los alimentos y no ejerciendo efectos tóxicos. El peso molecular y el grado y naturaleza de las ramificaciones parecen ser los principales responsables de sus efectos bioactivos y funcionales. Teniendo en cuenta los saludable efectos de los glucanos, sería recomendable el empleo de alimentos que sean ricos en estas sustancias, como los vegetales, la fibra soluble de los cereales y sobre todo la levadura de cerveza, cuyos glucanos son los que tienen un mayor número de propiedades reportadas.

Abstract: English: The present paper tries to complete the previous paper of dominance aggression initiated in this journal. While in the previous paper we determined the factors linked with dominance aggression that depends on the owner, the aims of this paper are: to determine which factors that depend on the dog might be connected to dominance aggression, if possessive and dominance aggression are the same type of aggression and which behavioural factors are linked with dominance aggression. Our results show that the possessive-aggression is the first manifestation and the most basic form of dominance-aggression. The dog-dependent factors linked with a higher level of dominance aggression are: male sex, certain breeds and breed�s groups, small in size, the golden coat in English Cocker Spaniel and age between 5 and 7 years old. We also discovered certain dog behavioural factors that are linked with a higher level of dominance-aggression, such as: a long time spent eating, to be a fearful dog, destructive behaviour, frequent vocalization, inadequate elimination of urine or faeces-urine. Spanish: En el presente trabajo pretendemos profundizar y completar el estudio de la agresividad por dominancia iniciado en esta revista. Mientras que en el trabajo anterior determinábamos qué factores dependientes del dueño se asociaban a la agresividad por dominancia, en el presente expondremos qué factores que son dependientes del perro se asocian a la agresividad por dominancia. También intentaremos determinar si la agresividad posesiva y por dominancia se pueden considerar el mismo tipo de agresividad y qué otros factores o características conductuales se asocian a la agresividad por dominancia. Los resultados de nuestro estudio dejan claro que la agresividad posesiva es la primera forma de manifestación y la forma más elemental de agresividad por dominancia. Los factores dependientes del perro asociados a una mayor agresividad por dominancia son: el sexo masculino, determinadas razas y grupos raciales, el tamaño pequeño, la capa dorada en el English Cocker Spaniels y la edad de entre 5-7 años. Además hemos comprobado que existen factores conductuales asociados a una mayor agresividad por dominancia como son: la lentitud a la hora de comer, el hecho de ser un perro miedoso, la conducta destructiva, la vocalización excesiva y la eliminación inadecuada, concretamente la eliminación de orina y de heces-orina.

Abstract: A total of 51 seven-week-old English Cocker Spaniel puppies were measured for dominant�gressive behaviour using the Campbell Test. The dogs consisted of a F1 full sibs and half sibs from matings of 4 sires with 10 dams. The purpose of this study was to determine if the variability observed in this behavioural characteristic has an additive genetic component and if so, to estimate heritability (h2). Coat colour and sex were examined as fixed effects. According to the results of the study: (1) there are highly significant differences between sexes; with males being more dominant than females, regardless of coat colour; (2) there are highly significant differences in aggressive behaviour depending on coat colour with greater to lesser dominance found in golden, black and particolour coats in that order; (3) there is no interaction between sex and colour when exhibiting greater or lesser dominance; (4) heritability, estimated on sire components, is h2S 0:20, indicating that the variability observed in dominant�aggressive behaviour is in part due to genetic factors; and (5) heritability estimated on dam components is h2D 0:46, which implies that the maternal effect (genetic and environmental) is an important factor in this type of behaviour. It is concluded that there is an additive genetic, and therefore, hereditary factor for dominant� aggressive behaviour in the English Cocker Spaniel. Some of the fixed factors include: sex (males are dominant over females), coat colour (golden-coated are the more dominant dogs followed by thevblack-coated and finally by the particolour coat dogs) and the common environmental effect due to litter.

Abstract: English: Many epidemiological studies have linked a high intake of animal products with the genesis of cancer. However, when collecting and analyzing data, these studies do not take into account the possible effects of dietary carbohydrates and glucose metabolism abnormalities, which are important confounding variables that could be important diases. Factors related to carbohydrates and glucose metabolism, such as the energetic contribution of carbohydrates, the glycemic index and glycemic load, fasting glycemia and insulinemia, as well as glucose and insulin levels after oral glucose load, are associated with the risk of developing many types of cancer. Therefore, these factors should be kept in mind when collecting and interpreting epidemiologic information. Spanish: Hay multitud de estudios epidemiológicos que asocian el consumo de dietas ricas en productos de origen animal con la génesis del cáncer, pero que no tienen en cuenta, a la hora de recoger y analizar los datos, el efecto que pudieran tener los hidratos de carbono de la dieta y las alteraciones presentes en el metabolismo de la glucosa, que pueden ser importantes sesgos de confusión. Esto se debe a que se ha comprobado que factores relacionados con los hidratos de carbono y el metabolismo de la glucosa, como la contribución energética de los hidratos de carbono, el índice glucémico y la carga glucémica de los alimentos ingeridos así como la glucemia y la insulinemia, tanto en ayunas como tras una sobrecarga oral con glucosa, pueden estar asociados al riesgo de desarrollar muchos tipos de cáncer, por lo que deberían tenerse en cuenta en la recogida e interpretación de la información epidemiológica.

Abstract: English: Low back pain is a problem characterized by its high prevalence in the population and by its great economic and social repercussions, since it has become one of the first causes of working absenteeism. In low back pain, there is an association between muscular and psychosocial factors that generate avoidance conducts, fear and muscular atrophy, leading to a vicious circle that favors chronicity and disability. About 90 % of the patients do not present any demonstrable injury, and that's why the problem is considered as an unspecific low back pain. Contrary to what it was thought before, rest is contraindicated, since it debilitates and atrophies the back musculature. It was made a bibliographic review that clears up many mysteries related to the low back pain problem on the basis of solid scientifc argumentations that help and make easy the understanding of the process. Spanish: La lumbalgia es un problema que se caracteriza por la alta prevalencia en la población y por sus grandes repercusiones económicas y sociales, ya que se ha convertido en una de las primeras causas de absentismo laboral. En la lumbalgia se produce una asociaciónentre factores musculares y psicosociales que generan conductas de evitación, miedo y atrofia muscular, provocando un círculo vicioso que favorece la cronificación y la incapacidad. Cerca del 90 % de los casos no presentan algún tipo de lesión demostrable,por lo que el problema se cataloga como una lumbalgia inespecífica. Contrariamente a lo que antiguamente se pensaba, el reposo está contraindicado, pues debilita y atrofia la musculatura de la espalda. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica donde se aclaran muchas incógnitas relacionadas con el problema de la lumbalgia, fundamentándose en sólidas argumentaciones científicas que ayudan y facilitan la compresión del proceso.

Abstract: English Low back pain is a problem with a high prevalence in the population. About 80% of the population has low back pain at least once in their life. There are no injuries that justify the pain in about 90% of the cases. Thus, this type of condition is classified as an unspecific low back pain. Low back pain has associated high economic and social repercussions, since it has become in one of the first causes for absenteeism from work. Chronification of low back pain is associated with muscular and psychosocial factors that will favour physical disability. Resting is not advisable since it weakens and atrophies the muscles of the back. For this reason, the resting period must be under 2-3 days and only when it is absolutely necessary. On the contrary, physical exercise has shown to efficiently protect against low back pain, to favour the recuperation of chronic patients, to reduce the number of relapses and sick leaves and to help in the treatment of the psychological components associated with chronic low back pain. People with low back pain have impairments strength of the trunk, flexibility and cardiovascular capacity. Therefore, a correct work out with physical exercises targeting these three areas have demonstrated to efficiently improve these impairments. Regarding strength training frequencies, once a week is enough to develop and to maintain the improvements. Finally, a high intensity work out is better than a low intensity work out since the improvements are higher and faster. Spanish La lumbalgia es un problema que se caracteriza por su alta prevalencia en la población, de hecho hasta el 80% de la población lo padece al menos una vez en la vida En cerca del 90% de los casos no se encuentra ningún tipo de lesión que justifique el proceso, por lo que el problema será catalogado como lumbalgia inespecífica. La lumbalgia tiene una gran trascendencia debido a sus grandes repercusiones económicas y sociales asociadas, ya que se ha convertido en una de las primeras causas de absentismo laboral. En la cronificación de la lumbalgia se produce una asociación entre factores musculares y psicosociales que favorecerán la cronificación e incapacidad asociada al proceso. El reposo está contraindicado, pues debilita y atrofia la musculatura de la espalda, debiéndose de restringir por este motivo a no más de 2-3 días y cuando sea absolutamente necesario. Por el contrario, el ejercicio físico ha demostrado su eficacia a la hora de proteger contra la lumbalgia, contra el dolor asociado a la misma, de favorecer la recuperación en los procesos que se han cronificado, disminuir las recidivas, el número de días de baja laboral y ayudar en el tratamiento de los componentes psicológicos asociados a la lumbalgia crónica. En las personas aquejadas de lumbalgia crónica hay una pérdida en la fuerza del tronco, flexibilidad del tronco y capacidad cardiovascular, por lo que una terapia de ejercicios adecuada debería de tener en cuenta estos tres parámetros, ya que los buenos resultados que se pueden obtener indican la conveniencia de la misma. En relación a la frecuencia de entrenamiento muscular, de forma genérica una vez a la semana es suficiente para progresar y mantener los resultados obtenidos. Por último, en cuanto a la intensidad de dicho entrenamiento, es mejor entrenar con alta intensidad pues los resultados son mayores y más rápidos.

Abstract: English: Nowadays, in the industrialised countries the dog has stopped to be an animal for working and it has become a member of the family. Nevertheless, we usually forget that although the human being and the dog social system are analogous, the excessive anthropomorfic relationship with the dog could be an error. The dominance aggression cases are more popular in these times, and these aggressions usually occurs in homes with owners that treat the dog as a person. This dog�s behaviour problem will affect to the owner and the dog because dog�s aggression problems are the first reason of dog�s euthanasia. The objetive of our study is to determine which factors, that depends on the owner, might be connected to dominance aggression. This will help us to treat the dog on the right way. The results report that there are many modifiable factors, which are connected to higher levels of dominance aggression and which depend on the owner: first time ownership, a lack of obedience training, the fact that the owner is not the main obedience trainer, spoiling the dog, not using physical punishment with the dog, the fact that the dog was acquired as a present, as a pet, impulsively, or to defend/guard, spaying female dogs, giving the dog wet food, leaving food out for long periods of time and spending little time with the dog or going out for walks. There are other non-modifiable factors linked to higher levels of dominance aggression that also depend on the owner: female owners, a high level of education, owners under the age of 30, 1 or 3 family members. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that these factors are subordinate to the modifiable factors. Hence, it is the modifiable factors that have the greatest influence on dominance aggression in dogs. Spanish: Actualmente, en los países desarrollados, el perro ha dejado de ser un animal de trabajo para convertirse en un miembro más de la familia. Sin embargo, muchas veces olvidamos que a pesar de que el ser humano tiene un sistema social análogo al del perro, puede resultar un gran error antropomorfizar en demasía esta relación. Cada vez son más frecuentes los casos reportados de agresividad por dominancia, llamando la atención que suelen darse en hogares en los que el perro es tratado tan bien como se trataría a una persona. Este tipo de conducta repercutirá negativamente no sólo a los propietarios del perro, sino también a él mismo, ya que los problemas de agresión son la primera causa de eutanasia en el perro. El objeto de nuestro estudio es determinar qué factores dependientes del dueño, pudieran estar asociados a la agresividad por dominancia, con el objetivo de que una vez conocidos, podamos asesorar a los propietarios de los perros de cómo deberían de tratarlos. Los resultados dejan claro que existen factores asociados a una mayor agresividad por dominancia, que son dependientes del dueño y se pueden modificar: el no haber tenido perros con anterioridad, no someterlo a entrenamiento básico de obediencia, que el dueño no sea el principal implicado en el entrenamiento de obediencia, consentir o mimar al perro, no emplear el castigo de tipo físico, adquirirlo con los propósitos de regalo-simple mascota-guarda-defensa-capricho, castrar a las hembras, dar comida húmeda, dejarle la comida indefinidamente y dedicarle poco tiempo en general y en sus paseos. Por otra parte hemos comprobado que existen otros factores que son dependientes del dueño y no modificables que también se asocian a una mayor agresividad por dominancia: que el dueño sea mujer, que tenga un nivel elevado de estudios, que tenga una edad inferior a los 30 años y que haya una sola persona conviviendo con el perro o más de tres. No obstante hay que recalcar que estos factores se asocian a los anteriores, es decir, las personas que presentan estas características tienden a comportarse con el perro utilizando los factores modificables que se asocian a mayores niveles de agresividad por dominancia. Por ello, podemos concluir que lo que verdaderamente influye en la conducta dominante agresiva del perro esta relacionado con factores que podemos modificar.

Abstract: It is well established that breakfast beverages contain high quantities of Citrus juices. The purpose of the present study was to assess the nutraceutical value of orange and lemon juices as well as two of their active compounds: hesperidin and limonene. Indicator assays were performed at three levels to evaluate different biological health promoter activities: (i) determination of the safety and DNA-damage protecting ability against free radicals by using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster, (ii) study of the modulating role for life span in Drosophila melanogaster, and (iii) measurement of the cytotoxic activity against the human tumor cell line HL60. The highest concentrations assayed for lemon juice and limonene (50% v/v and 0.73 mM, respectively) showed genotoxic activity as evidenced from SMART. Orange and lemon juices as well as hesperidin and limonene exhibit antigenotoxic activity against hydrogen peroxide used as an oxidative genotoxin. Life-span experiments revealed that the lower concentrations of orange juice, hesperidin, and limonene exerted a positive influence on the life span of Drosophila. Finally all substances showed cytotoxic activity, with hesperidin being least active. Taking into account the safety, antigenotoxicity, longevity, and cytotoxicity data obtained in the different assays, orange juice may be a candidate as a nutraceutical food as it (1) is not genotoxic, (2) is able to protect DNA against free radicals, and (3) inhibits growth of tumor cells.