DOI
 | saidur@um.edu.my |
Journal articles | |
2013 |
M R Anisur, M H Mahfuz, M A Kibria, R Saidur, I H S C Metselaar, T M I Mahlia (2013) Curbing global warming with phase change materials for energy storage Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18: 23-30 Abstract: The application of thermal energy storage (TES) system with phase change material (PCM) is an effective way for energy conservation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Global warming is increasing along with the energy consumption. Many researchers are concerned about this present global environmental problem for fossil-fuel burning. Thermal energy storage system with phase change material is observed as a potential candidate for mitigating this problem. This paper emphasizes the opportunities for energy savings and greenhouse-gas emissions reduction with the implementation of PCM in TES systems. For instance, about 3.43% of CO 2 emission by 2020 could be reduced through the application of PCM in building and solar thermal power systems. Similarly, energy conservation and GHGs emission reduction by other PCM applications for thermal comfort of vehicles, transport refrigeration, engine cold start, greenhouse and waste heat management are also presented. In addition, some present investigations on the performance improvement of the phase change materials are addressed. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Article in Press CODEN: RSERF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Saidur, R.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiaemail: saidur@um.edu.my
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W Y Low, J A Aziz, N R N Idris, R Saidur (2013) Electrical model to predict current-voltage behaviours of lithium ferro phosphate batteries using a transient response correction method Journal of Power Sources 221: 201-209 Abstract: Lithium ferro phosphate (LiFePO 4) batteries are stable in terms of their thermal and chemical characteristics and have a high potential for wide use in the future. A battery model that predicts current-voltage (I-V) performance with high accuracy is vital for circuit designers so they can design circuits to control the usage of the battery and improve its runtime and its safety during use. In this paper, a battery model with two resistance- capacitance (RC) parallel networks is used for modelling and the values for parameters are divided into two sets; one for loaded conditions and the other for unloaded conditions. A methodology of transient response correction is proposed for formulating the parameters of the loaded condition. The steps for parameter extraction are discussed and the proposed battery model is validated using data from several experiments. The comparison between experiment and simulation results shows that the proposed model is capable of predicting I-V performance of the battery with very little error. Notes: 028AI Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:18
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S Mekhilef, S Z Faramarzi, R Saidur, Z Salam (2013) The application of solar technologies for sustainable development of agricultural sector Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18: 583-594 Abstract: Solar energy is one of the cleanest sources of alternative energy. Due to high energy demand in one hand and environmental negative impact of fossil fuels, on the other hand, many countries consider the alternative energy sources as a suitable and feasible option in industry and domestic usage. It was discovered that the different applications of solar energy in industries are being accepted more than ever. The present study is a state of art on the numerous new and feasible technologies of solar energy applications in the agricultural sectors. It discusses about the importance of solar energy as environmental clean technologies and the most reliable energy source. This study covers different types of solar energy systems like as solar photovoltaic and solar thermal for pumping water, drying crops, cooling the storages and producing heating/cooling greenhouses. It has been proven that photovoltaic systems and/or solar thermal system would be the suitable options in agricultural application and especially for the distant rural area. Notes:
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I M Mahbubul, S A Fadhilah, R Saidur, K Y Leong, M A Amalina (2013) Thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance of Al2O3/R-134a nanorefrigerants International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 57: 1. 100-108 Abstract: The past decade has seen the rapid development of nanofluids science in many aspects. In recent years, refrigerant-based nanofluids have been introduced as nanorefrigerants due to their significant effects over heat transfer performance. This study investigates the thermophysical properties, pressure drop and heat transfer performance of Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). Suitable models from existing studies have been used to determine the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanorefrigerants for the nanoparticle concentrations of 1 to 5 vol.%. The pressure drop, pumping power and heat transfer coefficients of nanorefrigerant in a horizontal smooth tube have also been investigated with the same particle concentration at constant velocity of 5 m/s and uniform mass flux of 100 kg/m2 s. In this study, the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/R-134a nanorefrigerant increased with the augmentation of particle concentration and temperature however, decreased with particle size intensification. In addition, the results of viscosity, pressure drop, and heat transfer coefficients of the nanorefrigerant show a significant increment with the increase of volume fractions. Therefore, optimal particle volume fraction is important to be considered in producing nanorefrigerants that can enhance the performance of refrigeration systems. Notes:
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2012 |
A Ijam, R Saidur, P Ganesan (2012) Cooling of minichannel heat sink using nanofluids International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 8. 1188-1194 Abstract: Nanofluids contain a small fraction of solid nanoparticles in base fluids. Nanofluids cooled small channel heat sinks, have been anticipated to be an excellent heat dissipation method for the next generation electronic devices. In this study, nanofluids are used with different volume fractions of nanoparticles as a coolant for the minichannel. Al2O3-water nanofluid and TiO2-water nanofluid were tested for the copper minichannel heat sink, with the bottom of 20 x 20 mm laminar flow as a coolant, through hydraulic diameters. The result showed that adding Al2O3 nanoparticles to water at 4% of volume fractions, enhanced the thermal conductivity by 11.98% and by dispersing TiO2 to the base fluid, was 9.97%. It was found that using nanofluid such as Al2O3-water instead of water, improved the cooling by 2.95% to 17.32% and by using TiO2-water, 1.88% to 16.53% was achieved. The highest pumping power by using Al2O3-water and TiO2-water at 4 vol.% and 0.1 m/s was 0.000552 W and at 4 vol.% and 1.5 m/s was 0.12437 W. Notes: 011EJ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:32
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M R Islam, N A Rahim, K H Solangi, R Saidur (2012) Assessing wind energy potentiality for selected sites in Malaysia Energy Education Science and Technology Part a-Energy Science and Research 29: 1. 611-626 Abstract: The detailed knowledge of the wind characteristics at a site is very crucial to install and estimate the performance of a wind energy project. In this paper, with the help of 2-parameter Weibull distribution, the assessment of wind energy potentiality at Mersing, Melaka and Kuantan in 2006-2008 was carried out. The monthly and yearly highest mean wind speeds were 4.28 and 2.91 m/s respectively at Mersing. The annual highest values of the Weibull shape parameter (k) and the Weibull scale parameter (c) were 2.18 and 3.11 m/s. The maximum wind power density was found to be 26.76 W/m(2) at Mersing for the year 2008. The maximum wind power density at Melaka and Kuantan were found to be 11.98 W/m(2) and 8.4 W/m(2) respectively. The maximum wind energy density was found to be 234.42 kWh/m(2)/year at Mersing in 2008. The most probable wind speed and wind speed carrying maximum energy were estimated 2.40 m/s and 4.47 m/s at Mersing in 2008. The maximum deviation, at wind speed more than 2 m/s, between observed and Weibull frequency distribution is about 8%. The most probable wind directions (blowing from) were 0 degrees, 45 degrees and 247.5 degrees at Kuantan, Melaka and Mersing respectively. From this study, it is concluded that these sites are unsuitable for large-scale wind energy generation. However, small-scale wind energy can be generated using a vertical axis turbine in Mersing. Notes: Islam, M. R. Rahim, N. A. Solangi, K. H. Saidur, R.
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M Hasanuzzaman, M M Rahman, H F Γztop, N A Rahim, R Saidur (2012) Effects of Lewis number on heat and mass transfer in a triangular cavity International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 8. 1213-1219 Abstract: The double-diffusive mixed convection in a right triangular is analyzed by solving the mass, momentum, energy and concentration balance equations. The flow is considered to operate in the laminar regime under steady state conditions. Moreover, Galerkin weighted residuals finite element method is applied to solve the governing equations. The study is performed for different values of Lewis number, Richardson number and the direction of the sliding wall motion. Heat and mass transfer characteristics as streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentration lines, average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are studied for the aforesaid parameters. It is found that heat transfer decreased by 3.6% and 3.7% as Le increases from 5 to 20 at Ri = 5 for cases 1 and 2 respectively. On the other hand, at the same convective regime, mass transfer rate increased by 32.4% and 38.4% as Le increases from 5 to 20 for cases 1 and 2 respectively. Moreover, the flow, temperature and concentration fields are controlled by the direction of the sliding wall. Notes: 011EJ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:29
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M Hasanuzzaman, N A Rahim, M Hosenuzzaman, R Saidur, I M Mahbubul, M M Rashid (2012) Energy savings in the combustion based process heating in industrial sector Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 7. 4527-4536 Abstract: Energy efficiency and savings strategies in the combustion based industrial process heating has been reviewed comprehensively and presented in this paper. This work compiles latest literatures in terms of thesis, journal articles, conference proceedings, web materials, reports, books, handbooks on industrial process heating systems in the industrial sector. Different types of equipment used (i.e., recuperator, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, etc.) and energy savings are reviewed in various industrial processes heating. Based on the review results, it is found that significant amounts of energy could be saved by using heat recovery system in the industrial process heating. By using recuperator up to 25% energy can be saved in the furnace. In the case of boiler, by using economizers 10% to 20% energy can be saved. Economic analysis shows that the payback period of recuperator and economizer are normally less than 2 years. It is also found that the payback period is lower when operating hour is comparatively high. Notes: 994CZ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:63
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A Kamyar, R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman (2012) Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for nanofluids International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55: 15-16. 4104-4115 Abstract: Evaluating the heat transfer enhancement due to the use of nanofluids has recently become the center of interest for many researchers. This newly introduced category of cooling fluids containing ultrafine nano-particles (1-100 nm) has displayed fascinating behavior during experiments including increased thermal conductivity and augmented heat transfer coefficient compared to a pure fluid. This article reviews and summarizes the numerical studies performed in this area including conventional numerical methods as well as the new Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Most of these computational simulations are in acceptable concordance with the results from experiments. However, there are some challenges to encounter when dealing with nanofluids. Changes might be necessary to mathematical models before simulation such as using two-phase models instead of single-phase models for nanofluids. Notes: 960DF Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:117
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M Hasanuzzaman, H F Γztop, M M Rahman, N A Rahim, R Saidur, Y Varol (2012) Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection in trapezoidal cavities International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 9. 1384-1394 Abstract: A computational numerical work has been done to see the effects of magnetic field on natural convection for a trapezoidal enclosure. Both inclined walls and bottom wall have constant temperature where the bottom wall temperature is higher than the inclined walls. Top wall of the cavity is adiabatic. To investigate the effects, finite element method is used to solve the governing equations for different parameters such as Rayleigh number, Hartmann number and inclination angle of inclined wall of the enclosure. It is found that heat transfer decreased by 20.70% and 16.15% as ÃÂ increases from 0 to 60 at Ra=10 5 and 10 6 respectively. On the other hand, heat transfer decreased by 20.28% and 13.42% as Ha increases from 0 to 50 for Ra=10 5 and 10 6 respectively. Notes: 028FH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:28
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K Y Leong, R Saidur, T M I Mahlia, Y H Yau (2012) Modeling of shell and tube heat recovery exchanger operated with nanofluid based coolants International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55: 4. 808-816 Abstract: The emergence of several challenging issues such as climate change, fuel price hike and fuel security have become hot topics around the world. Therefore, introducing highly efficient devices and heat recovery systems are necessary to overcome these challenges. It is reported that a high portion of industrial energy is wasted as flue gas from heating plants, boilers, etc. This study has focused on the application of nanofluids as working fluids in shell and tube heat recovery exchangers in a biomass heating plant. Heat exchanger specification, nanofluid properties and mathematical formulations were taken from the literature to analyze thermal and energy performance of the heat recovery system. It was observed that the convective and overall heat transfer coefficient increased with the application of nanofluids compared to ethylene glycol or water based fluids. It addition, 7.8% of the heat transfer enhancement could be achieved with the addition of 1% copper nanoparticles in ethylene glycol based fluid at a mass flow rate of 26.3 and 116.0 kg/s for flue gas and coolant, respectively. Notes: 895BC Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:36
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N A Madlool, R Saidur, N A Rahim, M R Islam, M S Hossian (2012) An exergy analysis for cement industries : An overview Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 1. 921-932 Abstract: Cement production has been one of the most energy intensive industries in the world with energy typically accounting about 30-40% of the production costs. Reduction of the production cost is very much important. Therefore, many studies on the efficient use of energy were carried out in the past. Moreover, these studies, which are based on exergy analysis, focus on industrial applications only. This paper reviewed exergy analysis, exergy balance, and exergetic efficiencies for cement industry. It is found that the exergy efficiency for cement production units ranges from 18% to 49% as well as the exergy losses due to the irreversibility from kiln are higher than other units in cement production plant. Notes: 871UZ Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:57
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K Y Leong, R Saidur, T M I Mahlia, Y H Yau (2012) Entropy generation analysis of nanofluid flow in a circular tube subjected to constant wall temperature International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 8. 1169-1175 Abstract: Due to their improved thermal conductivity, nanofluids have the potential to be used as heat transfer fluids in thermal systems. However adding particles into nanofluids will increase the viscosity of the fluid flow. This demonstrates that there is a trade-off between heat transfer enhancement and viscosity. It might not be ideal to achieve a heat transfer enhancement along with a relatively high pumping power. This study presents an analytical investigation on the entropy generation of a nanofluid flow through a circular tube with a constant wall temperature. Nanofluid thermo-physical properties are obtained from literature or calculated from suitable correlations. The present study focuses on water based alumina and titanium dioxide nanofluids. Outcome of the analysis shows that titanium dioxide nanofluids offer lower total dimensionless entropy generation compared to that of alumina nanofluids. Addition of 4% titanium dioxide nanoparticles reduces the total dimensionless entropy generation by 9.7% as compared to only 6.4% reduction observed when using alumina. It is also noted that dimension configurations of the circular tube play a significant role in determining the entropy generation. Notes: 011EJ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:31
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H Fayaz, R Saidur, N Razali, F S Anuar, A R Saleman, M R Islam (2012) An overview of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 8. 5511-5528 Abstract: As hydrogen fuel cell vehicles move from manifestation to commercialization, the users expect safe, convenient and customer-friendly fuelling. Hydrogen quality affects fuel cell stack performance and lifetime, as well as other factors such as valve operation. In this paper, previous researcherâs development on hydrogen as a possible major fuel of the future has been studied thoroughly. Hydrogen is one of the energy carriers which can replace fossil fuel and can be used as fuel in an internal combustion engines and as a fuel cell in vehicles. To use hydrogen as a fuel of internal combustion engine, engine design should be considered for avoiding abnormal combustion. As a result it can improve engine efficiency, power output and reduce NO x emissions. The emission of fuel cell is low as compared to conventional vehicles but as penalty, fuel cell vehicles need additional space and weight to install the battery and storage tank, thus increases it production cost. The production of hydrogen can be âcarbon-freeâ only if it is generated by employing genuinely carbon-free renewable energy sources. The acceptability of hydrogen technology depends on the knowledge and awareness of the hydrogen benefits towards environment and human life. Recent study shows that people still do not have the sufficient information of hydrogen. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: RSERF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Fayaz, H.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; email: katperfayaz@gmail.com References: Abbasi, T., Abbasi, S.A., âRenewableâ hydrogen: Prospects and challenges (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (6), pp. 3034-3040; Cotrell, J., Pratt, W., (2003) Modeling the Feasibility of Using Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines in Remote Renewable Energy Systems; Liu, P.F., Numerical simulation and optimal design for composite high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel: A review (2012) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (4), pp. 1817-1827; Balat, M., Hydrogen in fueled systems and the significance energy sourcesof hydrogen in vehicular transportation (2007) Energy Sources, Part B, 2, pp. 49-61; Farrauto, R.J., 3 from the internal combustion engine to the fuel cell: Moving towards the hydrogen economy (2003) Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, pp. 21-29. , MO Masakazu Anpo, Y Hiromi, Elsevier; Silveira, J.L., The benefits of ethanol use for hydrogen production in urban transportation (2009) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (9), pp. 2525-2534; Ganesan, V., (2003) Internal Combustion Engines, , Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi; Saanum, I., Experimental Studies of Hydrogen As A Fuel Additive in Internal Combustion Engines, , in Department of Energy and Process Engineering. 2008, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Sobrino, F.H., Monroy, C.R., Pérez, J.L.H., Critical analysis on hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels and biofuels for vehicles in Europe (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (2), pp. 772-780; Guo, L.S., Lu, H.B., Li, J.D., A hydrogen injection system with solenoid valves for a four-cylinder hydrogen-fuelled engine (1999) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 24 (4), pp. 377-382; Soberanis, M.A.E., Fernandeza, A.M., A review on the technical adaptations for internal combustion engines to operate with gas/hydrogen mixtures (2010) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35 (21), pp. 12134-12140; Verhelst, S., Thomas, W., Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (2009) Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 35 (6), pp. 490-527; Momirlan, M., Veziroglu, T.N., Current status of hydrogen energy (2002) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 6 (12), pp. 141-179; Bauer, C.G., Forest, T.W., Effect of hydrogen addition on the performance of methane-fueled vehicles. 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Thesena, G., Langhelle, O., Awareness, acceptability and attitudes towards hydrogen vehicles and filling stations: A greater stravanger case study and comparisons with London (2008) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33 (21), pp. 5859-5867; Midilli, A., On hydrogen and hydrogen energy strategies: I: Current status and needs (2005) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9 (3), pp. 255-271; Safari, H., Jazayeri, S.A., Ebrahimi, R., Potentials of NO x emission reduction methods in SI hydrogen engine: Simulation study (2009) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34 (2), pp. 1015-1025; Elliot, M., Behavirol response to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and refueling: Results of California drive clinics (2009) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34 (20), pp. 8670-8680; Mirza, U.K., A vision for hydrogen economy in Pakistan (2009) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (5), pp. 1111-1115; Prince-Richard, S., Whalel, M., Djilali, N., A techno-economic analysis of decentralized electrolytic hydrogen production for fuel cell vehicles (2005) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30 (11), pp. 1159-1179; Mikhail Granovskii, I.D., Rosen, M.A., Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel cell & gasoline vehicles (2006) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 159 (2), pp. 1186-1193; Pamela, L.S., Margaret, K.M., (2001) Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production Via Natural Gas Reforming, , National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Pamela, L.S., Margaret, K.M., (2004) Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Hydrogen Production Via Wind/electrolysis, , National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Hydrogen Production, Retrieved on November 2010, , http://en.wikipedia.org, Wikipedia; De Souza, A.C.C., Silveira, J.L., Hydrogen production utilizing glycerol from renewable feedstocks - The case of Brazil (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (4), pp. 1835-1850; (2010) Authority, N.Y.S.E.R.a.D., Hydrogen Production - Coal, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, , http://www.nyserda.org, Retrieved on 09-09-2010, Online 3/8/2010; Besancon, M., B Hydrogen quality from decarbonized fossil fuels to fuel cells (2009) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34 (5), pp. 2350-2360; Anonymous, (2008) Secondary Energy Infobook; (2010) HPC, Hydrogen Production from Coal, , http://www.HydrogenAssociation.org, The National Hydrogen Association, Retrieved on 05-09-2010 [Online] March 2010; Colella, W.G., Jacobson, M.Z., Golden, D.M., Switching to a U.S. hydrogen fuel cell vehicle fleet: The resultant changes in emissions, energy use, and greenhouse gases (2005) Journal of Power Sources, 150, pp. 150-181; Mazloomi, K., Gomes, C., Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Prospects and challenges (2012) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (5), pp. 3024-3033; (2010) Association, NH, Hydrogen Production from Coal, , http://www.HydrogenAssociation.org, The National Hydrogen Association. 13/9/2010; Osterloh, F.E., Inorganic materials as catalysts for photochemical splitting of water (2008) ChemInform, p. 39; Wang, M., Wang, Z., Guo, Z., Water electrolysis enhanced by super gravity field for hydrogen production (2010) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35 (8), pp. 3198-3205; Zeng, K., Zhang, D., Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications (2010) Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36 (3), pp. 307-326; Ananthachar, V., Duffy, J.J., Efficiencies of hydrogen storage systems onboard fuel cell vehicles (2005) Solar Energy, 78 (5), pp. 687-694; Wang, H.Z., A review on hydrogen production using aluminum and aluminum alloys (2009) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (4), pp. 845-853; Goswami, Yogi, Alternative energy in agriculture (1986) Gasbook Biomass Gasification, 2, pp. 83-102; Oh, S., Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production with concentrated natural seawater produced by membrane process (2011) Solar Energy, 85 (9), pp. 2256-2263; A Prospectus for Biological H2 Production, , http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/pdfs/ photobiological.pdf, U.S. Department of Energy Retrieved on 10-05-2012
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K Y Leong, R Saidur, T M I Mahlia, Y H Yau (2012) Performance investigation of nanofluids as working fluid in a thermosyphon air preheater International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 4. 523-529 Abstract: In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in energy demand due to industrialization development. This raises concern on issues such as depletion of fossil based energy and emission of green house gasses. Hence, optimization of energy use through the thermosyphon air preheater is one of the possible approaches to address this problem. It can be used to recover and transmit the heat from the hot air (flue gas) to the cold air used for combustion process in a boiler. This study focuses on the analytical analysis of the thermal performance of a thermosyphon operated with water and nanofluids. The thermo physical properties of the selected nanofluids and relevant formulations are taken from the literatures to perform the analysis. Study found that change of nanofluid properties such as thermal conductivity only plays minor role in enhancing the thermal performance of the thermosyphon. The study implied that the hot air velocity is capable of increasing the efficiency of a thermosyphon. It is found that 23% overall heat transfer enhancement is observed when the hot air velocity increases from 2.0. m/s to 4.75. m/s for water based (7%) alumina and (4%) titanium dioxide nanofluids. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: IHMTD Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Leong, K.Y.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: leongkinyuen@gmail.com References: Saidur, R., Abdelaziz, E.A., Mekhilef, S., A review on energy saving strategies in industrial sector (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (1), pp. 150-168; Saidur, R., Ahamed, J.U., Masjuki, H.H., Energy, exergy and economic analysis of industrial boilers (2010) Energy Policy, 38 (5), pp. 2188-2197; Liu, D., Tang, G.F., Zhao, F.Y., Wang, H.Q., Modeling and experimental investigation of looped separate heat pipe as waste heat recovery facility (2006) Applied Thermal Engineering, 26 (17-18), pp. 2433-2441; Murshed, S.M.S., Leong, K.C., Yang, C., Enhanced thermal conductivity of TiO 2-water based nanofluids (2005) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 44 (4), pp. 367-373; Murshed, S.M.S., Leong, K.C., Yang, C., Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids (2008) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47 (5), pp. 560-568; Rea, U., McKrell, T., Hu, L.W., Buongiorno, J., Laminar convective heat transfer and viscous pressure loss of alumina water and zirconia-water nanofluids (2009) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52 (7-8), pp. 2042-2048; He, Y., Men, Y., Zhao, Y., Lu, H., Ding, Y., Numerical investigation into the convective heat transfer of TiO 2 nanofluids flowing through a straight tube under the laminar flow conditions (2009) Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (10), pp. 1965-1972; Kim, D., Kwon, Y., Cho, Y., Li, C., Cheong, S., Hwang, Y., Lee, J., Moon, S., Convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids under laminar and turbulent flow conditions (2009) Current Applied Physics, 9 (2 SUPPL. 1), pp. e119-e123; Duangthongsuk, W., Wongwises, S., An experimental study on the heat transfer performance and pressure drop of TiO 2-water nanofluids flowing under a turbulent flow regime (2010) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53 (1-3), pp. 334-344; Shafahi, M., Bianco, V., Vafai, K., Manca, O., An investigation of the thermal performance of cylindrical heat pipes using nanofluids (2010) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53 (1-3), pp. 376-383; Do, K.H., Ha, H.J., Jang, S.P., Thermal resistance of screen mesh wick heat pipes using the water-based Al 2O 3 nanofluids (2010) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53 (25-26), pp. 5888-5894; Mousa, M.G., Effect of nanofluid concentration on the performance of circular heat pipe (2010) Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2 (1), pp. 63-69; Do, K.H., Jang, S.P., Effect of nanofluids on the thermal performance of a flat micro heat pipe with a rectangular grooved wick (2010) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53 (9-10), pp. 2183-2192; Qu, J., Wu, H., Thermal performance comparison of oscillating heat pipes with SiO 2/water and Al 2O 3/water nanofluids (2011) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50 (10), pp. 1954-1962; Noie, S.H., Investigation of thermal performance of an air-to-air thermosyphon heat exchanger using #-NTU method (2006) Applied Thermal Engineering, 26 (5-6), pp. 559-567; Incropera, F.P., Dewitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., Lavine, A.S., (2007) Introduction to Heat Transfer, , John Wiley & Sons (Asia), Singapore; Nuntaphan, A., Tiansuwan, J., Kiatsiriroat, T., Enhancement of heat transport in thermosyphon air preheater at high temperature with binary working fluid: a case study of TEG-water (2002) Applied Thermal Engineering, 22 (3), pp. 251-266; Murshed, S.M.S., Leong, K.C., Yang, C., A combined model for the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids (2009) Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (11-12), pp. 2477-2483; Khanafer, K., Vafai, K., A critical synthesis of thermophysical characteristics of nanofluids (2011) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54 (19-20), pp. 4410-4428; Leong, K.Y., Saidur, R., Kazi, S.N., Mamun, A.H., Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator) (2010) Applied Thermal Engineering, 30 (17-18), pp. 2685-2692; Ijam, A., Saidur, R., Nanofluid as a coolant for electronic devices (cooling of electronic devices) (2012) Applied Thermal Engineering, 32, pp. 76-82; Hewitt, G.F., Shires, G.L., Bott, T.R., (1993) Process Heat Transfer, , CRC Press, Inc; Hagens, H., Ganzevles, F.L.A., van der Geld, C.W.M., Grooten, M.H.M., Air heat exchangers with long heat pipes: experiments and predictions (2007) Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (14-15), pp. 2426-2434; Qu, J., Wu, H.Y., Cheng, P., Thermal performance of an oscillating heat pipe with Al 2O 3 water nanofluids (2010) International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 37 (2), pp. 111-115; Naphon, P., Assadamongkol, P., Borirak, T., Experimental investigation of titanium nanofluids on the heat pipe thermal efficiency (2008) International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 35 (10), pp. 1316-1319
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K Y Leong, R Saidur, M Khairulmaini, Z Michael, A Kamyar (2012) Heat transfer and entropy analysis of three different types of heat exchangers operated with nanofluids International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 6. 838-843 Abstract: The development of nanotechnology has witnessed an emergence of new generation of heat transfer fluids known as nanofluids. Nanofluids are used as coolants which provide excellent thermal performance in shell and tube heat exchangers. However, the viscosity of these fluids increases with the addition of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the performance of these heat exchangers is influenced by the arrangement of baffles. Thus, in this paper, the study focuses on the heat transfer and entropy analysis of segmental, 25ð and 50 helical baffles shell and tube heat exchangers. Heat transfer rate of the 25 helical baffles heat exchanger found to be the highest among the three heat exchangers studied in this research. Study indicates that shell and tube heat exchanger with 50ð helical baffles exhibits lowest entropy generation among three different heat exchangers. Notes: 978VP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:38
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Abstract: An experimental investigation has been carried out for turbulent flow through a tube with perforated strip inserts. Strips were of mild steels with circular holes of different diameters. Flow varies, with ranging Reynolds numbers from 15,000 to 47,000. Air velocity, tube wall temperatures, and pressure drops were measured for a plain and strip-inserted tube. The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor were found to be 2.80 times and 1.8 times, respectively, that of the plain tube. The heat transfer performance was evaluated and found to be 2.3 times that of the plain tube based on constant blower power. é 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: EXHTE Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Ahamed, J.U.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; email: jamal293@yahoo.com References: Patankar, S.V., Ivanovic, M., Sparrow, E.M., Analysis of turbulent flow and heat transfer in internally finned tubes and annuli (1979) J. Heat Transf., 101, pp. 29-37; Mafiz, H., Huq, A.M.A., Rahman, M.M., An experimental study of heat transfer in an internally finned tube (1996) Proc. ASME Heat Transf. Div., 2, pp. 211-217; Hsieh, S.S., Huang, I.W., Heat transfer and pressure drop of laminar flow in horizontal tubes with/without longitudinal inserts (2000) J. Heat Transf., 122, pp. 465-476; Wang, L., Sund, B., Performance comparison of some tube inserts (2002) Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., 29, pp. 45-56; Saha, S.K., Dutta, A., Dhal, S.K., Friction and heat transfer characteristics of laminar swirl flow through a circular tube fitted with regularly spaced twisted: Tape elements (2001) Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 44, pp. 4211-4223; Saha, S.K., Langille, P., Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of laminar flow through a circular tube with longitudinal strip inserts under uniform wall heat flux (2002) ASME J. Heat Transf., 124, pp. 421-430; Hsieh, S.S., Wu, F.Y., Tsai, H.H., Turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristics in a horizontal circular tube with strip-type inserts: Part i. fluid mechanics (2003) Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 46, pp. 823-835; Eiamsa-Ard, S., Ploychay, Y., Sripattanapipat, S., Promvong, P., An experimental study of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in a circular tube fitted with a helical tape (2004) Proceedings of the 18th Conference of Mechanical Engineering Network of Thailand, , Khon Kaen, Thailand October 18-20; Sarkar, M.A.R., Islam, M.Z., Islam, M.A., Heat transfer in turbulent flow through tube with wire-coil inserts (2005) J. Enhanced Heat Transf., 12, pp. 385-394; Sarkar, M.A.R., Hasan, A.B.M.T., Ehsan, M., Talukdar, M.M.A., Huq, A.M.A., Heat transfer in turbulent flow through tube with longitudinal strip inserts Paper no. TH-46 (2005) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, , Dhaka, Bangladesh December 28-30; Habert, M., Thome, J.R., Falling-film evaporation on tube bundle with plain and enhanced tubes-part II: Experimental results (2010) Exper. Heat Transf., 23, pp. 259-280; Habert, M., Thome, J.R., Falling-film evaporation on tube bundle with plain and enhanced tubes-part ii: New prediction methods Exper. Heat Transf., 23 (2010), pp. 281-297; Ahamed, J.U., Wazed, M.A., Ahmed, S., Nukman, Y., Tuan Ya, T.M.Y.S., Sarkar, M.A.R., Enhancement and prediction of heat transfer rate in turbulent flow through tube with perforated twisted tape inserts: A new correlation ASME J. Heat Transf., 133 (2011), pp. 1-9; Sundar, S.L., Sharma, K.V., Experimental investigation of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in a circular tube with longitudinal strip inserts (2008) J. Enhanced Heat Transf., 15, pp. 325-334; Sarada, N.S., Radha, K.K., Raju, A.V.S., Experimental investigations in a circular tube to enhance turbulent heat transfer using mesh inserts (2009) ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 4, pp. 53-60; Karwa, R., Maheshwari, B.K., Sailesn, P.K., Experimental study of heat transfer and friction in annular ducts with a heated tube having a spirally wound helical spring J. Enhanced Heat Transf., 17 (2010), pp. 77-92; Owner, E., Pankhurst, R.C., (1977) The Measurement of Air Flow, pp. 300-370. , 5th ed. in SI units) Pergamon Press; Bergles, A.E., Blumenkrantz, A.R., Toberek, J., Performance evaluation criteria for enhanced heat transfer surfaces (1974) J. Heat Transf., 2, pp. 239-243; Webb, R.L., Performance evaluation criteria for use of enhanced heat transfer surfaces in heat exchanger design (1981) Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 24, pp. 715-726; Bhuiya, M.M.K., An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow Through A Tube with Perforated Rectangular Strip Insert, , M.Sc. Thesis Bangladesh University of Engg. & Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Kline, S.J., McClintock, F.A., Describing uncertainties in single-sample experiments (1953) Mechan. Eng., 75, pp. 3-8
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J U Ahamed, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, M A Sattar (2012) Energy and thermodynamic performance of LPG as an alternative refrigerant to R-134a in a domestic refrigerator Energy Education Science and Technology Part a-Energy Science and Research 29: 1. 597-610 Abstract: This paper presents an experimental investigation on the energy and thermodynamics performance of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative refrigerant to R-134a. LPG with 60% propane and 40% butane by mass fraction is used for the performance investigation. Thermodynamics performance such as co-efficient of performance, refrigeration effect, and compressor work, second law efficiency, and exergy losses have been investigated. The results show that LPG can be a possible alternative to R-134a in a domestic refrigerator. It is found that 60g LPG refrigerant has the lowest exergy loss (%) followed by 80g LPG. Highest exergy loss has been found when R134a is used as a refrigerant in a domestic refrigerator. Notes: 893DY Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:27
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J U Ahamed, N A Madlool, R Saidur, M I Shahinuddin, A Kamyar, H H Masjuki (2012) Assessment of energy and exergy efficiencies of a grate clinker cooling system through the optimization of its operational parameters Energy 46: 1. 664-674 Abstract: Grate coolers are widely used in cement industries to recover heat from hot clinker, coming out from the rotary kiln. This study focuses on improving the energy, exergy and recovery efficiencies of a grate cooling system through the optimization of its operational parameters such as masses of cooling air and clinker, cooling air temperature, and grate speed. It has been found that the energy and recovery energy efficiencies of a cooling system can be increased by 1.1% and 1.9%, respectively, with every 5% mass increases of cooling air. Similarly, it has been estimated that energy and recovery energy efficiencies can be increased by 2.0% and 0.4% with every 5% increase of cooling temperature. The exergy and its recovery efficiencies found to be increased by 3.6% and 2.2%, respectively, for the same condition. Energy efficiency and energy recovery efficiencies are increased by 3.5% and 1.4% with every 9.1% increase of grate speed. Using heat recovery from the exhaust air, energy and exergy recovery efficiencies of the cooling system found to be increased by 21.5% and 9.4%, respectively. It has been found that about 38.10% and 30.86% energy cost can be saved by changing mass flow rate of clinker and mass flow rate of cooling air, respectively. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: ENEYD Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Ahamed, J.U.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: juahamed@gmail.com References: Hendriks, C.A., Worrell, E., Jager, D.D., Blok, K., Riemer, P., Emission reduction of Greenhouse gases from the cement industry (2004) In: Greenhouse gas control technologies conference paper - cement. Available from, , http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/; Rasul, M.G., Widianto, W., Mohanty, B., Assessment of the thermal performance and energy conservation opportunities of a cement industry in Indonesia (2005) Appl Therm Eng, 25, pp. 2950-2965; Kolip, A., Fevzi, S.A., Energy and exergy analyses of a parallel flow, four stage cyclone precalciner type cement plant (2010) Int J Phys Sci, 5 (7), pp. 1147-1163; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Masjuki, H.H., Mekhilef, S., Ping, H.W., Jamaluddin, M.F., End-use energy analysis in the Malaysian industrial sector (2009) Energy, 34 (2), pp. 153-158; Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Yogeswaran, S., Mohammed, H.A., Hossain, M.S., An end-use energy analysis in a Malaysian public hospital (2010) Energy, 35, pp. 4780-4785; (2006) U.S. EPA sector strategies Program, , http://www.epa.gov/sectors/performance2006.html, SSP Report; Worrell, E., Galitsky, C., (2008) Energy efficiency improvement and cost saving opportunities for cement making, an ENERGY STAR guide for energy and plant managers, , National Laboratory Environmental Energy Technologies Division; Punte, S., Holcim Bulacan plant: use of high efficiency fans and motors for clinker cooler fans energy efficiency guide for industry in Asia, , http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org2005, Available at: ; Worrell, E., Martin, N., Price, L., Potentials for energy efficiency improvement in the US cement industry (2000) Energy, 25 (12), pp. 1189-1214; Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Jamaluddin, M.Y., An application of energy and exergy analysis in residential sector in Malaysia (2007) Energ Policy, 35, pp. 1050-1063; Cengel, A., (2006) Heat and mass transfer: a practical approach, , McGraw Hill; Ahamed, J.U., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., A review on exergy analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system (2011) Renew Sust Energ Rev, 15 (3), pp. 1593-1600; Ari, V., Energetic and exergetic assessments of a cement rotary kiln system (2011) Sci Res Essays, 6 (6), pp. 1428-1438; Șǵt, Z., Oktay, Z., Karako̤, H., Mathematical modeling of heat recovery from a rotary kiln (2010) Appl Therm Eng, 30 (8-9), pp. 817-825; Madlool, N., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Islam, M.R., Hossain, M.S., An exergy analysis for cement industries: an overview (2011) Renew Sust Energ Rev, 16 (1), pp. 921-932; Madlool, N., Saidur, R., Hossain, M.S., Rahim, N.A., A critical review on energy use and savings in the cement industries (2011) Renew Sust Energ Rev, 15 (4), pp. 2042-2060; Punte, S., (2005) Textbook training material cement, energy efficiency guide for industry in Asia, , http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org, Available from:; Sogut, M.Z., Oktay, Z., Hepbasli, A., Energetic and exergetic assessment of a trass mill process in a cement plant (2009) Energ Convers Manage, 50, pp. 2516-2525; Taufiq, B.N., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Saidur, R., Ms, F., Niza Mohamad, E., Second law analysis for optimal thermal design of radial fin geometry by convection (2007) Appl Therm Eng, 27 (8-9), pp. 1363-1370; Mundhara, P., Sharma, S., (2005) Modeling of clinker coolers: applications to reduction in energy consumption, , IIT Madras; Saidur, R., Ahamed, J.U., Masjuki, H.H., Energy, exergy and economic analysis of industrial boilers (2010) Energ Policy, 38 (5), pp. 1188-1197; Saidur, R., Sattar, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Abdessalam, H., Shahruan, B.S., Energy and exergy analysis at the utility and commercial sectors of Malaysia (2007) Energ Policy, 35, pp. 1956-1966; Price, L., Hasanbeigi, A., Lu, H., (2009) Analysis of energy-efficiency opportunities for the cement industry in Shandong Province, China, , Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Saidur, R., A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings (2010) Renew Sust Energ Rev, 14 (3), pp. 877-898; Punte, S.P.T., Indocement Tunggal Prakasra, Tbki Instalv variable speed drives (VSD) on 12 fans to reduce electricity use by motors, energy efficiency guide for industry in Asia, , http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org, Available from:; Touil, D., Belabed, H.F., Frances, C., Belaadi, S., Heat exchange modelling of a grate clinker cooler and entropy production analysis (2005) In. J Heat Tech, 25 (1), pp. 61-68; Engin, T., Ari, V., Energy auditing and recovery for dry type cement rotary kiln systems - a case study (2005) Energ Convers Manage, 46, pp. 551-562
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O Afshar, R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman, M Jameel (2012) A review of thermodynamics and heat transfer in solar refrigeration system Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 8. 5639-5648 Abstract: Solar energy is one of the most efficient, clean and affordable energy alternatives available today. With the current concerns about global warming and ever increasing energy rates, countries are seriously looking for domestic and industrial usage of solar energy. In the present study, a detail review of the application of solar energy for refrigeration systems has been carried out. The utilization of solar energy for refrigeration systems would help in improvement of energy economics, energy consumption and energy efficiency. The review focuses especially on solar panel, desiccant fluid for icemaker and its components. The study also includes thermodynamic equation and material for making component of refrigeration to improve the coefficient of performance. Study around the economic evaluation and solar performance coefficient in the type of refrigerator, modeling and simulation, mathematical equation of heat transfer and type of absorption used are other topics that could be considered. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: RSERF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Wisma RandD, University of Malaya, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: hasan@um.edu.my References: Boyle, G., (1996) Renewable Energy Power for A Sustainable Future; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Hasanuzzaman, M., A review on compressed-air energy use and energy savings (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (4), pp. 1135-1153; Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahim, N.A., Saidur, R., Kazi, S.N., Energy savings and emissions reductions for rewinding and replacement of industrial motor (2011) Energy, 36 (1), pp. 233-240; Taylor, D., Wind energy (1996) Renewable Energy Power for A Sustainable Future, pp. 268-273; Mazandarani, A., Mahlia, T.M.I., Chong, W.T., Moghavvemi, M., Fuel consumption and emission prediction by Iranian power plants until 2025 (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (3), pp. 1575-1592; Brown, G., Geothermal energy (1996) Renewable Energy Power for A Sustainable Future, pp. 354-359; Shekarchian, M., Moghavvemi, M., Motasemi, F., Mahlia, T.M.I., Energy savings and cost-benefit analysis of using compression and absorption chillers for air conditioners in Iran (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (4), pp. 1950-1960; Turanjanin, V., Bakic, V., Jovanovic, M., Pezo, M., Fossil fuels substitution by the solar energy utilization for the hot water production in the heating plant Cerak in Belgrade (2009) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34 (16), pp. 7075-7080; Badran, O.O., Study in industrial applications of solar energy and the range of its utilization in Jordan (2001) Renewable Energy, 24 (34), pp. 485-490; Everett, B., Solar energy (1996) Renewable Energy Power for A Sustainable Future, pp. 42-47; Kaiyan, H., Hongfei, Z., Tao, T., Xiaodi, X., Experimental investigation of high temperature congregating energy solar stove with sun light funnel (2009) Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (12), pp. 3051-3055; Hrastnik, B., Frankovic, B., Solar energy demonstration zones in the Dalmatian region (2001) Renewable Energy, 24 (34), pp. 501-515; Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Hasanuzzaman, M., Performance of an improved solar car ventilator (2009) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 4 (1), pp. 24-34; Rabah, K.V.O., Integrated solar energy systems for rural electrification in Kenya (2005) Renewable Energy, 30 (1), pp. 23-42; Olivier, J.R., Harms, T.M., Esterhuyse, D.J., Technical and economic evaluation of the utilization of solar energy at South Africaâs SANAE IV base in Antarctica (2008) Renewable Energy, 33 (5), pp. 1073-1084; Ferreira Leite, A.P., Belo, F.A., Martins, M.M., Riffel, D.B., Central air conditioning based on adsorption and solar energy (2011) Applied Thermal Engineering, 31 (1), pp. 50-58; Ozgener, O., Hepbasli, A., Performance analysis of a solar-assisted ground-source heat pump system for greenhouse heating: An experimental study (2005) Building and Environment, 40 (8), pp. 1040-1050; Duffie, J., Backman, W., (1999) Solar Engineering of Thermal Process; Yeo, T.H.C., Tan, I.A.W., Abdullah, M.O., Development of adsorption air-conditioning technology using modified activated carbon - A review (2012) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (5), pp. 3355-3363; Abdul-Wahab, S.A., Elkamel, A., Al-Damkhi, A.M., Al-Habsi, I., Al-RubaiâEy, H.S., Al-Battashi, A.K., Design and experimental investigation of portable solar thermoelectric refrigerator (2009) Renewable Energy, 34 (1), pp. 30-34; Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., Safari, A., A review on solar energy use in industries (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (4), pp. 1777-1790; Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Hasanuzzaman, M., Mahlia, T.M.I., Tan, C.Y., Ooi, J.K., Performance investigation of a solar powered thermoelectric refrigerator (2008) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 3 (1), pp. 7-16; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Effects of operating variables on heat transfer and energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer during closed door operation (2009) Energy, 34 (2), pp. 196-198; 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Enibe, S.O., Iloeje, O.C., Heat and mass transfer in porous spherical pellets of CaCl 2 for solar refrigeration (2000) Renewable Energy, 20 (3), pp. 305-324; Iloeje, O.C., Ndili, A.N., Enibe, S.O., Computer simulation of a CaCl 2 solid-adsorption solar refrigerator (1995) Energy, 20 (11), pp. 1141-1151; Liu, Y.L., Wang, R.Z., Performance prediction of a solar/gas driving double effect LiBr-H 2O absorption system (2004) Renewable Energy, 29 (10), pp. 1677-1695; NâTsoukpoe, K.E., Liu, H., Le PierrÃÅ¡s, N., Luo, L., A review on long-term sorption solar energy storage (2009) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (9), pp. 2385-2396; Otanicar, T., Taylor, R.A., Phelan, P.E., Prospects for solar cooling - An economic and environmental assessment (2012) Solar Energy, 86 (5), pp. 1287-1299; GarcÃÂa Cascales, J.R., Vera GarcÃÂa, F., Cano Izquierdo, J.M., Delgado MarÃÂn, J.P., MartÃÂnez Sánchez, R., Modelling an absorption system assisted by solar energy (2011) Applied Thermal Engineering, 31 (1), pp. 112-118; Ghaddar, N.K., Shihab, M., Bdeir, F., Modeling and simulation of solar absorption system performance in Beirut (1997) Renewable Energy, 10 (4), pp. 539-558; Ileri, A., A discussion on performance parameters for solar-aided absorption cooling systems (1997) Renewable Energy, 10 (4), pp. 617-624; Izquierdo Millán, M., Hernández, F., MartÃÂn, E., Solar cooling in Madrid: Energetic efficiencies (1997) Solar Energy, 60 (6), pp. 367-377; Boubakri, A., Performance of an adsorptive solar ice maker operating with a single double function heat exchanger (evaporator/condenser) (2006) Renewable Energy, 31 (11), pp. 1799-1812; Buchter, F., Dind, P., Pons, M., An experimental solar-powered adsorptive refrigerator tested in Burkina-Faso (2003) International Journal of Refrigeration, 26 (1), pp. 79-86; Vasta, S., Maggio, G., Santori, G., Freni, A., Polonara, F., Restuccia, G., An adsorptive solar ice-maker dynamic simulation for north Mediterranean climate (2008) Energy Conversion and Management, 49 (11), pp. 3025-3035; Hildbrand, C., Dind, P., Pons, M., Buchter, F., A new solar powered adsorption refrigerator with high performance (2004) Solar Energy, 77 (3), pp. 311-318; Ozgener, O., Ozgener, L., Exergetic assessment of EAHEs for building heating in Turkey: A greenhouse case study (2010) Energy Policy, 38 (9), pp. 5141-5150; Zhang, X.J., Wang, R.Z., A new combined adsorption-ejector refrigeration and heating hybrid system powered by solar energy (2002) Applied Thermal Engineering, 22 (11), pp. 1245-1258; Ileri, A., Yearly simulation of a solar-aided R22-DEGDME absorption heat pump system (1995) Solar Energy, 55 (4), pp. 255-265; Rachidi, T., Bernatchou, A., Charia, M., Loutfi, H., New fluids as substitute refrigerants for R12 (1997) Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 46 (4), pp. 333-347; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Moisture transfer and energy losses of household refrigerator-freezer during the closed door operation (2008) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 3 (1), pp. 30-37; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Effects of different variables on moisture transfer of household refrigerator-freezer (2011) Energy Education Science and Technology Part A - Energy Science and Research, 27 (2), pp. 401-418; Sofrata, H., Heat rejection alternatives for thermoelectric refrigerators (1996) Energy Conversion and Management, 37 (3), pp. 269-280; Anyanwu, E.E., Ogueke, N.V., Thermodynamic design procedure for solid adsorption solar refrigerator (2005) Renewable Energy, 30 (1), pp. 81-96; Chen, G., Hihara, E., A new absorption refrigeration cycle using solar energy (1999) Solar Energy, 66 (6), pp. 479-482; Hu, E.J., Simulated results of a non-valve, daily-cycled, solar-powered carbon/methanol refrigerator with a tubular solar collector (1996) Applied Thermal Engineering, 16 (5), pp. 439-445; Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Mahlia, T.M.I., Rahim, N.A., Mohammed, H.A., Chillers energy consumption, energy savings and emission analysis in an institutional buildings (2011) Energy, 36 (8), pp. 5233-5238; Saidur, R., Mahlia, T.M.I., Hasanuzzaman, M., Developing energy performance standard, label and test procedures and impacts analysis for commercial chillers (2011) Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research, 27 (1), pp. 175-190; Li, M., Wang, R.Z., A study of the effects of collector and environment parameters on the performance of a solar powered solid adsorption refrigerator (2002) Renewable Energy, 27 (3), pp. 369-382; Anyanwu, E.E., Oteh, U.U., Ogueke, N.V., Simulation of a solid adsorption solar refrigerator using activated carbon/methanol adsorbent/refrigerant pair (2001) Energy Conversion and Management, 42 (7), pp. 899-915; Cortés, F.B., Chejne, F., MejÃÂa, J.M., Londoño, C.A., Mathematical model of the sorption phenomenon of methanol in activated coal (2009) Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (5), pp. 1295-1303; Gude, V.G., Nirmalakhandan, N., Sustainable desalination using solar energy (2010) Energy Conversion and Management, 51 (11), pp. 2245-2251; Orfi, J., Galanis, N., Laplante, M., Air humidification-dehumidification for a water desalination system using solar energy (2007) Desalination, 203 (13), pp. 471-481; Bell, I.A., Al-Daini, A.J., Al-Ali, H., Abdel-Gayed, R.G., Duckers, L., The design of an evaporator/absorber and thermodynamic analysis of a vapor absorption chiller driven by solar energy (1996) Renewable Energy, 9 (14), pp. 657-660; Lemmini, F., Errougani, A., Experimentation of a solar adsorption refrigerator in Morocco (2007) Renewable Energy, 32 (15), pp. 2629-2641; Orfi, J., Laplante, M., Marmouch, H., Galanis, N., Benhamou, B., Nasrallah, S.B., Experimental and theoretical study of a humidification-dehumidification water desalination system using solar energy (2004) Desalination, 168, pp. 151-159; Anyanwu, E.E., Ogueke, N.V., Transient analysis and performance prediction of a solid adsorption solar refrigerator (2007) Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (1415), pp. 2514-2523; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Effectiveness enhancement of heat exchanger by using nanofluids (2011) Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 1st Conference on Clean Energy and Technology, pp. 98-103. , CET 2011, art no. 6041444; Syed, A., A novel experimental investigation of a solar cooling system in Madrid (2005) International Journal of Refrigeration, 28 (6), pp. 859-871. , [06/01809]; De Francisco, A., Illanes, R., Torres, J.L., Castillo, M., De Blas, M., Prieto, E., Development and testing of a prototype of low-power water-ammonia absorption equipment for solar energy applications (2002) Renewable Energy, 25 (4), pp. 537-544; Goswami, D.Y., Vijayaraghavan, S., Lu, S., Tamm, G., New and emerging developments in solar energy (2004) Solar Energy, 76 (13), pp. 33-43; Wu, C., Chen, L., Sun, F., Optimization of solar absorption refrigerator (1997) Applied Thermal Engineering, 17 (2), pp. 203-208; Ogueke, N.V., Anyanwu, E.E., Design improvements for a collector/generator/adsorber of a solid adsorption solar refrigerator (2008) Renewable Energy, 33 (11), pp. 2428-2440; Qiblawey, H.M., Banat, F., Solar thermal desalination technologies (2008) Desalination, 220 (13), pp. 633-644; Fadar, A.E., Mimet, A., Pérez-GarcÃÂa, M., Modelling and performance study of a continuous adsorption refrigeration system driven by parabolic trough solar collector (2009) Solar Energy, 83 (6), pp. 850-861; Raja, I.A., Dougar, M.G., Abro, R.S., Solar energy applications in Pakistan (1996) Renewable Energy, 9 (1-4), pp. 1128-1131; Essandoh-Yeddu, J., Current solar energy utilization in Ghana (1997) Renewable Energy, 10 (2-3), pp. 433-436; Gope, G., Aghdasi, F., Dlamini, M.D., A review of the photovoltaic industry and its development in Africa (1997) Solar Energy, 59 (4-6), pp. 217-225; Kattakayam, T.A., Srinivasan, K., Photovoltaic panel - Generator based autonomous power source for small refrigeration units (1996) Solar Energy, 56 (6), pp. 543-552; Toure, S., Fassinou, W.F., Technical note cold storage and autonomy in a three compartments photovoltaic solar refrigerator: Experimental and thermodynamic study (1999) Renewable Energy, 17 (4), pp. 587-602; Roulet, C.-A., Solar energy and global heat balance of a city (2001) Solar Energy, 70 (3), pp. 255-261; Zhao, H., Zhang, M., Zhenyan, L., Yanling, L., Xiaodong, M., Mechanical and experimental study on freeze proof solar powered adsorption cooling tube using active carbon/methanol working pair (2008) Energy Conversion and Management, 49 (8), pp. 2434-2438; Bentayeb, F., Lemmini, F., Guilleminot, J.J., Adaptation of an adsorptive solar refrigerator to Moroccan climates (1995) Renewable Energy, 6 (7), pp. 867-882
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M A Abdullah, A H M Yatim, C W A Tan, R Saidur (2012) A review of maximum power point tracking algorithms for wind energy systems Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 5. 3220-3227 Abstract: This paper reviews state of the art maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for wind energy systems. Due to the instantaneous changing nature of the wind, it is desirable to determine the one optimal generator speed that ensures maximum energy yield. Therefore, it is essential to include a controller that can track the maximum peak regardless of wind speed. The available MPPT algorithms can be classified as either with or without sensors, as well as according to the techniques used to locate the maximum peak. A comparison has been made between the performance of different MPPT algorithms on the basis of various speed responses and ability to achieve the maximum energy yield. Based on simulation results available in the literature, the optimal torque control (OTC) has been found to be the best MPPT method for wind energy systems due to its simplicity. On the other hand, the perturbation and observation (P&O) method is flexible and simple in implementation, but is less efficient and has difficulties determining the optimum step-size. Notes: 959YN Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:63
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J U Ahamed, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, M A Sattar (2012) An Analysis of Energy, Exergy, and Sustainable Development of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Using Hydrocarbon International Journal of Green Energy 9: 7. 702-717 Abstract: Hydrocarbons being natural fluid have drawn much attention of the scientists and researchers for the application as a sustainable material for the vapor compression refrigeration system. This paper presents a comparison of the energetic and exergetic performances of a domestic refrigerator using pure butane and isobutane as refrigerants. The thermodynamic performances such as exergy destruction or losses, exergy efficiency, and coefficient of performances (COP) were investigated. These parameters were measured at varied operating conditions. Exergy and energy efficiencies of isobutane were found to be 50% and 175% higher than that of R-134a. The analysis shows that the performances of butane and isobutane as refrigerants are comparable with HFC134a. It has also been found that at higher evaporating temperatures, the exergy losses are minimal. The maximum exergy loss occurred in the compressor and the value was 69% of the whole losses in the system. Highest sustainability index was found for butane compared to that of R134a and R600a, respectively. Notes: 012WP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:42
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M B Ali, R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman, T A Ward (2012) Energy and emission analysis in the malaysian food industries Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy 27: 4. Abstract: According to the source paper written in 2006, the Malaysian food industrial sector accounted for about 14% of the total manufacturing energy consumption. As energy costs rapidly increase, alternative energy sources and efficiency improvements become essential to energy planning, cost savings, resource optimization, and environmental protection in these industries. This article focuses on the energy savings, economic benefits, and emission reduction that can be obtained by applying various energy saving options. This study shows that significant power can be saved annually by utilizing energy efficient motors. The cost savings, payback period, and reduction in CO 2 emissions are estimated for different motor loads. It is shown that sizeable amounts of energy can be saved using VSD, waste heat recovery, new efficiency lamps (T-5), and repairing leakages. é 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Article in Press CODEN: ENVPD Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Center (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R and D, University of Malaya, 5
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R S Bonab, S Rahman (2012) Clean Automotive Technology : Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles (HHVs) Applied Mechanics and Materials 165: 12-15 Abstract: In order to reducing emission of internal combustion engines and reducing fuel consumption nowadays, human try to discover efficient internal combustion engines and green engines to protect environment. From last years, there were technologies like turbocharger, hybrid electric and different ways of fuel injection into engine and some others that those were effective in that time. By developing technology human need more efficient engine than past. Also, those technologies have some drawbacks so necessity of new technology is sensible. The new technology that developed by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). HHVs are hybrid vehicle that use pressurized fluid instead of electric power as alternative power source along with internal combustion engine. Hybrid hydraulic vehicles consist of two important part high pressure hydraulic fluid vessels called accumulators, and hydraulic drive pump/motors. These types of vehicles do not need batteries that use in electric vehicle and it is one of expensive part of HEVs. Notes:
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Abstract: Nanorefrigerant is one kind of nanofluids. It is the mixture of nanoparticles with refrigerants. It has better heat transfer performance than traditional refrigerants. Recently, some researches have been done about nanorefrigerants. Most of them are related to thermal conductivity of these fluids. Viscosity also deserves as much consideration as thermal conductivity. Pumping power and pressure drop depends on viscosity. In this paper, the volumetric and temperature effects over viscosity of R123-TiO 2 nanorefrigerants have been studied for 5 to 20̡C temperature and up to 2 vol. %. The effect of pressure drop with the increase of viscosity has also been investigated. Based on the analysis it is found that viscosity of nanorefrigerant increased accordingly with the increase of nanoparticle volume concentrations and decreases with the increment of temperature. Furthermore, pressure drop augmented significantly with the intensification of volume concentrations and vapor quality. Therefore, low volume concentrations of nanorefrigerant are suggested for better performance of a refrigeration system. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Mahbubul, I. M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: mahbub_ipe@yahoo.com References: Batchelor, G., The effect of Brownian motion on the bulk stress in a suspension of spherical particles (1977) Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 83 (1), pp. 97-117; Brinkman, H., The viscosity of concentrated suspensions and solutions (1952) The Journal of Chemical Physics, 20, p. 571; Chen, H., Ding, Y., He, Y., Tan, C., Rheological behaviour of ethylene glycol based titania nanofluids (2007) Chemical Physics Letters, 444 (4-6), pp. 333-337; Chen, H., Ding, Y., Tan, C., Rheological behaviour of nanofluids (2007) New Journal of Physics, 9 (10), p. 367; Choi, S., Developments and applications of non-newtonian flows, American Society of Mechanical Engineering (1995) New York, 231, pp. 99-105; Duangthongsuk, W., Wongwises, S., Measurement of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and viscosity of TiO 2-water nanofluids (2009) Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 33 (4), pp. 706-714; Eastman, J.A., Phillpot, S., Choi, S., Keblinski, P., Thermal transport in nanofluids 1, Annu (2004) Rev. Mater. Res., 34, pp. 219-246; Einstein, A., Eine neue bestimmung der moleḱldimensionen (1906) Annalen der Physik, 324 (2), pp. 289-306; (2011), http://www.airconditioning-systems.com/air-conditioner-refrigerant.html, Accesed on 19/07Jiang, W., Ding, G., Peng, H., Measurement and model on thermal conductivities of carbon nanotube nanorefrigerants (2009) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 48 (6), pp. 1108-1115; Krieger, I.M., A mechanism for non Newtonian flow in suspensions of rigid spheres, Trans (1959) Soc. Rheol., 3, pp. 137-152; Kulkarni, D.P., Das, D.K., Chukwu, G.A., Temperature dependent rheological property of copper oxide nanoparticles suspension (nanofluid) (2006) Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 6 (4), pp. 1150-1154; Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., Huber, M.L., NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-Refprop 7.0, NIST Std (2002) Database., , Boulder; Lundgren, T.S., Slow flow through stationary random beds and suspensions of spheres (1972) Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 51 (2), pp. 273-299; Mahbubul, I.M., Saidur, R., Amalina, M.A., Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids (2012) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55 (4), pp. 877-888; Mahbubul, I.M., Saidur, R., Amalina, M.A., Pressure drop characteristics of TiO 2-R123 nanorefrigerant in a circular tube (2011) Engineering e-Transaction, 6 (2), pp. 131-138; Ḿller-Steinhagen, H., Heck, K., A simple friction pressure drop correlation for two-phase flow in pipes (1986) Chemical Engineering and Processing, 20 (6), pp. 297-308; Namburu, P., Kulkarni, D., Misra, D., Das, D., Viscosity of copper oxide nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol and water mixture (2007) Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 32 (2), pp. 397-402; Nguyen, C., Desgranges, F., Roy, G., Galanis, N., Mare, T., Boucher, S., Anguemintsa, H., Temperature and particle-size dependent viscosity data for water-based nanofluids-Hysteresis phenomenon (2007) International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 28 (6), pp. 1492-1506; Ould Didi, M., Kattan, N., Thome, J., Prediction of two-phase pressure gradients of refrigerants in horizontal tubes (2002) International Journal of Refrigeration, 25 (7), pp. 935-947; Peng, H., Ding, G., Hu, H., Jiang, W., Zhuang, D., Wang, K., Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant/oil mixture with diamond nanoparticles (2010) International Journal of Refrigeration, 33 (2), pp. 347-358; Peng, H., Ding, G., Jiang, W., Hu, H., Gao, Y., Heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant-based nanofluid flow boiling inside a horizontal smooth tube (2009) International Journal of Refrigeration, 32 (6), pp. 1259-1270; Peng, H., Ding, G., Jiang, W., Hu, H., Gao, Y., Measurement and correlation of frictional pressure drop of refrigerant-based nanofluid flow boiling inside a horizontal smooth tube (2009) International Journal of Refrigeration, 32 (7), pp. 1756-1764; Raja, M., Arunachalam, R.M., Suresh, S., Experimental studies on heat transfer of alumina/water nanofluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger with wire coil insert (2012) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 7 (1), pp. 16-23; Saidur, R., Kazi, S.N., Hossain, M.S., Rahman, M.M., Mohammed, H.A., A review on the performance of nanoparticles suspended with refrigerants and lubricating oils in refrigeration systems (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (1), pp. 310-323; Wang, K., Ding, G., Jiang, W., Development of nanorefrigerant and its rudiment property (2005) 8th International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization, p. 13. , In: Chengdu, China
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M M K Bhuiya, J U Ahamed, M S U Chowdhury, M A R Sarkar, B Salam, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, M A Kalam (2012) Heat transfer enhancement and development of correlation for turbulent flow through a tube with triple helical tape inserts International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 1. 94-101 Abstract: Influence of triple helical tapes inserted for turbulent flow through a tube on heat transfer enhancement was studied experimentally. The triple helical tapes made of mild steel with different helix angles, alpha = 9 degrees, 13 degrees, 17 degrees, and 21 degrees were examined for Reynolds number ranging from 22,000 to 51,000. The experiment showed that the Nusselt number, effectiveness and friction factor for the inserts were found to be up to 4.5, 3.45 and 3.0 times, respectively, over the plain tube. The highest enhancement efficiency achieved was 3.7 for the inserts based on constant blower power. Finally, new correlations for predicting heat transfer and friction factor for turbulent flow through a circular tube fitted with the inserts were proposed. Notes: 900AP Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:25
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AE Atabani, R Saidur, AS Silitonga, TMI Mahlia (2012) Energy Economical and Environmental Analysis of Industrial Boilers Using VSD Applied Mechanics and Materials 110: 3223-3233 Abstract: As a result of the successful implementation of the industrialization plan in 1985; Malaysia has changed from an agricultural economy into industrial based economy. The industrial sector represents the highest consuming sector across all other sectors and accounts for about 48% of all total energy demand. This paper is concerned with an energy saving, economic and environmental analysis of industrial boilers in Malaysia when using variable speed drives (VSD). The results obtained when reducing the speed of water pumps by 60% show that 4 GWh, 93.6% of energy, RM 863,375 and 2,160 ton of CO2 could be saved annually. These results represent high energy saving, environmental and economic benefits associated with this energy saving technology. Notes:
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G Boroumandjazi, R Saidur, B Rismanchi, S Mekhilef (2012) A review on the relation between the energy and exergy efficiency analysis and the technical characteristic of the renewable energy systems Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 5. 3131-3135 Abstract: One of the most important factors that can persuade human to use the renewable energy systems versus the conventional energy systems are the technical characteristics that include the reliability, maintenance requirements, availability, sustainability and environmental impacts. Technical characteristics of a system can affect the performance of the system. In the context of this work, the existent studies on the relation between the technical characteristic and the performance of the system are reviewed. It is concluded that there is a close relation between the performance of the system based on energy and exergy analysis and the technical characteristics. The systems which are more reliable and sustainable have less environmental impact and high energy and exergy efficiencies. Notes: 959YN Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:48
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A Ijam, R Saidur (2012) Nanofluid as a coolant for electronic devices (cooling of electronic devices) Applied Thermal Engineering 32: 76-82 Abstract: Nanofluids are the suspension of ultrafine solid nanoparticles in a base fluid. Nanofluids are expected to be a promising coolant candidate for thermal management system of next generation high heat dissipation electronic systems. Nanofluids are used with different volume fractions. A minichannel heat sink with a 20 x 20 cm bottom is analyzed for SiC-water nanofluid and TiO(2)-water nanofluid turbulent flow as coolants through hydraulic diameters. The results showed that enhancement in thermal conductivity by dispersed SiC in water at 4% volume fraction was 12.44% and by dispersed TiO(2) in water was 9.99% for the same volume fraction. It was found that by using SiC-water nanofluid as a coolant instead of water, an improvement of approximately 7.25%-12.43% could be achieved and by using TiO(2)-water 7.63%-12.77%. The maximum pumping power by using SiC-water nanofluid at 2 m/s and 4% vol. was 0.28 W and at 6 m/S and 4% volume equal to 5.39 W. By using TiO(2)-water nanofluid at 2 m/s and 4% vol. it was found to be 0.29 W and 5.64 W at 6 m/s with the same volume of 4%. Notes: 843OS Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:23
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B Rismanchi, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, T M I Mahlia (2012) Energetic, economic and environmental benefits of utilizing the ice thermal storage systems for office building applications Energy and Buildings 50: 347-354 Abstract: In recent decades, around the world, a huge amount of daytime peak power has been shifted to the off-peak hours by using different types of thermal energy storage systems. However, the contribution of these systems in Malaysia is still minor in comparison with their potential. Therefore, the feasibility and potentiality of employing ice thermal storage (ITS) systems for office building cooling applications is studied to investigate their economical and environmental benefits. The air conditioning systems in Malaysia are considered as the major energy consumers in office buildings with around 57% share. The economical analysis of the cost benefits is carried out for a system including chiller and storage system. The installation costs are mainly dominated by the total system capacity; hence the study was conducted for a range of 100-2000 tons of refrigeration (TR) (352-7034 kW) for two storage strategy of full storage and load levelling storage strategy. The results indicate that considering the special off-peak tariff rate of $0.06/kWh for the total system capacities of 500 and 1500 TR (1758 kW and 5275 kW), the annual cost saving varies from $230,000 to $700,000 and from $65,000 to $190,000 for full storage and load levelling storage strategy, respectively. The overall results show that the full storage strategy can reduce the annual costs of the air conditioning system by up to 35% while this reduction is limited to around 8% for a load levelling strategy. The comparison study reveals that for the full storage strategy the payback period varies between 3 and 6 years while the payback period for the load levelling strategy varies between 1 and 3 years. It was concluded that the ITS system can play a vital role in consuming the natural resources in a more efficient, economical and environmentally benign way by changing the electricity consumption pattern to overcome the disparity between energy generation and energy demand. Notes: 969FC Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:36
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R Saidur, G Boroumandjazi, S Mekhilef, H A Mohammed (2012) A review on exergy analysis of biomass based fuels Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 2. 1217-1222 Abstract: Renewable energy sources can be a good substitute of the fossil fuels which are being terminated fast. Nowadays biomass and biofuels are considered because of their environment friendly characteristics and their ability of supplying much more energy. An alternative means to select the most efficient and convenient biomass, is exergy analysis. The present paper has reviewed the existent surveys on the exergy analysis of different kind of biomass included the woody biomass, herbaceous and agricultural biomass, aquatic biomass, contaminated biomass and industrial biomass. The most common thermochemical processes are investigated and the efficiency of the different process and various kinds of biomass are determined. Notes: 891GM Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:71
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B Rismanchi, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, T M I Mahlia (2012) Thermodynamic evaluation of utilizing different ice thermal energy storage systems for cooling application in office buildings in Malaysia Energy and Buildings 53: 117-126 Abstract: Storage can establish balance between production and demand consumption level in almost all the energy conversion systems. The same principle is valid for cooling applications, especially when the system is supposed to operate daily during the year. This is the condition that exists in tropical climate of Malaysia. The statistical data shows that almost one-fourth of the AC energy use in the country is due to office buildings. Therefore, utilizing the cold thermal energy storage (CTES) technique can significantly reduce the energy demand. In this study, a macroscopic thermodynamic analysis of the application of five different CTES systems for an office building in Malaysia is presented. The building energy usage is recorded and the average pattern is applied for chiller selection, storage tank sizing and finally energy and exergy evaluation. The results show that all the systems are highly efficient in terms of energy with the minimum of 93% for ice harvesting and maximum of 98% for encapsulated technique. However, the exergetic evaluation implies a totally different scenario of the study. The maximum exergy efficiency is for ice on coil (internal) technique with an amount of 18%. It was also found that increasing the room set-point temperature by 5 ðC can reduce the exergy efficiency by 4%. Notes: 010IA Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:30
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B Rismanchi, R Saidur, G Boroumandjazi, S Ahmed (2012) Energy, exergy and environmental analysis of cold thermal energy storage (CTES) systems Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 8. 5741-5746 Abstract: As the air conditioning system is one of the largest contributors to electrical peak demand, the role of the cold thermal energy storage (CTES) system has become more significant in the past decade. The present paper has reviewed the studies conducted on the energy and exergy analysis of CTES systems with a special focus on ice thermal and chilled water storage systems as the most common types of CTES. However, choosing a proper CTES technique is mainly dependent on localized parameters such as the ambient temperature profile, electricity rate structure, and userâs habit, which makes it quite difficult and complicated as it depends on many individual parameters. Therefore, it was found that energy and exergy analysis can help significantly for a better judgment. The review paper has shown that the exergetic efficiency analysis can show a more realistic picture than energy efficiency analysis. In addition, the environmental impact and the economic feasibility of these systems are also investigated. It was found that, based on the total exergy efficiency, the ice on coil (internal melt) is known as the most desirable CTES system. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: RSERF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Saidur, R.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: saidur@um.edu.my References: Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A., (2002) Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications, , Wiley New York; Dorgan, C.E., Elleson, J.S., (1994) Design Guide for Cool Thermal Storage, , American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Atlanta, Ga; MacCracken, M., Thermal energy storage MYTHS (2003) ASHRAE, 45, pp. 36-42; MacCracken, M., Energy storage providing for a low-carbon future (2010) ASHRAE, 52, pp. 28-36; Al-Rabghi, O.M., Akyurt, M.M., A survey of energy efficient strategies for effective air conditioning (2004) Energy Conversion and Management, 45, pp. 1643-1654; Bahnfleth, W.P., Song, J., Constant flow rate charging characteristics of a full-scale stratified chilled water storage tank with double-ring slotted pipe diffusers (2005) Applied Thermal Engineering, 25, pp. 3067-3082; Butala, V., Stritih, U., Experimental investigation of PCM cold storage (2009) Energy and Buildings, 41, pp. 354-359; (1996) Source Energy and Environmental Impacts of Thermal Energy Storage California Energy Commission, , Tabors Caramanis and Associates California, USA; Ho, C.D., Yeh, H.M., Tu, J.W., Chilled air production in cool-thermal discharge systems from ice melting under constant heat flux and melt removal (2005) International Communications in Heat and Mass, 32, pp. 491-500; (1985) Commercial Cold Storage Design Guide, Technical Report, , Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); Hasnain, S.M., Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies, Part II: Cool thermal storage (1998) Energy Conversion and Management, 39, pp. 1139-1153; Incropera, F.P., Dewitt, D.P., (2002) Introduction to Heat Transfer, , 4th ed. Wiley New York; Midilli, A., Kucuk, H., Energy and exergy analyses of solar drying process of pistachio (2003) Energy, 28, pp. 539-556; MacKie, E.I., Reeves, G., (1988) Stratified Chilled Water Storage Tank Design Guide, , Electric Power Research Institute Paolo Alto, CA; Roth, K., Zogg, R., Brodrick, J., Cool thermal energy storage (2006) ASHRAE, 48, pp. 94-96; Knebel, D.E., Predicting and evaluating the performance of ice harvesting thermal-energy storage-systems (1995) ASHRAE, 37, pp. 22-30; Zhu, Y.X., Zhang, Y., Modeling of thermal processes for internal melt ice-on-coil tank including ice-water density difference (2001) Energy and Buildings, 33, pp. 363-370; Habeebullah, B.A., Zaki, G.M., Direct external ice-on-coil storage tanks for buildings load management (2008) First International Conference on Building Energy and Environment, Proceedings, 13, pp. 2002-2009; Lee, A.H.W., Jones, J.W., Modeling of an ice-on-coil thermal energy storage system (1996) Energy Conversion and Management, 37, pp. 1493-1507; Yau, Y.H., Lee, S.K., Feasibility study of an ice slurry-cooling coil for HVAC and R systems in a tropical building (2010) Applied Energy, 87, pp. 2699-2711; Wang, M.J., Kusumoto, N., Ice slurry based thermal storage in multifunctional buildings (2001) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 37, pp. 597-604; Chen, S.L., Chen, C.L., Tin, C.C., Lee, T.S., Ke, M.C., An experimental investigation of cold storage in an encapsulated thermal storage tank (2000) Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 23, pp. 133-144; Ho, C.D., Tu, J.W., Evaluation of a recirculation scheme for ice storage melting with air as the working fluid (2008) Heat Transfer Engineering, 29, pp. 295-305; (2007) ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, , ASHRAE, Thermal storage American society of heating, refrigerating and air conditioning engineers (ASHRAE), Inc., Atlanta, Ga; Akbulut, A., Durmus, A., Energy and exergy analyses of thin layer drying of mulberry in a forced solar dryer (2010) Energy, 35, pp. 1754-1763; Landry, C.M., Noble, C.D., Case study of cost-effective low-temperature air distribution, ice thermal storage (1991) ASHRAE Transactions, 97, pp. 854-859; Ho, C.D., Wang, C.K., Producing chilled air in cool thermal discharge systems with air flowing over an ice surface by complete removal of melt (2002) Renewable Energy, 27, pp. 223-236; Lee, C.N., Keala, N., Evaluation of cooling systems to improve lactating Holstein cows comfort in the sub-tropics (2005) Journal of Dairy Science, 88, p. 43; Gatley, D.P., Leroy, J., Old dehumidification technology liquid subcooling/air reheating (2009) ASHRAE Journal, 51, pp. 62-63; Stansell, N.D., Abbott, M.B., Rull, V., Rodbell, D.T., Bezada, M., Montoya, E., Abrupt Younger Dryas cooling in the northern tropics recorded in lake sediments from the Venezuelan Andes (2010) Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 293, pp. 154-163; Dincer, I., On thermal energy storage systems and applications in buildings (2002) Energy and Buildings, 34, pp. 377-388; Sohn, C.W., Fuchs, J., Gruber, M., Chilled water storage cooling system for an army installation (1999) ASHRAE Annual Meeting, 1999, pp. 1126-1133. , Seattle, WA; Morgan, S., Krarti, M., Impact of electricity rate structures on energy cost savings of pre-cooling controls for office buildings (2007) Building and Environment, 42, pp. 2810-2818; Tackett, R.K., Case study; Office building uses ice storage, heat recovery, and cold air distribution (1989) ASHRAE Transactions, 95, pp. 1113-1121; Sohn, C.W., Field performance of an ice harvester storage cooling system (1991) ASHRAE Transactions, 97, pp. 1187-1193; Crane, M., Dunlop, C., Ice storage system for a department store (1994) ASHRAE, 36, pp. 49-52; Habeebullah, B.A., Economic feasibility of thermal energy storage systems (2007) Energy and Buildings, 39, pp. 355-363; Watts, C., Energizing education (2008) ASHRAE, 50, pp. 24-26; Morgan, S., Krarti, M., Field testing of optimal controls of passive and active thermal storage (2010) ASHRAE Transactions, 116, pp. 134-146; Cabeza Lf, R., Transportation and conservation of temperature sensitive materials with phase change materials: State of the art (2002) IEA, ECES IA Annex 17, Advanced Thermal Energy Storage Techniques - Feasibility Studies and Demonstration Projects, , 2nd workshop, 2002 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Kowata, H., Sase, S., Ishii, M., Moriyama, H., Cold water thermal storage with phase change materials using nocturnal radiative cooling for vegetable cooling (2002) World Renewable Energy Congress WII, 2002 Cologne, Germany; Potter, R.A., Weitzel, D.P., King, D.J., Study of operational experience with thermal storage systems (1995) ASHRAE Transactions, 101, pp. 549-557; Hasnain, S.M., Alawaji, S.H., Al-Ibrahim, A., Smiai, M.S., Applications of thermal energy storage in Saudi Arabia (1999) International Journal of Energy Research, 23, pp. 117-124; Hasnain, S.M., Alabbadi, N.M., Need for thermal-storage air-conditioning in Saudi Arabia (2000) Applied Energy, 65, pp. 153-164; Domanski, R., Fellah, G., Exergy analysis for the evaluation of a thermal storage system employing PCMs with different melting temperatures (1996) Applied Thermal Engineering, 16, pp. 907-919; Bejan, A., Two thermodynamic optima in the design of sensible heat units for energy storage (1970) ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 100, pp. 708-712; MacPhee, D., Dincer, I., Performance assessment of some ice TES systems (2009) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 48, pp. 2288-2299; Fang, G., Liu, X., Exergy analysis of ice storage air-conditioning system with heat pipe during charging period (2010) Energy for Sustainable Development, 14, pp. 149-153; Crane, J.M., Dunlop, C., Ice storage-system for a department store (1994) ASHRAE, 36, pp. 49-52; Chaichana, C., Charters, W.W.S., Aye, L., An ice thermal storage computer model (2001) Applied Thermal Engineering, 21, pp. 1769-1778; Sebzali, M.J., Rubini, P.A., Analysis of ice cool thermal storage for a clinic building in Kuwait (2006) Energy Conversion and Management, 47, pp. 3417-3434; Beggs, C.B., Ice thermal storage: Impact on United Kingdom carbon dioxide emissions (1994) Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 15, pp. 756-763; Reindl, D.T., (1994) Characterizing the Marginal Basis Source Energy Emissions Associated with Comfort Cooling Systems, , Thermal Storage Applications Research Center USA; Rismanchi, B., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Energetic, economic and environmental benefits of utilizing the ice thermal storage systems for office building applications (2012) Energy and Buildings, 50, pp. 347-354
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M M Rahman, S Parvin, N A Rahim, M R Islam, R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman (2012) Effects of Reynolds and Prandtl number on mixed convection in a ventilated cavity with a heat-generating solid circular block Applied Mathematical Modelling 36: 5. 2056-2066 Abstract: A numerical study has been executed to analyze the effects of Reynolds and Prandtl number on mixed convective flow and heat transfer characteristics inside a ventilated cavity in presence of a heat-generating solid circular obstacle placed at the center. The inlet opening is at the bottom of the left wall, while the outlet one is at the top of the right wall and all the walls of the cavity are considered to be adiabatic. Galerkin weighted residual finite element method is used to solve the governing equations of mass, momentum and energy. Results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, the average Nusselt number, the Drag force and the average fluid temperature in the cavity for different combinations of controlling parameters namely, Reynolds number, Prandtl number and Richardson number. The results indicate that the flow and thermal fields as well as the heat transfer rate, the Drag force and the average fluid temperature in the cavity depend significantly on the mentioned parameters. Notes: 895WJ Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:17
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R Saidur, G BoroumandJazi, S Mekhlif, M Jameel (2012) Exergy analysis of solar energy applications Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 1. 350-356 Abstract: Solar energy is a clean, abundant and easily available renewable energy. Usage of solar energy in different kinds of systems provides scope for several studies on exergy analysis. In the present work, a comprehensive literature review has been carried out on exergy analysis of various solar energy systems. The systems considered under study are solar photovoltaic, solar heating devices, solar water desalination system, solar air conditioning and refrigerators, solar drying process and solar power generation. The summary of exergy analysis and exergetic efficiencies is presented along with the exergy destruction sources. Notes:
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R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman, N A Rahim (2012) Energy, economic, and environmental analysis of the Malaysian industrial compressed-air systems Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14: 2. 195-210 Abstract: Compressed-air systems account for about 10% of the total industrial-energy use in Malaysia and some other countries. Compressed air is typically one of the most expensive utilities in an industrial facility. Opportunities for potential savings can thus be sought and identified. This article estimates the energy used by compressed-air systems in Malaysian industries. Various energy-saving measures, such as use of high efficient motors, variable speed drive (VSD), leak prevention, use of outside intake air, reducing pressure drop, recovering waste heat, and use of efficient nozzle, were applied to save compressed-air energy and then the results were compared with available literatures. For an electric motor used in a compressed air system, a sizeable amount of electric energy and utility bill have been found to be saveable using high efficient motors and applying VSDs in matching the speed requirements. Also, significant amounts of energy and emission are reducible through various energy-saving strategies. Payback periods for different energy saving measures have been estimated and found to be economically viable in most cases. Notes: 909EK Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:81
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R Saidur, M T Sambandam, M Hasanuzzaman, D Devaraj, S Rajakarunakaran (2012) An Analysis of Actual Energy Savings in an Indian Cement Industry Through an Energy Efficiency Index International Journal of Green Energy 9: 8. 829-840 Abstract: The cement sub-sector consumes approximately 10% to 15% of total industrial energy use for few selected countries around the world. Therefore, it is necessary to identify where energy losses taking place so that energy savings measures could be implemented to reduce energy consumption in this sub-sector. In this article, the role of an Energy Efficiency Index in identifying the relative position and saving potential of a cement industry among the national best value is analyzed. The index is developed by considering the actual specific energy consumption per ton of cement with the national average value. The plantâs specific energy consumption (SEC) was estimated to be 88.1 kWh/ton of cement and the national average best value was found to be 75.2 kWh/ton of cement. Based on this information, the relative Energy Efficiency Index for the selected industry was found to be 117.15 indicating an energy saving potential of 17.15%. It may be stated that the plant could reduce its energy annual consumption by 4833MWh (i.e., 1.42%) of its annual consumption. However, the plant still can reduce its annual energy consumption by 52,676 MWh to reach the national average target value. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Article in Press Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre, Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpuemail: hasan@um.edu.my
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R Saidur, M T Sambandam, M Hasanuzzaman, D Devaraj, S Rajakarunakaran, M D Islam (2012) An energy flow analysis in a paper-Based industry Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14: 5. 905-916 Abstract: Industrial sector is the largest user of energy in India and many parts of the world. More than half of the total energy is used in industries to operate various energy-using machineries. Energy conservation is a cost-effective approach in any energy optimization program that can be implemented in industrial activities. Energy-intensive industries in developing economies offer significant energy-saving potential owing to the technology gap as well as lower operating efficiency. A detailed energy flow analysis was conducted in a paper carton manufacturing unit in India to quantify the energy-saving potential. The study revealed that the compressed air leakage is responsible for about 50% of the total energy loss. The specific electrical and thermal energy consumption was estimated and found to be 91.85 kWh/ton and 1,619 MJ/ton of biomass, respectively. Annual energy saving potential was found to be 5.9% of the total annual energy consumption. The cost of DG power is found to be 389% higher than the grid power. The share of self-generated DG power is estimated to be 41% of the total power consumed. Electrical energy intensity of the plant could be reduced by 6.36% implementing energy conservation measures proposed in this study. Notes: 015VD Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:33
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I M Mahbubul, R Saidur, M A Amalina (2012) Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55: 4. 874-885 Abstract: The past decade has seen the rapid development of nanofluids science in many aspects. Number of research is conducted that is mostly focused on the thermal conductivity of these fluids. However, nanofluid viscosity also deserves the same attention as thermal conductivity. In this paper, different characteristics of viscosity of nanofluids including nanofluid preparation methods, temperature, particle size and shape, and volume fraction effects are thoroughly compiled and reviewed. Furthermore, a precise review on theoretical models/correlations of conventional models related to nanofluid viscosity is presented. The existing experimental results about the nanofluids viscosity show clearly that viscosity augmented accordingly with an increase of volume concentration and decreased with the temperature rise. However, there are some contradictory results on the effects of temperature on viscosity. Moreover, it is shown that particle size has some noteworthy effects over viscosity of nanofluids. Notes: 895BC Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:135
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R Saidur, T C Meng, Z Said, M Hasanuzzaman, A Kamyar (2012) Evaluation of the effect of nanofluid-based absorbers on direct solar collector International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55: 21-22. 5899-5907 Abstract: As conventional energy sources like fossil fuels are getting rare, cost of energy production has become higher as well as the concern of environmental pollution by burning of fossil fuels among the developed and developing nations. Solar energy is the most vastly available energy and very effective in terms of energy conversion. The most common solar thermal collector used is the black surface as radiant absorber but the thermal energy efficiency is low. In this study, the effect of nanofluid has been analyzed by using as working fluid for direct solar collector. The extinction coefficient of water based aluminum nanofluid has been investigated and evaluated by varying nanoparticle size and volume fraction. The particle size has minimal influence on the optical properties of nanofluid. On the other hand, the extinction coefficient is linearly proportionate to volume fraction. The improvement is promising within 1.0% volume fraction and the nanofluid is almost opaque to light wave. Notes: 998SO Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:36
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R Saidur, S Mekhilef, M B Ali, A Safari, H A Mohammed (2012) Applications of variable speed drive (VSD) in electrical motors energy savings Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 1. 543-550 Abstract: Most motors are designed to operate at a constant speed and provide a constant output; however, modern technology requires different speeds in many applications where electric motors are used. A variable speed drive (VSD) is a device that regulates the speed and rotational force, or output torque of mechanical equipment. Effects of applying VSDs are in both productivity improvements and energy savings in pumps, fans, compressors and other equipment. Variable speed drive technology and the importance of controlling the speed of existing motors have fascinated many attentions in the last years with the advent of new power devices and magnetic materials. This paper is a comprehensive review on applications of VSD in electrical motors energy savings. The aim is to identify energy saving opportunities and incorporated costs of applying variable speed drives to the existing applications of electrical motors. Subsequently, economic analysis, payback period and the effect of current and voltage harmonics generated by VSDs are presented. Authors are hopeful to provide useful information for future variable speed drive applications like fans, pumps, chillers, ventilators and heaters. Notes: 871UZ Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:60
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M M Rahman, S Parvin, N A Rahim, M Hasanuzzaman, R Saidur (2012) Simulation of mixed convection heat transfer in a horizontal channel with an open cavity containing a heated hollow cylinder Heat Transfer - Asian Research 41: 4. 339-353 Abstract: The objective of this paper is to numerically investigate the mixed convective flow and heat transfer controlled by a heated hollow cylinder inside an open cavity attached with a horizontal channel. All the boundaries of the channel and cavity are perfectly insulated while the inner surface of the cylinder is heated uniformly by heat flux q. The equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved using adequate boundary conditions by Galarkinâs weighted residual finite element technique. The solution has been performed in the computational domain as a whole with proper treatment at the solid/fluid interface. Computations have been conducted for Ra = 10 3-10 5, Prandtl number Pr varying from 0.7 to 7 and ratio of solid to fluid thermal conductivities from 0.2 to 50. Results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, heat transfer rate in terms of the average Nusselt number (Nu av), drag force (D), and maximum bulk temperature (θ max). Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Article in Press CODEN: HTARF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Rahman, M.M.; Centre of Research UMPEDAC, Level 4, Engineering Tower, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya
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R Saidur, M Rezaei, W K Muzammil, M H Hassan, S Paria, M Hasanuzzaman (2012) Technologies to recover exhaust heat from internal combustion engines Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 8. 5649-5659 Abstract: The focus of this study is to review the latest developments and technologies on waste heat recovery of exhaust gas from internal combustion engines (ICE). These include thermoelectric generators (TEG), organic Rankine cycle (ORC), six-stroke cycle IC engine and new developments on turbocharger technology. Furthermore, the study looked into the potential energy savings and performances of those technologies. The current worldwide trend of increasing energy demand in transportation sector are one of the many segments that is responsible for the growing share of fossil fuel usage and indirectly contribute to the release of harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is hoped that with the latest findings on exhaust heat recovery to increase the efficiency of ICEs, world energy demand on the depleting fossil fuel reserves would be reduced and hence the impact of global warming due to the GHG emissions would fade away. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: RSERF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Wisma RandD, University of Malaya, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: hasan@um.edu.my References: Jia, S., Peng, H., Liu, S., Zhang, X., Review of transportation and energy consumption related research (2009) Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 9 (3), pp. 6-16; Saidur, R., A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (3), pp. 877-898; Saidur, R., Atabani, A.E., Mekhilef, S., A review on electrical and thermal energy for industries (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (4), pp. 2073-2086; Jahirul, M.I., Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., A comparison of the air pollution of gasoline and CNG driven car for Malaysia (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2 (2), pp. 130-138; Saidur, R., Jahirul, M.I., Hasanuzzaman, M., Masjuki, H.H., Analysis of exhaust emissions of natural gas engine by using response surface methodology (2008) Journal of Applied Science, 8 (19), pp. 3328-3339; (2010), Department of Statistics Putrajaya(2002) Country Reports: Population and Poverty in Malaysia, , UNESCAP United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; Kaya, D., Yagmur, E.A., Yigit, K.S., Kilic, F.C., Eren, A.S., Celik, C., Energy efficiency in pumps (2008) Energy Conversion and Management, 49 (6), pp. 1662-1673; Saidur, R., Sattar, M., Masjuki, H., Ahmed, S., Hashim, U., An estimation of the energy and exergy efficiencies for the energy resources consumption in the transportation sector in Malaysia (2007) Energy Policy, 35 (8), pp. 4018-4026; Stobart, R.K., An availability approach to thermal energy recovery in vehicles (2007) Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, p. 221; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Ping, H.W., Jahirul, M.I., Mekhilef, S., Masjuki, H.H., Energy and emission analysis for industrial motors in Malaysia (2009) Energy Policy, 37 (9), pp. 3650-3658; Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahim, N.A., Saidur, R., Kazi, S.N., Energy savings and emissions reductions for rewinding and replacement of industrial motor (2011) Energy, 36 (1), pp. 233-240; Hatazawa, M., Sugita, H., Ogawa, T., Seo, Y., Performance of a thermoacoustic sound wave generator driven with waste heat of automobile gasoline engine (2004) Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 70 (689), pp. 292-299; Stabler, F., Automotive applications of high efficiency thermoelectrics (2002) DARPA/ONR Program Review and DOE High Efficiency Thermoelectric Workshop, , San Diego, CA; Taylor, C.M., Automobile engine tribology - Design considerations for efficiency and durability (1998) Wear, 221 (1), pp. 1-8; Yu, C., Chau, K.T., Thermoelectric automotive waste heat energy recovery using maximum power point tracking (2009) Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (6), pp. 1506-1512; Yang, J., Potential applications of thermoelectric waste heat recovery in the automotive industry (2005) International Conference on Thermoelectrics, pp. 155-159; Andersson, B.S., Company perspectives in vehicle tribology - Volvo. in 17th leeds-lyon symposium on tribology (1991) Vehicle Tribology, , Elsevier Amsterdam; Mahlia, T.M.I., Saidur, R., Memon, L.A., Zulkifli, N.W.M., Masjuki, H.H., A review on fuel economy standard for motor vehicles with the implementation possibilities in Malaysia (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (9), pp. 3092-3099; Priest, M., Taylor, C.M., Automobile engine tribology - Approaching the surface (2000) Wear, 241 (2), pp. 193-203; Conklin, J.C., Szybist, J.P., A highly efcient six-stroke internal combustion engine cycle with water injection for in-cylinder exhaust heat recovery (2010) Energy, 35, pp. 1658-1664; Dolz, V., Novella, R., Garcãa, A., Sãnchez, J., HD Diesel engine equipped with a bottoming Rankine cycle as a waste heat recovery system. 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H A Mohammed, A A Al-Aswadi, M Z Yusoff, R Saidur (2012) Buoyancy-assisted mixed convective flow over backward-facing step in a vertical duct using nanofluids Thermophysics and Aeromechanics 19: 1. 33-52 Abstract: Laminar mixed convective buoyancy assisting flow through a two-dimensional vertical duct with a backward-facing step using nanofluids as a medium is numerically simulated using finite volume technique. Different types of nanoparticles such as Au, Ag, Al2O3, Cu, CuO, diamond, SiO2 and TiO2 with 5 % volume fraction are used. The wall downstream of the step was maintained at a uniform wall temperature, while the straight wall that forms the other side of the duct was maintained at constant temperature equivalent to the inlet fluid temperature. The walls upstream of the step and the backward-facing step were considered as adiabatic surfaces. The duct has a step height of 4.9 mm and an expansion ratio of 1.942, while the total length in the downstream of the step is 0.5 m. The downstream wall was fixed at uniform wall temperature 0 a parts per thousand currency sign Delta Ta parts per thousand currency sign 30 A degrees C, which was higher than the inlet flow temperature. The Reynolds number in the range of 75 a parts per thousand currency sign Re a parts per thousand currency sign 225 was considered. It is found that a recirculation region was developed straight behind the backward-facing step which appeared between the edge of the step and few millimeters before the corner which connect the step and the downstream wall. In the few millimeters gap between the recirculation region and the downstream wall, a U-turn flow was developed opposite to the recirculation flow which mixed with the unrecirculated flow and traveled along the channel. Two maximum and one minimum peaks in Nusselt number were developed along the heated downstream wall. It is inferred that Au nanofluid has the highest maximum peaks while diamond nanofluid has the highest minimum peak. Nanofluids with a higher Prandtl number have a higher peak of Nusselt numbers after the separation and the recirculation flow disappeared. Notes: 969RK Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:44
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H A Mohammed, G Bhaskaran, N H Shuaib, H I Abu-Mulaweh, R Saidur (2012) Thermal and hydrodynamic performance analysis of circular microchannel heat exchanger utilizing nanofluids International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 22: 6-7. 907-927 Abstract: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically the thermal and hydrodynamics performance of circular microchannel heat exchanger (CMCHE) using various nanofluids. Design/methodology/approach - The three-dimensional steady, laminar developing flow and conjugate heat transfer governing equations of a balanced MCHE are solved using finite volume method. Findings - The results are shown in terms of temperature profile, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, wall shear stress, pumping power, effectiveness and performance index. The addition of nanoparticles increased the heat transfer rate of the base fluids. The temperature profiles of the fluids have revealed that higher average bulk temperatures were obtained by the nanofluids compared to water. The addition of nanoparticles also increased the pressure drop along the channels slightly. The increase in nanoparticle concentrations yielded better heat transfer rate while the increase in Reynolds number decreased the heat transfer rate. Research limitations/implications - The tested nanofluids are Ag, Al 2O 3, CuO, SiO 2, and TiO 2. Reynolds number range varied from 100 to 800 and the nanoparticle concentration varied from 2 per cent to 10 per cent. Practical implications - Parallel flow in CMCHEs is used in thermal engineering applications and the design and performance analysis of these CMCHE are of practical importance. Originality/value - This paper provides the details of the thermal and hydrodynamics performance analysis of flow heat exchangers using nanofluids, which can be used for heat transfer augmentation in thermal design. Notes: 028GV Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:27
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S Mekhilef, R Saidur, A Safari (2012) Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 1. 981-989 Abstract: Fuel cells generate electricity and heat during electrochemical reaction which happens between the oxygen and hydrogen to form the water. Fuel cell technology is a promising way to provide energy for rural areas where there is no access to the public grid or where there is a huge cost of wiring and transferring electricity. In addition, applications with essential secure electrical energy requirement such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), power generation stations and distributed systems can employ fuel cells as their source of energy. The current paper includes a comparative study of basic design, working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages of various technologies available for fuel cells. In addition, techno-economic features of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) are compared. The results indicate that fuel cell systems have simple design, high reliability, noiseless operation, high efficiency and less environmental impact. The aim of this paper is to serve as a convenient reference for fuel cell power generation reviews. Notes: 871UZ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:56
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M M Rahman, H F Oztop, N A Rahim, R Saidur, K Al-Salem, N Amin, M A H Mamun, A Ahsan (2012) Computational analysis of mixed convection in a channel with a cavity heated from different sides International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 1. 78-84 Abstract: A computational work is performed in this paper to analyze the heat transfer, temperature distribution and flow field in a channel with a cavity heated from different sides. Flow inlets to the channel are uniform. Constant magnetic field is applied to the channel as Ha = 10, Prandtl number is chosen as Pr = 0.7 and Reynolds number is fixed at Re = 100. Finite element method is used to solve governing equations. Three different cases were considered based on heater position in the cavity at the left vertical side (Case 1), bottom side (Case 2) and right vertical side (Case 3). It is found that the highest heat transfer is obtained when the isothermal heater is located at the right vertical wall. Notes: 900AP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:17
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S Mekhilef, A Safari, W E S Mustaffa, R Saidur, R Omar, M A A Younis (2012) Solar energy in Malaysia : Current state and prospects Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 1. 386-396 Abstract: Malaysia is situated at the equatorial region with an average solar radiation of 400-600 MJ/m 2 per month. It has a promising potential to establish large scale solar power installations; however, solar energy is still at the infancy stage due to the high cost of photovoltaic (PV) cells and solar electricity tariff rate. The Malaysian government is keen to develop solar energy as one of the significant sources of energy in the country. According to the 9th Malaysia Plan (9MP), a large allocation had been dedicated for implementation of solar PV systems. On 25th July 2005, a Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) project had been announced and it was planned to end by 2010. The project consists of three categories which include: BIPV demonstration, national "SURIA1000" and BIPV showcase. Greater emphasis will be placed on energy efficiency under the Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015). This paper discusses present and future situation of solar power in Malaysia, utilization of solar energy and the strategies taken by the Malaysian government and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) to promote solar energy thermal applications and electricity power generation in the future. Notes: 871UZ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:46
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H F Γztop, M M Rahman, A Ahsan, M Hasanuzzaman, R Saidur, K Al-Salem, N A Rahim (2012) MHD natural convection in an enclosure from two semi-circular heaters on the bottom wall International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55: 7-8. 1844-1854 Abstract: A computational study of the thermal and dynamical behavior of fluid in an enclosure with two isothermal semi-circular heaters is presented. The top wall and the flat surfaces on bottom wall are adiabatic while the vertical walls are kept at lower temperature than the semi-circular heaters. The radius of curvature of the semi-circular surfaces is chosen as one tenth of the cavity wall length. The governing equations are solved by the Galerkin weighted residual finite element method. The effect of magnetic field on the flow is another important parameter in this study. Numerical simulations were performed for several values of Rayleigh number (10 3âÂ⬠Ra âÂ⬠10 6), Hartmann number (0 âÂ⬠Ha âÂ⬠50) and the distance between two semi-circular heaters (0.2 âÂ⬠D âÂ⬠0.8). In all cases the Prandtl number is taken as 7. It is found that the distance between the semi-circular heaters is the most important parameter affecting the heat and fluid flow fields. In addition, Hartmann number was found to have an adverse affect on heat transfer. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: IJHMA Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Rahman, M.M.; Centre of Research UMPEDAC, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: m71ramath@gmail.com References: Ostrach, S., Natural convection in enclosures (1988) J. Heat Transfer, 110, pp. 1175-1190; Catton, I., Natural convection in enclosures (1978) Proc. 6th Int. 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Manage., 42, pp. 505-517; De Vahl Davis, G., Jones, I.P., Natural convection in square cavity: A comparison exercise (1983) International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 3 (3), pp. 227-248; Mariani, V.C., Da Silva, A., Natural convection: Analysis of partially open enclosures with an internal heated source (2007) Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications, 52 (7), pp. 595-619. , DOI 10.1080/10407780701338423, PII 782048851; Dagtekin, I., Oztop, H.F., Natural convection heat transfer by heated partitions within enclosure (2001) International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 28 (6), pp. 823-834. , DOI 10.1016/S0735-1933(01)00286-X, PII S073519330100286X; Shi, X., Khodadadi, J.M., Laminar natural convection heat transfer in a differentially heated square cavity due to a thin fin on the hot wall (2003) Journal of Heat Transfer, 125 (4), pp. 624-634. , DOI 10.1115/1.1571847; Ogut, E.B., Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection flow in an enclosure with a finite length heater using the differential quadrature (DQ) method (2010) Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, 58, pp. 900-921; Nithyadevi, N., Kandaswamy, P., Sundari, S.M., Magnetoconvection in a square cavity with partially active vertical walls: Time periodic boundary condition (2009) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 52, pp. 1945-1953; Kahveci, K., Oztuna, S., MHD natural convection flow and heat transfer in a laterally heated partitioned enclosure (2009) Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids, 28, pp. 744-752; Kahveci, K., Oztuna, S., A differential quadrature solution of MHD natural convection in an inclined enclosure with a partition (2008) ASME J. Fluids Eng., 130, p. 021102; Oztop, H.F., Oztop, M., Varol, Y., Numerical simulation of magnetohydrodynamic buoyancy-induced flow in a non-isothermally heated square enclosure (2009) Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 14, pp. 770-778; Kandaswamy, P., Sundari, S.M., Nithyadevi, N., Magnetoconvection in an enclosure with partially active vertical walls (2008) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51 (7-8), pp. 1946-1954. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.06.025, PII S001793100700436X; Rahman, M.M., Parvin, S., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in a horizontal channel with an open cavity (2011) Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 38, pp. 184-193; Chandra, A., Chhabra, R.P., Flow over and forced convection heat transfer in Newtonian fluids from a semi-circular cylinder (2011) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 54, pp. 225-241; Oztop, H.F., Effective parameters on second law analysis for semicircular ducts in laminar flow and constant wall heat flux (2005) International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 32 (1-2), pp. 266-274. , DOI 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2004.05.018, PII S0735193304001952; Berbish, N.S., Moawed, M., Ammar, M., Afifi, R.I., Heat transfer and fluid friction factor of turbulent flow through a horizontal semi-circular duct Heat Mass Transfer, , DOI.1007/s00231-010-0727-y; Kimura, T., Takeuchi, M., Nagai, N., Hirano, M., Experimental study of natural convection heat transfer in a semicircular enclosure (1997) Heat Transfer - Asian Research, 26 (2), pp. 131-142; Rahman, M.M., ÃÂztop, H.F., Rahim, N.A., Saidur, R., Al-Salem, K., MHD Mixed convection with joule heating effect in a lid-driven cavity with a heated semi-circular source using finite element technique (2011) Numer. Heat Transfer, 60, pp. 543-560; Chandra, A., Chhabra, R.P., Mixed convection from a heated semi-circular cylinder to power-law fluids in the steady flow regime (2012) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 55, pp. 214-234; Basak, T., Roy, S., Babu, S.K., Balakrishnan, A.R., Finite element analysis of natural convection flow in a isosceles triangular enclosure due to uniform and non-uniform h eating at the side walls (2008) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 51, pp. 4496-4505; Kahveci, K., Natural convection in a partitioned vertical enclosure heated with a uniform heat flux (2007) Journal of Heat Transfer, 129 (6), pp. 717-726. , DOI 10.1115/1.2717241; Varol, Y., Oztop, H.F., Koca, A., Entropy production due to free convection in partially heated isosceles triangular enclosures (2008) Applied Thermal Engineering, 28 (11-12), pp. 1502-1513. , DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.08.013, PII S1359431107002931; Aydin, O., Yang, W., Natural convection in enclosures with localized heating from below and symmetrical cooling from sides (2000) Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow, 10, pp. 518-529
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S Mekhilef, R Saidur, M Kamalisarvestani (2012) Effect of dust, humidity and air velocity on efficiency of photovoltaic cells Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 5. 2920-2925 Abstract: The environmental and economical merits of converting solar energy into electricity via photovoltaic cells have caused an ever increasing interest among developed and developing countries to allocate more budget on photovoltaic systems in order to boost up their efficiency in recent years. Besides the material and design parameters, there are several omnipresent factors such as dust, humidity and air velocity that can influence the PV cellâs performance. There have been a handful of studies conducted on the effect of various influential parameters on the efficiency and performance of photovoltaic cells: however none has taken all these three parameters into account simultaneously. In this study the impact of dust accumulation, humidity level and the air velocity will be elaborated separately and finally the impact of each on the other will be clarified. It is shown that each of these three factors affect the other two and it is concluded that in order to have a profound insight of solar cell design, the effect of these factors should be taken into consideration in parallel. Notes: 959YN Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:38
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N A Rahim, R Saidur, K H Solangi, M Othman, N Amin (2012) Survey of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters and related systems Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14: 4. 521-533 Abstract: Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter technology has advanced since it first attracted the attention of policy makers. The objective of this article is to present a survey of grid-connected PV inverters and their present technology in Malaysia. Surveyed here are 186 PV inverter products from 22 manufacturers, their power factors, system THDs, efficiencies, power inputs (from PV array), costs, sizes, and protections investigated, and their datasheets collected from various manufacturers in Europe, North America, and Asia. The data are compared within regions and subject headings. Discussed are the lowering of cost, the raising of efficiency levels, and reliability improvement. Notes: 981FF Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:41
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M M Rahman, M M Billah, N A Rahim, R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman (2012) Finite Element Simulation of Magnetohydrodynamic Mixed Convection in a Double-Lid Driven Enclosure With a Square Heat-Generating Block Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of the Asme 134: 6. Abstract: Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed-convection flow and heat transfer characteristics inside a square double-lid driven enclosure have been investigated in this study. A heat-generating solid square block is positioned at the centre of the enclosure. Both of its vertical walls are lid-driven and have temperature T-c and uniform velocity V-0. In addition, the top and bottom surfaces are kept adiabatic. Discretization of governing equations is achieved using finite element technique based on Galerkin weighted residuals. The computation is carried out for a wide range of pertinent parameters such as Hartmann number, heat-generating parameter, and Richardson number. Numerical results are reported for the effects of aforesaid parameters on the streamline and isotherm contours. In addition, the heat transfer rate in terms of the average Nusselt number and temperature of the fluid as well as block center are presented for the mentioned parametric values. The obtained results show that the flow and thermal fields are influenced by the above-mentioned parameters. Notes: 952WK Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:21
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M M Rahman, H F Γztop, A Ahsan, R Saidur, K Al-Salem, N A Rahim (2012) Laminar Mixed Convection in Inclined Triangular Enclosures Filled with Water Based Cu Nanofluid Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 51: 10. 4090-4100 Abstract: This paper presents the results on mixed convection in an inclined lid-driven triangular enclosure filled with water based Cu nanofluid. The enclosure is cooled at the inclined surface and simultaneously heated at the base surface. The vertical wall is adiabatic and moving at a constant speed. The governing equations are solved numerically by the Galerkin finite element method. The effects of parameters such as the Richardson number, nanoparticle volume fraction, and tilt angle on the flow and thermal fields as well as the heat transfer rate of the heated surface are taken into account. The overall heat transfer rate of the heated surface is characterized by the average Nusselt number at the heated surface. It has been observed that the effects of the tilt angle and solid volume fractions are significant on the flow and thermal fields. Besides, an optimum value for the solid volume fraction is found, which results in the maximum heat transfer rate at the considered values of the Richardson numbers. The rate of the increase of the average Nusselt number is slow for higher values of the tilt angle while it is much quicker for lower values of the tilt angle. Notes: 907GX Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:36
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M M Rahman, M M Billah, M Hasanuzzaman, R Saidur, N A Rahim (2012) Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids in a Lid-Driven Square Enclosure Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A : Applications 62: 12. 973-991 Abstract: A numerical investigation of mixed convection flows through a copper-water nanofluid in a lid-driven square enclosure has been executed here. The two horizontal walls of the enclosure are insulated, while the vertical walls are kept differentially heated by constant temperature with the left wall moving at a constant speed. The physical problem is represented mathematically by a set of governing equations, and the transport equations are solved using the finite element method based on Galerkin-weighted residuals. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and found to be in excellent agreement. Computational results are obtained for a wide range of parameters such as the Richardson number, solid volume fraction, and Reynolds number. Copper-water nanofluids are used with Prandtl number Pr=6.2, and solid volume fraction is varied as 0%, 2%, 4%, and 8%. Reynolds number Re is varied from 50 to 200, while the Richardson number Ri is from 0 to 5 on the flow and thermal fields; heat transfer characteristics are also studied in detail. Results are offered in terms of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number, and fluid temperature for the mentioned parameters. It is found that heat transfer increased by 9.91% as increases from 0% to 8% at Ri=5. On the other hand, at the same convective regime, heat transfer increased by 120.91% as Re increased from 50 to 200. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: NHAAE Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Rahman, M.M.; Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; email: m71ramath@gmail.com References: Yu, Z.T., Hu, Y.C., Fan, L.W., Cen, K.F., A parametric study of prandtl number effects on laminar natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal circular cylinder to its coaxial triangular enclosure (2010) Numer. Heat Transfer A, 58 (7), pp. 564-580; Basak, T., Roy, S., Ramakrishna, D., Pop, I., Visualization of heat transport during natural convection within porous triangular cavities via heat line approach (2010) Numer. Heat Transfer A, 57 (6), pp. 431-452; Paramane, S.B., Sharma, A., Consistent implementation and comparison of FOU, CD, SOU and QUICK convection schemes on square, skew, trapezoidal, and triangular lid-driven cavity flow (2008) Numer. Heat Transfer B, 54 (1), pp. 84-102; Talukder, P., Shah, M., Analysis of laminar mixed convection heat transfer in horizontal triangular ducts (2008) Numer. Heat Transfer A, 54 (12), pp. 1148-1168; Oztop, H.F., Dagtekin, I., Mixed convection in two-sided lid-driven differentially heated square cavity (2004) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47 (8-9), pp. 1761-1769. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.10.016; Luo, W.J., Yang, R.J., Multiple fluid flow and heat transfer solutions in a two-sided lid-driven cavity (2007) Int J. Heat Mass Transfer, 50, pp. 2394-2405; Chamkha, A.J., Hydromagnetic combined convection flow in a vertical lid-driven cavity with internal heat generation or absorption (2002) Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications, 41 (5), pp. 529-546. , DOI 10.1080/104077802753570356; Rahman, M.M., Alim, M.A., Sarker, M.M.A., Numerical study on the conjugate effect of joule heating and magneto-hydrodynamics mixed convection in an obstructed lid-driven square cavity (2010) Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 37, pp. 524-534; Basak, T., Roy, S., Sharma, P.K., Pop, I., Analysis of mixed convection flows within a square cavity with uniform and non-uniform heating of bottom wall (2009) Int. J. Therm. Sci., 48, pp. 891-912; Khanafer, K., Vafai, K., Lightstone, M., Buoyancy-driven heat transfer enhancement in a two-dimensional enclosure utilizing nanofluids (2003) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46 (19), pp. 3639-3653. , DOI 10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00156-X; Murshed, S.M.S., Leong, K.C., Yang, C., Enhanced thermal conductivity of TiO 2 - Water based nanofluids (2005) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 44 (4), pp. 367-373. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2004.12.005, PII S129007290500013X; Wang, X.-Q., Mujumdar, A.S., Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: A review (2007) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 46 (1), pp. 1-19. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2006.06.010, PII S1290072906001190; Tiwari, R.K., Das, M.K., Heat transfer augmentation in a two-sided lid-driven differentially heated square cavity utilizing nanofluid (2007) Int J. Heat Mass Transfer, 50, pp. 2002-2018; Santra, A.K., Sen, S., Chakraborty, N., Study of heat transfer due to laminar flow of copper-water nanofluid through two isothermally heated parallel plates (2009) Int. J. Therm. Sci., 48, pp. 391-400; Muthtamilselvan, M., Kandaswamy, P., Lee, J., Heat transfer enhancement of copper-water nanofluids in a lid-driven enclosure (2010) Comm. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulation, 15, pp. 1501-1510; Ghasemi, B., Aminossadati, S.M., Mixed convection in a lid-driven triangular enclosure filled with nanofluids (2010) Int Comm Heat Mass Transfer, 37, pp. 1142-1148; Nada, E.A., Chamkha, A.J., Mixed convection flow in a lid-driven inclined square enclosure filled with a nanofluid (2010) Euro. J. Mech. B/Fluids, 29, pp. 472-482; Mansour, M.A., Mohamed, R.A., Abd-Elaziz, M.M., Ahmed, S.E., Numerical simulation of mixed convection flows in a square lid-driven cavity partially heated from below using nanofluid (2010) Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 37, pp. 1504-1512; Xuan, Y., Li, Q., Investigation on convective heat transfer and flow features of nanofluids (2003) Journal of Heat Transfer, 125 (1), pp. 151-155. , DOI 10.1115/1.1532008; Saleh, H., Roslan, R., Hashim, I., Natural convection heat transfer in a nanofluid-filled trapezoidal enclosure (2011) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 54, pp. 194-201; Wang, M., Kang, Q., Pan, N., Thermal conductivity enhancement of carbon fiber composites (2009) Appl. Therm. Eng., 29, pp. 418-421; Talebi, F., Mahmoudi, A.H., Shahi, M., Numerical study of mixed convection flows in a square lid-driven cavity utilizing nanofluid (2010) Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 37, pp. 79-90; Tzeng, S.-C., Lin, C.-W., Huang, K.D., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in rotary blade coupling of four-wheel-drive vehicles (2005) Acta Mechanica, 179 (1-2), pp. 11-23. , DOI 10.1007/s00707-005-0248-9; Billah, M.M., Rahman, M.M., Shahabuddin, M., Azad, A.K., Heat transfer enhancement of copper-water nanofluids in an inclined lid-driven triangular enclosure (2011) J. Scientific Res., 3 (3), pp. 525-545; Rahman, M.M., Billah, M.M., Rahman, A.T.M.M., Kalam, M.A., Ahsan, A., Numerical investgation of heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in an inclined lid-driven triangular enclosure (2011) Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 38 (10), pp. 1360-1367; Brinkman, H.C., The viscosity of concentrated suspensions and solutions (1952) J. Chem. Physics, 20, pp. 571-581
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T M I Mahlia, B N Taufiq, K P Ong, R Saidur (2011) Exergy analysis for day lighting, electric lighting and space cooling systems for a room space in a tropical climate Energy and Buildings 43: 7. 1676-1684 Abstract: Turning off the electric lamp during available daylight will save electricity, while at the same time thermal energy from solar radiation transmitted through the window will increase the space-cooling load. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the whole system that includes not only the room space with the windows and the electric lighting systems, but also the air conditioning system. For analysis of the whole system using different types of energy (i.e. electricity, solar radiation, light emitted by lamps and thermal energy), it is important to take into account the quality of these different types of energy. The concept of entropy and exergy were applied in this analysis. The purpose of this study is to show the energy use for daylighting, electric lighting, and space cooling systems as a series of exergy input, output, and consumption and reveal how a daylighting system consumes solar exergy and how electric lighting and space cooling systems consume exergy from fossil fuel. The methodology to calculate the exergy consumption of the system during a given time was developed first. This method was then applied to the lighting and cooling for a typical room. The study found that electric lighting consumes the lowest amount of exergy while the space cooling consumes the highest amount of exergy for the system. Notes: 785LX Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:26
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M R Islam, R Saidur, N A Rahim (2011) Assessment of wind energy potentiality at Kudat and Labuan, Malaysia using Weibull distribution function Energy 36: 2. 985-992 Abstract: The wind resource is a crucial step in planning a wind energy project and detailed knowledge of the wind characteristic at a site is needed to estimate the performance of a wind energy project. In this paper, with the help of 2-parameter Weibull distribution, the assessment of wind energy potentiality at Kudat and Labuan in 2006-2008 was carried out. "WRPLOT" software has been used to show the wind direction and resultant of the wind speed direction. The monthly and yearly highest mean wind speeds were 4.76 m/s at Kudat and 3.39 m/s at Labuan respectively. The annual highest values of the Weibull shape parameter (k) and scale parameter (c) were 1.86 and 3.81 m/s respectively. The maximum wind power density was found to be 67.40 W/m(2) at Kudat for the year 2008. The maximum wind energy density was found to be 590.40 kWh/m(2)/year at Kudat in 2008. The highest most probable wind speed and wind speed carrying maximum energy were estimated 2.44 m/s at Labuan in 2007 and 6.02 m/s at Kudat in 2007. The maximum deviation, at wind speed more than 2 m/s, between observed and Weibull frequency distribution was about 5%. The most probable wind directions (blowing from) were 190 and 269 at Kudat and Labuan through the study years. From this study, it is concluded that these sites are unsuitable for the large-scale wind energy generation. However, small-scale wind energy can be generated at the turbine height of 100 m. Notes: 731JQ Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:68
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N A Madlool, R Saidur, M S Hossain, N A Rahim (2011) A critical review on energy use and savings in the cement industries Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 4. 2042-2060 Abstract: The cement sub-sector consumes approximately 12-15% of total industrial energy use. Therefore, a state of art review on the energy use and savings is necessary to identify energy wastage so that necessary measures could be implemented to reduce energy consumption in this sub-sector. In this paper energy use at different sections of cement industries, specific energy consumption, types of energy use, details of cement manufacturing processes, various energy savings measures were reviewed and presented. Various energy savings measures were critically analyzed considering amount of energy that can be saved along with the implementation cost. Amount of CO(2) reduction has been presented along with the payback period for different energy savings measures as well. This study complied a comprehensive literature on the cement industries in terms of Thesis (MS and PhD), peer reviewed journals papers, conference proceedings, books, reports, websites. It has been observed that China producing major share of global cement production. Coal contribute major share of fuel used in cement industries. However, along with conventional fuels, industries are moving towards the use of alternative fuels to reduce environmental pollution. It was reported that cement industries are moving from wet process to dry process as it consume less energy compared to wet process. Notes: 744XJ Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:114
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T M I Mahlia, R Saidur, P A A Yanti, H H Masjuki (2011) Role of energy guide labels in consumers purchase decision for household electrical appliances Energy Education Science and Technology Part a-Energy Science and Research 27: 1. 95-104 Abstract: Due to the rapid economic growth in the past, the usage of electrical products for the last three decades has increased rapidly in Malaysia. To reduce energy consumption, Malaysian Energy Commission has implemented energy labels for electrical appliances. The purpose of the energy labels is to provide the consumers a guideline to compare the size, features, price and efficiency of the product. Research on consumer understanding and use of the label has been limited. This paper discusses the important aspects in consumers purchasing decision and consumers view on energy labels in Malaysia. The study includes the investigation of familiarity, awareness and understanding of the proposed energy labeling by Malaysian respondents. The study found that 65% of respondent were not familiar with the label, however 78% of respondents were understand the label and 79% of respondents are aware about the labels. The undesirable finding was that the efficiency of the product ranked sixth by the respondents in purchasing electrical products. Notes: 655ZX Times Cited:34 Cited References Count:38
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S Mekhilef, R Saidur, A Safari, W E S B Mustaffa (2011) Biomass energy in Malaysia : Current state and prospects Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 7. 3360-3370 Abstract: Today, energy crisis turn out to be a serious threat towards sustainability for developing countries since their energy demand is growing more rapidly than developed countries. On the other hand, fossil fuels cannot sustain anymore in the near future because of environmental impacts and depletion of the reserves. Malaysia is experiencing drastic growth in population and economy and requires exploring alternative energy sources to support its population and commercial energy demand. Biomass as the fourth largest energy resource in the world is abundant in the country. Malaysia is blessed with tropical and humid climate all year round which is a magnificent opportunity for fully exploiting agriculture and tropical forests potential. Since late 1990, the concept of waste-to-wealth had been promoted and became popular widely. This concept is based on unwanted wastes which are converted into valuable energy while reducing waste generated and increase the economy-efficiency mainly used for cooking, space heating and power generation. Currently, concerted efforts and various biomass energy programs are supporting by the government for development, demonstration and commercialization. This paper intent to present the current state and prospects of biomass utilization and strategies promoted for future developments in Malaysia. Notes: 805KC Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:32
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(2011) Review on solar water heater collector and thermal energy performance of circulating pipe Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 8. 3801-3812 Abstract: The effect of thermal conductivity of the absorber plate of a solar collector on the performance of a thermo-siphon solar water heater is found by using the alternative simulation system. The system is assumed to be supplied of hot water at 50 ðC and 80 ðC whereas both are used in domestic and industrial purposes, respectively. According to the Rand distribution profile 50, 125 and 250 l of hot water are consumed daily. The condition shows that the annual solar fraction of the planning functions and the collectorâs configuration factors are strongly dependent on the thermal conductivity for its lower values. The less dependence is observed beyond a thermal conductivity of 50 W/m ðC for the solar improper fraction and above 100 W/m ðC for the configuration factors. In addition, the number of air ducts and total mass flow rate are taken to show that higher collector efficiency is obtained under the suitable designing and operating parameters. Different heat transfer mechanisms, adding natural convection, vapor boiling, cell nucleus boiling and film wise condensation is observed in the thermo-siphon solar water heater with various solar radiations. From this study, it is found that the solar water heater with a siphon system achieves system characteristic efficiency of 18% higher than that of the conventional system by reducing heat loss for the thermo-siphon solar water heater. Notes: 871UV Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:76
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H A Mohammed, G Bhaskaran, N H Shuaib, R Saidur (2011) Numerical study of heat transfer enhancement of counter nanofluids flow in rectangular microchannel heat exchanger Superlattices and Microstructures 50: 3. 215-233 Abstract: This paper reports a numerical analysis of the performance of a counter-flow rectangular shaped microchannel heat exchanger (MCHE) using nanofluids as the working fluids. Finite volume method was used to solve the three-dimensional steady, laminar developing flow and conjugate heat transfer in aluminum MCHE. The nanofluids used were Ag, Al2O3, CuO, SiO2, and TiO2 and the performance was compared with water. The thermal, flow fields and performance of the MCHE were analyzed using different nanofluids, different Reynolds numbers and different nanoparticle concentrations. Temperature profile, heat transfer coefficient, pressure profile, and wall shear stress were obtained from the simulations and the performance was discussed in terms of heat transfer rate, pumping power, effectiveness, and performance index. Results indicated enhanced performance with the usage of nanofluids, and slight penalty in pressure drop. The increase in Reynolds number caused an increase in the heat transfer rate and a decrease in the overall bulk temperature of the cold fluid. The increase in nanoparticle concentration also yielded better performance at the expense of increased pressure drop. Notes: 828LS Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:26
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H A Mohammed, A A Al-Aswadi, N H Shuaib, R Saidur (2011) Convective heat transfer and fluid flow study over a step using nanofluids : A review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 6. 2921-2939 Abstract: Research in convective heat transfer on internal separated flows has been extensively conducted in the past decades. This review summarizes numerous researches on two topics. The first section focuses on studying the fluid flow and heat transfer behavior of different types of single-phase fluid flows over backward facing step (BFS) at different orientations. The second section concentrates on everything related to nanofluids; its preparation, properties, behavior, applications, and many others. The purpose of this article is to get a clear view and detailed summary of the influence of several parameters such as the geometrical specifications, boundary conditions, type of fluids, and inclination angle on the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics using (BFS). The reattachment length and maximum Nusselt number are the main target of such research where correlation equations were developed and reported in experimental and numerical studies. The heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids along with the nanofluids preparation technique, types and shapes of nanoparticles, base fluids and additives, transport mechanisms, and stability of the suspension are also discussed. Notes: 788AT Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:170
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Abstract: Friction is an effective factor in the reduction of the exergy efficiency in engines. In this study, the effects of using nanolubricants on friction reduction, thereby increasing the engine exergy efficiency, have been investigated. First, studies done on exergy, engine lubrication and friction reduction with nanolubricants have been reviewed. Based on these studies the mathematical formula for estimating the exergy efficiency of an engine that uses nanolubrication was derived. Finally, it has been found that adding CuO nanoparticles to SF oil has the greatest effect on the exergy efficiency improvement and the maximum amount of this improvement is 4.6%. Notes: 722GA Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:27
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S Mekhilef, S Siga, R Saidur (2011) A review on palm oil biodiesel as a source of renewable fuel Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 4. 1937-1949 Abstract: The demand of increasing price in fossil fuel has prompted the global oil industry to look at the alternative sources of fuel from renewable energy source which is biodiesel. Biodiesel is considered as better option because of its environmental friendly characteristics while giving almost the same functional properties like fossil fuels. This paper will focus on the biodiesel produced in Malaysia. Palm oil is the main raw stock for biodiesel production in Malaysia as the country is one of the leading palm oil producers in the world. There are many advantages and disadvantages from the economical social and environmental aspects in the Malaysian biodiesel production in specific palm oil biodiesel. The aim of this paper is to analyze the past, current and future of palm oil biodiesel industry in Malaysia. This paper includes the technology aspect used in the palm oil biodiesel production and characteristics of pure palm oil biodiesel to meet the international market standard. Malaysia faces tough competition from other biodiesel producers like Indonesia and Brazil. The scope of this study covers the worldwide biodiesel development in brief in continuation with the challenges faced by Malaysia in becoming the top biodiesel exporter in the world with the advantages and disadvantage of using palm oil as the feedstock. Notes: 744XJ Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:30
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S Mekhilef, R Saidur, A Safari (2011) A review on solar energy use in industries Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 4. 1777-1790 Abstract: Presently, solar energy conversion is widely used to generate heat and produce electricity. A comparative study on the world energy consumption released by International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that in 2050, solar array installations will supply around 45% of energy demand in the world. It was found that solar thermal is getting remarkable popularity in industrial applications. Solar thermal is an alternative to generate electricity, process chemicals or even space heating. It can be used in food, non-metallic, textile, building, chemical or even business related industries. On the other hand, solar electricity is wildly applied in telecommunication, agricultural, water desalination and building industry to operate lights, pumps, engines, fans, refrigerators and water heaters. It is very important to apply solar energy for a wide variety of applications and provide energy solutions by modifying the energy proportion, improving energy stability, increasing energy sustainability, conversion reduction and hence enhance the system efficiency. The present work aimed to study the solar energy systems utilization in industrial applications and looked into the industrial applications which are more compatible to be integrated with solar energy systems. Notes: 744XJ Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:51
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Abstract: The present numerical study is conducted to investigate MHD mixed convection flow and heat transfer characteristics in a double-lid driven cavity with a heat-generating solid square block. The cavity horizontal walls are adiabatic while both the vertical lids are maintained at a uniform temperature T c and velocity V 0. The present study simulates a reasonable system such as air-cooled electronic equipment with a heat component or an oven with heater. Emphasis is sited on the influences of the block size and position of the block in the cavity. The transport governing equations are solved employing the finite element formulation based on the Galerkin method of weighted residuals. The validity of the current numerical code used is ascertained by comparing our results with previously published results. The computation is carried out for a wide range of relevant parameters such as block diameter, location of the block and Richardson number. Results are presented for the effect of aforesaid parameters on the contours of streamline and isotherm. Besides, the heat transfer rate in terms of the average Nusselt number and temperature of the fluid and block center are offered for the mentioned parametric values. The obtained results demonstrate that the flow and thermal field are strongly influenced by the abovementioned parameters. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Billah, M. M.; Department of Arts and Sciences, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST), Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh; email: mmb.edu@gmail.com References: Al-Amiri, A., Khanafer, K., Bull, J., Pop, I., Effect of sinusoidal wavy bottom surface on mixed convection heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity (2007) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, pp. 1771-1780; Bhoite, M.T., Narasimham, G.S.V.L., Murthy, M.V.K., Mixed convection in a shallow enclosure with a series of heat generating components (2005) Int. J. of Thermal Sciences, 44, pp. 125-135; Braga, E.J., de Lemos, M.J.S., Laminar natural convection in cavities filed with circular and square rods (2005) Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transfer, 32, pp. 1289-1297; Chamkha, A.J., Hydromagnetic combined convection flow in a vertical lid-driven cavity with internal heat generation or absorption (2003) Numer. Heat Transfer, 41 (PART A), pp. 529-546; Costa, V.A.F., Raimundo, A.M., Steady mixed convection in a differentially heated square enclosure with an active rotating circular cylinder (2010) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53, pp. 1208-1219; Dong, S.F., Li, Y.T., Conjugate of natural convection and conduction in a complicated enclosure (2004) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, pp. 2233-2239; Gau, C., Jeng, Y.C., Liu, C.G., An experimental study on mixed convection in a horizontal rectangular channel heated from a side" (2000) ASME J. Heat Transfer, 122, pp. 701-707; Gau, G., Sharif, M.A.R., Mixed convection in rectangular cavities at various aspect ratios with moving isothermal side walls and constant flux heat source on the bottom wall (2004) Int. J. of Thermal Sciences, 43, pp. 465-475; GÃÅrcan, F., Gaskell, P.H., Savage, M.D., Wilson, M.C.T., Eddy genesis and transformation of Stokes flow in a double-lid driven cavity (2003) Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 217 Part C: J. Mechanical Engineering Science, pp. 353-364; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Ali, M., Masjuki, H.H., Effects of variables on natural convective heat transfer through V-corrugated vertical plates (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2 (2), pp. 109-117; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Effects of operating variables on heat transfer, energy losses and energy consumption of household refrigerator-freezer during the closed door operation (2009) Energy, 34 (2), pp. 196-198; House, J.M., Beckermann, C., Smith, T.F., Effect of a centered conducting body on natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure (1990) Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, 18, pp. 213-225; Hsu, T.H., How, S.P., Mixed convection in an enclosure with a heat-conducting body (1999) Acta Mechanica, 133, pp. 87-104; Laskowski, G., Kearney, S., Evans, G., Greif, R., Mixed convection heat transfer to and from a horizontal cylinder in cross-flow with heating from below (2007) Int. J. of Heat and Fluid Flow, 28, pp. 454-468; Manca, O., Nardini, S., Khanafer, K., Vafai, K., Effect of Heated Wall Position on Mixed Convection in a Channel with an Open Cavity (2003) Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, 43, pp. 259-282; Omri, A., Nasrallah, S.B., Control Volume Finite Element Numerical Simulation of Mixed Convection in an Air-Cooled Cavity (1999) Numer. l Heat Transfer, Part A, 36, pp. 615-637; Rahman, M.M., Alim, M.A., MHD mixed convection flow in a vertical lid-driven square enclosure including a heat conducting horizontal circular cylinder with Joule heating (2010) Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control, 15 (2), pp. 199-211; Rahman, M.M., Alim, M.A., Sarker, M.M.A., Numerical study on the conjugate effect of joule heating and magnato-hydrodynamics mixed convection in an obstructed lid-driven square cavity (2010) Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transfer, 37 (5), pp. 524-534; Rahman, M.M., Billah, M.M., Mamun, M.A.H., Saidur, R., Hassanuzzaman, M., Reynolds and Prandtl numbers effects on MHD mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity along with joule heating and a centered heat conducting circular block (2010) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 5 (2), pp. 163-170; Rahman, M.M., Mamun, M.A.H., Saidur, R., Nagata, S., Effect of a heat conducting horizontal circular cylinder on MHD mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity along with joule heating (2009) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 4 (3), pp. 256-265; Roy, S., Basak, T., Finite element analysis of natural convection flows in a square cavity with nonuniformly heated wall(s) (2005) Int. J. Eng. Sci, 43, pp. 668-680; Saha, G., Finite element simulation of magnetoconvection inside a sinusoidal corrugated enclosure with discrete isoflux heating from below (2010) Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transfer, 37, pp. 393-400; Shih, Y., Khodadadi, J., Weng, K., Ahmed, A., Periodic fluid flow and heat transfer in a square cavity due to an insulated or isothermal rotating cylinder (2009) J. of Heat Transfer, 131, pp. 1-11; Shokouhmand, H., Sayehvand, H., Numerical study of flow and heat transfer in a square driven cavity (2004) Int. J. of Engg., Transactions A: Basics, 17 (3), pp. 301-317; Sivasankaran, S., Malleswaran, A., Lee, J., Sundar, P., Hyro-magnetic combined convection in a lid-riven cavity with sinusoidal boundary conditions on both sidewalls (2011) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 54, pp. 512-525; Tasnim, S.H., Collins, M.R., Suppressing natural convection in a differentially heated square cavity with an arc shaped baffle (2005) Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transfer, 32 (2005), pp. 94-106; Tsay, Y.L., Cheng, J.C., Chang, T.S., Enhancement of heat transfer from surface-mounted block heat sources in a duct with baffles (2003) Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, 43, pp. 827-841; Zhou, Y.C., Patnaik, B.S.V., Wan, D.C., Wei, G.W., DSC solution for flow in a staggered double lid driven cavity" (2003) Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng, 57, pp. 211-234
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J U Ahamed, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, S Mekhilef, M B Ali, M H Furqon (2011) An application of energy and exergy analysis in agricultural sector of Malaysia Energy Policy 39: 12. 7922-7929 Abstract: Thermodynamic losses usually take place in machineries used for agricultural activities. Therefore, it is important to identify and quantify the losses in order to devise strategies or policies to reduce them. An exergy analysis is a tool that can identify the losses occurred in any sector. In this study, an analysis has been carried out to estimate energy and exergy consumption of the agricultural sector in Malaysia. Energy and exergy efficiencies have been determined for the devices used in the agricultural sector of Malaysia, where petrol, diesel and fuel oil are used to run the machineries. Energy and exergy flow diagrams for the overall efficiencies of Malaysian agricultural sector are presented as well. The average overall energy and exergy efficiencies of this sector were found to be 22% and 20.728%, respectively, within the period from 1991 to 2009. These figures were found to be lower than those of Norway but higher than Turkey. Notes: 866EN Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:47
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J U Ahamed, R Saidur, H H Masjuki (2011) A review on exergy analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 3. 1593-1600 Abstract: This paper reviews on the possibilities of researches in the field of exergy analysis in various usable sectors where vapor compression refrigeration systems are used. Here, it is found that exergy depends on evaporating temperature, condensing temperature, sub-cooling and compressor pressure. It also depends on environmental temperature. Nowadays, hydrocarbons are considered as refrigerant having low ODP and GWP, and these are considerable in the aspect of exergy analysis. Refrigerants R 407a, R 600a, R 410a and R 134a are considered and analyzed with respect to exergy efficiency. Mixtures of hydrocarbons with R134a also show better performance with respect to other refrigerants. Among the components of the vapor compression system, much research showed that major part of exergy losses is occurred in the compressor. Nanofluid and nanolubricant cause to reduce the exergy losses in the compressor indirectly. Notes: 728TX Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:54
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E A Abdelaziz, R Saidur, S Mekhilef (2011) A review on energy saving strategies in industrial sector Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 1. 150-168 Abstract: An industrial sector uses more energy than any other end-use sectors and currently this sector is consuming about 37% of the worldâs total delivered energy. Energy is consumed in the industrial sector by a diverse group of industries including manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and construction and for a wide range of activities, such as processing and assembly, space conditioning, and lighting. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review about industrial energy saving by management, technologies and policies. Latest literatures in terms of thesis (MS and PhD), journal articles, conference proceedings, web materials, reports, books, handbooks on industrial energy management, policies and energy savings strategies have been compiled. Energy saving by management including energy audit, training programs and housekeeping beside some energy management practices in the world has been reviewed. Energy saving technologies, such as use of high efficiency motors (HEMs), variable speed drives (VSDs), economizers, leak prevention and reducing pressure drop has been reviewed. Based on energy saving technologies results, it has been found that in the industrial sectors, a sizeable amount of electric energy, emissions and utility bill can be saved using these technologies. Payback periods for different energy savings measures have been identified and found to be economically viable in most cases. Finally, various energy-saving policies for few selected countries were reviewed. Notes: 688PI Times Cited:16 Cited References Count:75
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H A Mohammed, G Bhaskaran, N H Shuaib, R Saidur (2011) Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in microchannels heat exchanger using nanofluids : A review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 3. 1502-1512 Abstract: Advancement in the electronics industry led to the development of microscale heat transfer devices which offered high heat transfer coefficient in a compact size. Nevertheless, the heat transfer characteristics were limited by the heat transfer fluids that were used. The recent development of nanotechnology led to the concept of using suspended nanoparticles in heat transfer fluids to improve the heat transfer coefficient of the base fluids. The amount of research done in this particular field is fairly new and limited. Most studies done on microchannel devices and nanofluids recently have reported enhanced heat transfer capabilities and results that challenge traditional theories and limitations on heat transfer devices and fluids. Several important aspects of microchannel heat exchangers that affect the performance such as channel geometry, fluid inlet and outlet arrangement, type of construction were discussed together with the reported findings from experimental, numerical and theoretical literatures. This review also focuses on the important aspects of nanofluids such as types, properties and heat transfer characteristics and limitations towards the application of nanofluids. Apart from that, a comprehensive review on the work done regarding to heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in microchannels heat exchanger using conventional fluids as well as nanofluids is also described. Notes: 728TX Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:57
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M B Ali, R Saidur, M S Hossain (2011) A review on emission analysis in cement industries Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 5. 2252-2261 Abstract: The cement subsector consumes approximately 12-15% of the total industrial energy use. Therefore, this subsector releases CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels to produce energy needed for the cement manufacturing process. The cement industry contributes about 7% of the total worldwide CO 2 emissions. This study complied a comprehensive literature in terms of Thesis (MS and PhD), peer reviewed journals papers, conference proceedings, books, reports, websites for emission generation and mitigation technique. Emission released associated with the burning of fuels have been presented in this paper. Different sources of emissions in a cement industry has been identified and presented in this study. Different techniques to reduce CO 2 emissions from the cement manufacturing industries are reviewed and presented in this paper. The major techniques are: capture and storage CO 2 emissions, reducing clinker/cement ratio by replacing clinker with different of additives and using alternative fuels instead of fossil fuels. Apart from these techniques, various energy savings measures in cement industries expected to reduce indirect emissions released to the atmosphere. Based on review results it was found that sizeable amount of emission can be mitigated using different techniques and energy savings measures. Notes: 770JI Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:44
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Abstract: The successful implementation of the industrialization plan in Malaysia in 1985 has led to change this country from an agricultural economy into industrial based economy. The industrial sector represents the highest consuming sector across all other sectors and accounts for about 48% of all total energy demand. This study is concerned with an energy saving, economic and environmental analysis of industrial boilers in Malaysian paper and pulp industries when applying the concept of fuel switching. It has been found that 11,946 ton of CO2 and RM 1,872,532 could be saved annually, when switching between diesel fuel and biomass by a percentage of 50% for both instead of using 100% of diesel fuel. Also it has been found that 7,495,640 kg of CO2 and RM 923,431 could be saved annually, when switching between diesel fuel and natural gas by a percentage of 50% for both instead of using 100% of diesel fuel. All these results represent high energy saving, environmental and economic benefits for a small developing country like Malaysia. Notes:
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M Hasanuzzaman, R Saidur, HH Masjuki (2011) Effects of different variables on moisture transfer of household refrigerator-freezer Energy Education Science and Technology Part AΓ’ΒΒEnergy Science and Research 27: 2. 401-418 Abstract: Moisture transfer plays an important role in the hot and humid climate like Malaysia to preserve perishable food in the refrigerator-freezer. This paper presents the moisture transfer of household refrigerator-freezer during the open and closed door conditions. Experiments were conducted in the controlled chamber to investigate the effects of the different variables on moisture transfer. When the refrigerator-freezer door is opened, the moist warm ambient air enters into the cooler cabinets. The warm moisture gets cool and forms ice. On the other hand, during the defrosting system, the ice is warm up and defrosted. The energy is needed to form ice and defrost ice that is increased the energy consumption of refrigerator-freezer. Moisture transfer is greatly influence by the number of door opening, ambient temperature and water pan area. Notes: 722GA Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:42
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M Hasanuzzaman, N A Rahim, R Saidur, S N Kazi (2011) Energy savings and emissions reductions for rewinding and replacement of industrial motor Energy 36: 1. 233-240 Abstract: Electric motors consume 30-80% of total industrial energy around the world. This study estimates the economic viability of replacing rewound and standard motors with high efficiency motors (HEMs) in the industrial sector. The efficiency of a motor is degraded when it is rewound and it is better to rewind a larger motor compared with a smaller motor. It was found that a HEM can save on average 5.5% of energy compared with a standard motor. In addition, the payback period was found to be reasonable when a motor is operated at a 50% load. HEMs will also save a sizeable amount of energy and reduce emissions. It was estimated that 67,868ÃÂ MWh/year energy and US$ 4,343,531 per year could be saved by introducing HEMs. By contrast, 44,582 tons of CO2, 333 tons of SO2 and 122 tons of NOx emissions could be reduced through the aforementioned energy savings. This study found that rewound motors of a larger size and HEMs are economically viable. Notes: 714BL Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:52
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A Ghadimi, R Saidur, H S C Metselaar (2011) A review of nanofluid stability properties and characterization in stationary conditions International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54: 17-18. 4051-4068 Abstract: A new engineering medium, called nanofluid attracted a wide range of researches on many cooling processes in engineering applications, which are prepared by dispersing nanoparticles or nanotubes in a host fluid. In this paper, the stability of nanofluids is discussed as it has a major role in heat transfer enhancement for further possible applications. It also represents general stabilization methods as well as various types of instruments for stability inspection. Characterization, analytical models and measurement techniques of nanofluids after preparation by a single step or two-step method are studied. Notes: 787EX Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:137
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M M Billah, M M Rahman, U M Sharif, N A Rahim, R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman (2011) Numerical analysis of fluid flow due to mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity having a heated circular hollow cylinder International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38: 8. 1093-1103 Abstract: Mixed convection heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity along with a heated circular hollow cylinder positioned at the center of the cavity has been analyzed numerically. The present study simulates a realistic system such as air-cooled electronic equipment with a heat component or an oven with heater. A Galerkin weighted residual finite element method with a Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm is adopted to solve the governing equations. The computation is carried out for wide ranges of the Richardson numbers, cylinder diameter and solid fluid thermal conductivity ratio. Results are presented in the form of streamlines, isothermal lines, average Nusselt number at the heated surface and fluid temperature in the cavity for the mentioned parameters. It is found that the flow field and temperature distribution strongly depend on the cylinder diameter and also the solid-fluid thermal conductivity ratio at the three convective regimes. Notes: 830MP Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:21
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M Hasanuzzaman, R Saidur, N A Rahim (2011) Energy, exergy and economic analysis of an annealing furnace International Journal of Physical Sciences 6: 7. 1257-1266 Abstract: Energy efficiency improvements as well as energy savings are the major concern in most of the developed countries all over the world. Furnace is the most common and important part in metal industries. The useful concept of energy and exergy utilization is analyzed to investigate the energy and exergy efficiencies, energy and exergy losses, energy savings and cost benefit of an annealing furnace. The energy and exergy efficiencies of combustor and annealing chamber of the furnace have been analyzed as well. The exergy efficiency of the combustor is found to be 47.1%. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the annealing chamber are found to be 17.7 and 12.9% respectively. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the furnace are found to be 16.7 and 7.3% respectively. It is found that the annealing chamber is the major contributor for exergy destruction of about 57% followed by combustion chamber of the annealing furnace. By using a heat recovery system from the flue gas, about 8.1% of fuel can be saved within the payback period of less than 2 months. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: hasan@um.edu.my References: Akpinar, E.K., Evaluation of heat transfer and exergy loss in a concentric double pipe exchanger equipped with helical wires (2006) Energy Convers. Manag, 47 (18-19), pp. 3473-3486; Aljundi, I.H., Energy and exergy analysis of a steam power plant in Jordan (2009) Appl. Therm. Eng, 29 (2-3), pp. 324-328; Aljundi, I.H., Second-law analysis of a reverse osmosis plant in Jordan (2009) Desalination, 239 (1-3), pp. 207-215; Aneta, G., (2008) Exergy Efficiency of Renewable Use In the Pulp and Paper Industry, pp. 15-19. , WEC Regional Energy Forum - Foren, Neptun; Bisio, G., First- and second-law analyses of energy recoveries in blast-furnace regenerators (1996) Energy, 21 (2), pp. 147-155; Bisio, G., Rubatto, G., Martini, R., Heat transfer, energy saving and pollution control in UHP electric-arc furnaces (2000) Energy, 25 (11), pp. 1047-1066; ÃÂamdali, U., Tunç, M., Exergy analysis and efficiency in an industrial AC electric ARC furnace (2003) Appl. Therm. Eng, 23 (17), pp. 2255-2267; ÃÂamdali, U., Tunç, M., Dikeç, F., A thermodynamic analysis of a steel production step carried out in the ladle furnace (2001) Appl. Therm. 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R Saidur, E A Abdelaziz, A Demirbas, M S Hossain, S Mekhilef (2011) A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 5. 2262-2289 Abstract: Currently, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas represent the prime energy sources in the world. However, it is anticipated that these sources of energy will deplete within the next 40-50 years. Moreover, the expected environmental damages such as the global warming, acid rain and urban smog due to the production of emissions from these sources have tempted the world to try to reduce carbon emissions by 80% and shift towards utilizing a variety of renewable energy resources (RES) which are less environmentally harmful such as solar, wind, biomass etc. in a sustainable way. Biomass is one of the earliest sources of energy with very specific properties. In this review, several aspects which are associated with burning biomass in boilers have been investigated such as composition of biomass, estimating the higher heating value of biomass, comparison between biomass and other fuels, combustion of biomass, co-firing of biomass and coal, impacts of biomass, economic and social analysis of biomass, transportation of biomass, densification of biomass, problems of biomass and future of biomass. It has been found that utilizing biomass in boilers offers many economical, social and environmental benefits such as financial net saving, conservation of fossil fuel resources, job opportunities creation and CO 2 and NO x emissions reduction. However, care should be taken to other environmental impacts of biomass such as land and water resources, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and deforestation. Fouling, marketing, low heating value, storage and collections and handling are all associated problems when burning biomass in boilers. The future of biomass in boilers depends upon the development of the markets for fossil fuels and on policy decisions regarding the biomass market. Notes: 770JI Times Cited:26 Cited References Count:106
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Abstract: With vehicles being an integral part of the economy, there is no doubt that even a small portion of vehicleâs energy savings would draw the interest and attention of many people. Recently, many studies and researches in the area of nanotechnology had opened up a wide array of possibilities in providing energy saving potentials. This paper focused on the potential energy savings in vehicles brought by the recent development of nanotechnology in developing new materials with superior mechanical properties. The significance of the superiority of mechanical properties of these materials in weight reduction has been discussed. Energy savings associated with the reduction of vehicle weight has been estimated in this paper. In this study, it has been found that overall energy savings of about 10 percent can be achieved with the implementation of nanotechnology in reducing a vehicleâs weight. Notes: 601TP Times Cited:44 Cited References Count:37
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R Saidur, S N Kazi, M S Hossain, M M Rahman, H A Mohammed (2011) A review on the performance of nanoparticles suspended with refrigerants and lubricating oils in refrigeration systems Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 1. 310-323 Abstract: Recently scientists used nanoparticles in refrigeration systems because of theirs remarkable improvement in thermo-physical, and heat transfer capabilities to enhance the efficiency and reliability of refrigeration and air conditioning system. In this paper thermal-physical properties of nanoparticles suspended in refrigerant and lubricating oil of refrigerating systems were reviewed. Heat transfer performance of different nanorefrigerants with varying concentrations was reviewed and review results are presented as well. Pressure drop and pumping power of a refrigeration system with nanorefrigerants were obtained from different sources and reported in this review. Along with these, pool boiling heat transfer performance of CNT refrigerant was reported. Moreover, challenges and future direction of nanofluids/nanorefrigerants have been reviewed and presented in this paper. Based on results available in the literatures, it has been found that nanorefrigerants have a much higher and strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity at very low particle concentrations than conventional refrigerant. This can be considered as one of the key parameters for enhanced performance for refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Because of its superior thermal performances, latest upto date literatures on this property has been summarized and presented in this paper as well. The results indicate that HFC134a and mineral oil with TiO 2 nanoparticles works normally and safely in the refrigerator with better performance. The energy consumption of the HFC134a refrigerant using mineral oil and nanoparticles mixture as lubricant saved 26.1% energy with 0.1% mass fraction TiO 2 nanoparticles compared to the HFC134a and POE oil system. It was identified that fundamental properties (i.e. density, specific heat capacity, and surface tension) of nanorefrigerants were not experimentally determined yet. It may be noted as well that few barriers and challenges those have been identified in this review must be addressed carefully before it can be fully implemented in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Notes: 688PI Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:93
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R Saidur, M S Hossain, M R Islam, H Fayaz, H A Mohammed (2011) A review on kiln system modeling Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 5. 2487-2500 Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate performance cement of production and cement kiln. The design of energy efficient dryers employing heat pump systems and the dynamic response of the product to the kiln conditions must take into account. In this paper, the formulation of a dynamic and kiln-wide drying model is described. The model predictions have been verified by comparing them with the published experimental data. The model is then used to simulate performance of three industrial kilns. Numerical experiments are carried out to investigate influence of key operating and design parameters on energy consumption of kilns. The model is also used to explore the possibility of manipulating temperature profile within the kiln to reduce energy consumption per tonne of clinker. Cement kiln dust is a fine-grained material produced during the manufacture of cement. At present reuse option is limited and the bulk of cement kiln dust that is not reused in the cement manufacturing process is sent to landfills or stored on-site. Due to the calcium oxide (CaO) content of cement kiln dust, it has the potential to be used as a replacement for lime in treating acidic wastewaters such as acid rock drainage. Slaking of two of the cement kiln dust samples with the highest free lime contents (e.g., 34% and 37% free of CaO) gave elevated pH values statistically comparable to those of the commercial quicklime sample that was characterized as having 87% of CaO. Acid neutralization trials indicate that cement kiln dust samples with low free lime contents could be effective at neutralizing acidic wastewaters. Notes: 770JI Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:58
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R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman, T M I Mahlia, N A Rahim, H A Mohammed (2011) Chillers energy consumption, energy savings and emission analysis in an institutional buildings Energy 36: 8. 5233-5238 Abstract: Chillers consume more than 40% of the total energy used in the commercial and industrial buildings for space conditioning. In this paper, energy consumption by chillers and chilled water pumps, condenser pumps and fan motors has been estimated using data collected by a walkthrough energy audit for the 16 faculties of the University of Malaya. It has been estimated that chillers and motors and pumps used in chillers consume 10,737 MWh (i.e. 51% of total energy consumption) of electric energy for different percentage of loadings. As chillers are major energy users, variable speed drives are applied in chillers to reduce their energy consumption. It has been estimated that about 8368 MWh annual energy can be saved by using efficient chillers at different loadings. It has also been found that about 23,532 MWh annual energy can be saved for chilled water supply pumps, condenser pumps and cooling tower fan motors by matching required speeds using variable speed drives for 60% of speed reduction. About 1,274,692 kg of CO2 emission could be avoided for using energy efficient chillers at 50% load. It has been also found that about 2,426,769 kg CO2 emission can be reduced by using variable speed drives for 60% speed reductions. Payback periods found to be only few months for using variable speed drives in chilled water pumps, condensers and fan motors. Notes: 824YE Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:27
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R Saidur, K Y Leong, H A Mohammad (2011) A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 3. 1646-1668 Abstract: Nanofluids are potential heat transfer fluids with enhanced thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance can be applied in many devices for better performances (i.e. energy, heat transfer and other performances). In this paper, a comprehensive literature on the applications and challenges of nanofluids have been compiled and reviewed. Latest up to date literatures on the applications and challenges in terms of PhD and Master thesis, journal articles, conference proceedings, reports and web materials have been reviewed and reported. Recent researches have indicated that substitution of conventional coolants by nanofluids appears promising. Specific application of nanofluids in engine cooling, solar water heating, cooling of electronics, cooling of transformer oil, improving diesel generator efficiency, cooling of heat exchanging devices, improving heat transfer efficiency of chillers, domestic refrigerator-freezers, cooling in machining, in nuclear reactor and defense and space have been reviewed and presented. Authors also critically analyzed some of the applications and identified research gaps for further research. Moreover, challenges and future directions of applications of nanofluids have been reviewed and presented in this paper. Based on results available in the literatures, it has been found nanofluids have a much higher and strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity at very low particle concentrations than conventional fluids. This can be considered as one of the key parameters for enhanced performances for many of the applications of nanofluids. Because of its superior thermal performances, latest up to date literatures on this property have been summarized and presented in this paper as well. However, few barriers and challenges that have been identified in this review must be addressed carefully before it can be fully implemented in the industrial applications. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 45 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: RSERF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Saidur, R.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: saidur912@yahoo.com
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R Saidur, T M I Mahlia (2011) Impacts of energy efficiency standard on motor energy savings and emission reductions Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 13: 1. 103-109 Abstract: Electrical motors use about 30-80% of total industrial energy for some selected countries around the world. Experiences from other countries show that government intervention in the form of regulations such as mandatory and voluntary approaches can save huge amount of energy along with the reduction of emissions associated with energy savings. In this paper, use of high efficient motors to replace standard motors to save energy have been quantified and presented. Emission reductions associated with the energy savings have been estimated and presented as well. Based on estimation, it has been found that 15,111, 6507 and 4295 MWh of energy can be saved for 50, 75 and 100% motor loadings, respectively, for using high efficient motors. These savings will correspond to US$ 967,074, US$ 416,461 and US$ 274,892 savings for 50, 75 and 100 motor loadings, respectively, by replacing standard motors with high efficiency motors. It was also found that 7,562,070 kg of CO(2), 45,266 kg of SO(2), 21,326 kg of NO (x) and 4,599 kg of CO could be avoided by using energy efficient motors for 50% load. It was also found that payback period for implementing high efficient motors are in the range from 1.22 to 6.05, which is economically very viable for motor loadings of 50%. Notes: 709TJ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:34
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Abstract: In this work numerical predictions of mixed convective nanofluids flow and heat transfer in an equilateral triangular duct are reported. Three dimensional, laminar Navier-Stokes and energy equations were solved using the finite volume method. Pure water and four different types of nanofluids such as Ag, Au, Cu, diamond and SiO 2 with volume fractions range of 1% âÂâ¬; ÊâÂâ¬; 5% are used. This investigation covers Rayleigh number in the range of 1à10 4 âÂ⬠Ra âÂ⬠1à10 6 and Reynolds number in the range of 100 âÂ⬠Re âÂ⬠1000. The effects of different Rayleigh numbers, Reynolds numbers, nanofluid types, volume fractions of nanofluid, apex angles of the traingular duct, and radiation are investigated. The results presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, Nusselt number, and pressure drop. The results revealed that the Nusselt number increases as Rayleigh number increases due to the buoyancy force effect. It is found that SiO 2 nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number while Au nanofluid has the lowest Nusselt number among other nanofluids. The apex angle of the triangular duct has remarkable influence on the Nusselt number. An increasing of the duct apex angle decreases the Nusselt number value. The pressure drop increases as Reynolds number increases and apex angle decreases. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: HETEE Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Mohammed, H.A.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Km 7, Jalan Kajang-Puchong, 43900 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia References: Daungthongsuk, W., Wongwises, S., A critical review of convective heat transfer of nanofluids (2007) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11 (5), pp. 797-817. , DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2005.06.005, PII S1364032105000626; Trisaksri, V., Wongwises, S., Critical review of heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids (2007) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11 (3), pp. 512-523. , DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2005.01.010, PII S1364032105000444; Wang, X.-Q., Mujumdar, A.S., Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: A review (2007) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 46 (1), pp. 1-19. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2006.06.010, PII S1290072906001190; Salmun, H., Convection patterns in a triangular domain (1995) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 38 (2), pp. 351-362; Etemad, S.G., Mujumdar, A.S., Nassef, R., Simultaneously developing flow and heat transfer of non-ncwtonian fluids in equilateral triangular duct (1996) App. Math. Modelling, 20, pp. 898-908; Etemad, S.G., Mujumdar, A.S., Nassef, R., Viscous non-newtonian forced convection heat transfer in semi-circular and equilateral triangular ducts, an experimental study (1997) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 24 (5), pp. 609-620; Leung, C.W., Probert, S.D., Forced-convective turbulent-flows through horizontal ducts with isosceles-traingular internal cross-sections (1997) App. Energy, 57 (1), pp. 13-24; Hashemabadi, S.H., Etemad, S.Gh., Golkar, N.M.R., Thibault, J., Laminar flow of non-newtonian fluid in right triangular ducts (2003) International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 30 (1), pp. 53-60. , DOI 10.1016/S0735-1933(03)00007-1, PII S0735193303000071; Omri, A., Najjari, M., Nasrallah, S.B., Numerical analysis of natural buoyancy-induced regimes in isosceles triangular cavities (2007) Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications, 52 (7), pp. 661-678. , DOI 10.1080/10407780701339967, PII 782048502; Lei, C.W., Armfiled, S.W., Patterson, J.C., Unsteady natural convection in a water-filled isosceles triangular enclosure heated from below (1998) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 51, pp. 2673-12650; Talukdar, P., Shah, M., Analysis of laminar mixed convective heat transfer in horizontal triangular ducts (2008) Numer. Heat Transf, 54 (12), pp. 1148-1168; Chiu, H.C., Jang, J.H., Yan, W.M., Mixed convection heat transfer in horizontal rectangular ducts with radiation effects (2007) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 50, pp. 2874-2882; Corcione, M., Heat transfer features of buoyancydriven nanofluids inside rectangular enclosures differentially heated at the sidewalls (2010) Int. J. Therm. Sci., 49, pp. 1536-1546; Khanafer, K., Vafai, K., Lightstone, M., Buoyancy-driven heat transfer enhancement in a two-dimensional enclosure utilizing nanofluids (2003) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46 (19), pp. 3639-3653. , DOI 10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00156-X; Anderson, J.D., (1995) Computational Fluid Dynamic: The Basics with Applications, , McGraw-Hill, New York; Patankar, S.V., (1980) Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, , Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Taylor and Francis Group, New York; Versteeg, H.K., Malalasekera, W., (1995) An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method, , John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York
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M Thirugnanasambandam, M Hasanuzzaman, R Saidur, M B Ali, S Rajakarunakaran, D Devaraj, N A Rahim (2011) Analysis of electrical motors load factors and energy savings in an Indian cement industry Energy 36: 7. 4307-4314 Abstract: Electric motors consume in between 30% and 80% of the total industrial energy use for few selected countries around the world. It was identified that many motors are operated under loaded conditions. In some cases, motors are operated even at 3-16% of their full loads. These low loads can be optimized with the application of variable speed drives (VSD) to match the load requirements. Based on the estimation, it has been found that annually about 1,865,925 MWh of energy can be saved for 60% speed reduction when VSDs are used. It was also found that about 2,122,675 tons CO(2)emission could be avoided annually by using VSDs for Low Tension (LT) motors for 60% speed reduction. It was also estimated that annually about 4,600,386 MWh of energy can be saved for High Tension (HT) motors for 60% speed reduction using VSDs. The average payback period (PBP) for implementing VSDs for LT and HT motors found to be very low (i.e. about 2 days). In this particular study it is observed that installing both IT and HT capacitors to improve power factor found to be not economically viable owing to low level of energy savings. Notes: 797HR Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:47
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K H Solangi, M R Islam, R Saidur, N A Rahim, H Fayaz (2011) A review on global solar energy policy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 4. 2149-2163 Abstract: To overcome the negative impacts on the environment and other problems associated with fossil fuels have forced many countries to inquire into and change to environmental friendly alternatives that are renewable to sustain the increasing energy demand. Solar energy is one of the best renewable energy sources with least negative impacts on the environment. Different countries have formulated solar energy policies to reducing dependence on fossil fuel and increasing domestic energy production by solar energy. This paper discusses a review about the different solar energy policies implemented on the different countries of the world. According to the 2010 BP Statistical Energy Survey, the world cumulative installed solar energy capacity was 22928.9 MW in 2009, a change of 46.9% compared to 2008. Also this paper discussed the existing successful solar energy policies of few selected countries. Based on literatures, it has been found that FIT, RPS and incentives are the most beneficial energy policies implemented by many countries around the world. These policies provide significant motivation and interest for the development and use of renewable energy technologies. Also the status of solar energy policy for Malaysia is investigated and compared with that of the successful countries in the world. Notes: 744XJ Times Cited:14 Cited References Count:100
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R Saidur, N A Rahim, M R Islam, K H Solangi (2011) Environmental impact of wind energy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 5. 2423-2430 Abstract: Since the beginning of industrialization, energy consumption has increased far more rapidly than the number of people on the planet. It is known that the consumption of energy is amazingly high and the fossil based resources may not be able to provide energy for the whole world as these resources will be used up in the near future. Hence, renewable energy expected to play an important role in handling the demand of the energy required along with environmental pollution prevention. The impacts of the wind energy on the environment are important to be studied before any wind firm construction or a decision is made. Although many countries showing great interest towards renewable or green energy generation, negative perception of wind energy is increasingly evident that may prevent the installation of the wind energy in some countries. This paper compiled latest literatures in terms of thesis (MS and PhD), journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, books, and web materials about the environmental impacts of wind energy. This paper also includes the comparative study of wind energy, problems, solutions and suggestion as a result of the implementation of wind turbine. Positive and negative impacts of wind energy have been broadly explained as well. It has been found that this source of energy will reduce environmental pollution and water consumption. However, it has noise pollution, visual interference and negative impacts on wildlife. Notes: 770JI Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:49
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R Saidur, E T Elcevvadi, S Mekhilef, A Safari, H A Mohammed (2011) An overview of different distillation methods for small scale applications Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 9. 4756-4764 Abstract: Many countries now suffer from shortage in fresh water, hence, currently 125 countries around the world are taking advantage of desalination methods to access fresh water from brackish and seawater. As desalination is one of the important processes for producing potable water that can be used for human consumption, irrigation and industry. In the last decades, many researchers have been conducted to minimize the cost of this process, and several methods have been developed. Among these methods, distillation appears as one of the best practical and the most economical, especially for mass production of fresh water from high saline water like seawater. On the other hand, most of the ongoing desalination researches concentrate on large-scale plants which are suitable for mass production of fresh water. A few researches have been conducted on small scale water distillation. This study will focus on different distillation methods for small scale production of potable water which is suitable for domestic, small factories, laboratories, and emergency use. This review presents various technologies available for small scale distillation with focus on Refro-distiller systems. Consequently, the theoretical analysis to determine the efficiency and energy costs are presented. Notes: 871UY Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:30
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R Saidur, T M I Mahlia, M Hasanuzzaman (2011) Developing energy performance standard, label and test procedures and impacts analysis for commercial chillers Energy Education Science and Technology Part a-Energy Science and Research 27: 1. 175-190 Abstract: Chillers consume a major share of total air conditioning energy use in commercial and industrial buildings for space conditioning to get thermal comfort for a country. Experiences from other countries show that government intervention in the form of regulations such as mandatory and voluntary approaches can save huge amount of energy along with the reduction of emissions associated with energy have been quantified and presented. Emission reductions associated with the energy savings has been estimated and presented as well. Study also estimated the amount of avoided emissions along with the cost of avoided carbon. From the data analysis, it has been observed that energy efficient chillers can save huge amount of energy and utility bills. Based on review of international test standards, it has been found that ARI550/590 can be used for testing and rating of chillers energy performance. However, energy guide label is not suitable for information dissemination for chillers. Study estimated that 1688 MWh of energy and US$108,040 bill can be saved for using energy efficient chillers. Notes: 655ZX Times Cited:20 Cited References Count:92
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M M Rahman, M A H Mamun, R Saidur (2011) Analysis of magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection and joule heating in lid-driven cavity having a square block Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 34: 5. 585-599 Abstract: A numerical analysis is conducted to understand the effect of magnetic field and joule heating on the flow and thermal fields in a lid-driven cavity with a centered heat-conducting horizontal square block. The two sidewalls are maintained at uniform but different temperatures T(h) and T(c) (T(h) > T(c)), while the horizontal top and bottom walls are adiabatic. The left vertical wall moves up in the y-direction at a constant speed, while the other, walls remain stationary. An electrically conducting fluid is considered within the cavity. The physical problem is first represented mathematically by different sets of governing equations along with boundary conditions. A Galerkin weighted residual finite element method with a Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm is adopted to solve the governing equations along with the boundary conditions. The computation is carried out for wide ranges of Richardson numbers, magnetic parameter, joule heating parameter, and the size of the inner block. Results are presented in the form of streamlines, isothermal lines, average Nusselt number at the hot wall, and average fluid temperature in the cavity for the mentioned parameters. It is found that the flow field and temperature distribution strongly depend on magnetic parameter, joule heating parameter, and the size of the inner block at the pure mixed convection region. Notes: 792XA Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:21
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MM Rahman, NA Rahim, S Saha, MM Billah, R Saidur, A Ahsan (2011) Optimization of Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven Enclosure with a Heat Generating Circular Body Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A : Applications 60: 7. 629-650 Abstract: The physical model considered here is a lid-driven enclosure with bottom heating and top cooling conditions, and a heat generating circular body is placed at the center. The vertical walls of the cavity are kept thermally insulated, and the top lid moves at a constant speed. The steady two-dimensional governing equations for the physical problem are transformed in a dimensionless form with dimensionless governing parameters that decide the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the system. The solution of these transport equations is obtained numerically with the finite element approach using the Galerkin method of weighted residuals. The parametric study has been carried out for variation of the heat generation parameters, the Reynolds numbers, solid-fluid thermal conductivity ratios as well as the Richardson numbers. The working fluid is assigned as air with a Prandtl number of 0.71 throughout the simulation. Results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number, bulk temperature, and drag force for the afore mentioned parameters. The numerical results indicate the strong influence of the mentioned parameters on the flow structure and heat transfer as well as average Nusselt number, average bulk temperature, and drag force. An optimum combination of the governing parameters would result in higher heat transfer and lower drag force. Notes: 843IW Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:31
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R Saidur, A E Atabani, S Mekhilef (2011) A review on electrical and thermal energy for industries Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 4. 2073-2086 Abstract: Energy is a vital input for social and economic development of any nation. Currently the industrial sector is consuming about 37% of the worldâs total delivered energy use for diverse activities in manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and construction. It was reported that global industrial energy consumption is estimated to grow from 5.129E+07 GWh in 2006 to 7.198E+07 GWh in 2030 for the next 25 years. Presently, fossil fuel based energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas are the major sources of energy for industrial activities. Over 80% of total industrial energy needs are met by fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide which is responsible for negative impacts to the environment. This paper aims at reviewing diverse types of fuels used in industries. It starts with reviewing world fuel consumption trends, world carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption trends in industry. Characteristics including fuels energy contents, density, composition, emissions factors and many others factors have also been reviewed. This paper also reflects the possibility of using alternative fuels in industries. It has been found that switching to alternative fuels can offer many social and economic advantages and will result in a positive impact on the environment. Moreover, many alternative fuels have been found to have good energy content those are comparable with fossil fuels. Notes: 744XJ Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:67
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H A Mohammed, N I Om, N H Shuaib, R Saidur (2011) Heat transfer enhancement for combined convection flow of nanofluids in a vertical rectangular duct considering radiation effects Heat Transfer - Asian Research 40: 5. 448-463 Abstract: In this paper, combined convective heat transfer and nanofluids flow characteristics in a vertical rectangular duct are numerically investigated. This investigation covers Rayleigh numbers in the range of 2 à106 âÂ⬠Ra âÂ⬠2 à107 and Reynolds numbers in the range of 200 âÂ⬠Re âÂ⬠1000. Pure water and five different types of nanofluids such as Ag, Au, CuO, diamond, and SiO2 with a volume fraction range of 0.5% âÂ⬠àâÂ⬠3% are used. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow, and heat transfer governing equations are solved using finite volume method (FVM). The effects of Rayleigh number, Reynolds number, nanofluids type, nanoparticle volume fraction of nano- fluids, and effect of radiation on the thermal and flow fields are examined. It is found that the heat transfer is enhanced using nanofluids by 47% when compared with water. The Nusselt number increases as the Reynolds number and Rayleigh number increase and aspect ratio decreases. A SiO2 nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number and highest wall shear stress while the Au nanofluid has the lowest Nusselt number and lowest wall shear stress. The results also revealed that the wall shear stress increases as Reynolds number increases, aspect ratio decreases, and nanoparticle volume fraction increases. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: HTARF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Mohammed, H.A.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia References: Daungthongsuk, W., Wongwises, S., Acritical review of convective heat transfer nanofluids. (2007) Renew Syst Energy Rev, 11, pp. 797-817; Trisaki, V., Wongwises, S., Criticalreview of heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids. (2007) Renew Sust Energy Rev, 11, pp. 512-523; Wang, X., Mujumdar, A.S., Heattransfer characteristics of nanofluids: A review. (2007) Int J Therm Sci, 46, pp. 1-19; Huang, C.C., Yan, W.M., Jang, J.H., Laminarmixed convection heat and mass transfer in vertical rectangular ducts with film evaporation and condensation. (2005) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 48, pp. 1772-1784; Barletta, A., Fullydeveloped mixed convection and flow reversal in a vertical rectangular duct with uniform wall heat flux. (2002) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 45, pp. 641-654; Barletta, A., Schio, E.R., Zanchini, E., Combinedforced and free flow in a vertical rectangular duct prescribed wall heat flux. (2003) Int J Heat Fluid Flow, 24, pp. 874-887; Gao, S.X., Hartnett, J.P., Non-Newtonian fluid laminar flow and forced convection heat transfer in rectangular ducts. (1992) Int Comm Heat Mass Transf, 19, pp. 673-686; Gao, S.X., Hartnett, J.P., Steadyflow of non-Newtonian fluids through rectangular ducts. (1993) Int Comm Heat Mass Transf, 20, pp. 197-210; Etemad, S.G.H., Mujumdar, A.S., Theeffect of aspect ratio and rounded corners on the laminar forced convection heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid in the entrance region of a rectangular duct. (1994) Int Comm Heat Mass Transf, 21, pp. 283-296; Etemad, S.G., Sadeghi, M., Non-Newtonian pressure drop and critical Reynolds number through rectangular duct. (2001) Int Comm Heat Mass Transf, 28, pp. 555-563; Nitin, S., Chhabra, R.P., Non-isothermal flow of a power law fluid past a rectangular obstacle (of aspect ratio 1 à2) in a channel: drag and heat transfer. (2005) Int Eng Sci, 43, pp. 707-720; Naccache, M.F., Souza Mendes, P.R., Heattransfer to non-Newtonian fluids in laminar flow through rectangular ducts. (1996) Int J Heat Fluid Flow, 17, pp. 613-620; Yan, W.M., Soong, C.Y., Simultaneouslydeveloping mixed convection in radially rotating rectangular ducts. (1995) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 38, pp. 665-677; Huang, C.C., Lin, T.F., Numericalsimulation of transitional aiding mixed convective air flow in a bottom heated inclined rectangular duct. (1996) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 39, pp. 1697-1710; Yan, W.M., Combinedbuoyancy effects of thermal and mass diffusion on laminar forced convection in horizontal rectangular ducts. (1996) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 39, pp. 1479-1488; Chiu, H.C., Jang, J.H., Yan, W.M., Mixedconvection heat transfer in horizontal rectangular ducts with radiation effects. (2007) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 50, pp. 2874-2882; Chiu, H.C., Yan, W.M., Mixedconvection heat transfer in inclined rectangular ducts with radiation effects. (2008) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 51, pp. 1085-1094; Payzar, P., Heattransfer enhancement in laminar flow of viscoelastic fluids through rectangular ducts. (1997) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 40, pp. 745-756; Sohn, C.H., Ahn, S.T., Shin, S., Heattransfer behavior of temperature-dependent viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluid with buoyancy effect in 2:1 rectangular duct. (2000) Int Comm Heat Mass Transf, 27, pp. 159-168; Talukdar, P., Iskra, C.R., Simonson, C.J., Combinedheat and mass transfer for laminar flow of moist air in a 3D rectangular duct: CFD simulation and validation with experimental data. (2008) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 50, pp. 2874-2882; Sayed-Ahmed, M.E., Kishk, K.M., Heattransfer for Herschel-Bulkey fluids in the entrance region of a rectangular duct. (2008) Int Comm Heat Mass Transf, 35, pp. 1007-1016; Capobianchi, M., Wagner, D., Heattransfer in laminar flows of extended modified power law fluids in rectangular ducts. (2010) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 53, pp. 558-563; Talukdar, P., Shah, M., Analysisof laminar mixed convective heat transfer in horizontal triangular ducts. (2008) Numerical Heat Transf, 54, pp. 1148-1168; Greiner, M., Spencer, G.J., Fischer, P.F., Directnumerical simulation of three-dimensional flow and augmented heat transfer in a grooved channel. (1998) J Heat Transf, 120, pp. 717-723; Asako, Y., Faghri, M., Three-dimensional laminar heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in the entrance region of a rhombic duct. (1988) J Heat Transf, 110, pp. 855-861; Rostamani, M., Hosseinizadeh, S.F., Gorji, M., Khodadadi, J.M., Numerical study of turbulent forced convection flow of nanofluids in a long horizontal duct considering variable properties. (2010) Int Comm Heat Mass Transf, , article in press); Corcione, M., Heattransfer features of buoyancy-driven nanofluids inside rectangular enclosures differentially heated at the sidewalls. (2010) Int J Therm Sci, 49, pp. 1536-1546; Khanafer, K., Vafai, K., Lighstone, M., Buoyancy-driven heat transfer enhancement in a two-dimensional enclosure utilizing nanofluids. (2003) Int J Heat Mass Transf, 46, pp. 3639-3653; Patankar, S.V., Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow. (1980) Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, , Taylor and Francis Group; Versteeg, H.K., Malalasekera, W., An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: The finite volume method. (1995) John Wiley and Sons
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M M Rahman, H F Oztop, N A Rahim, R Saidur, K Al-Salem (2011) Mhd Mixed Convection with Joule Heating Effect in a Lid-Driven Cavity with a Heated Semi-Circular Source Using the Finite Element Technique Numerical Heat Transfer Part a-Applications 60: 6. 543-560 Abstract: A computational fluid dynamics simulation of heat transfer characteristics on the conjugate effect of Joule heating and magnetic field acting normal to the lid-driven cavity with a heated semi-circular source on one wall under constant temperature is investigated. The left wall of the cavity moves in an upward (case I) or downward (case II) direction, and buoyancy forces are also effective. Horizontal walls are adiabatic. The governing mass, momentum, and energy equations along with boundary conditions are expressed in a normalized primitive variables formulation. The finite element method is used in the solution of the normalized governing equations. The study is performed for pertinent parameters such as the Rayleigh number, Hartmann number, and Joule heating parameter. It is found that the average Nusselt number can be decreased with the increasing of the Rayleigh number in the presence of Joule effect. The magnetic field can be a good control parameter for heat transfer and fluid flow. Notes: 825YI Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:32
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M M Rahman, M A H Mamun, M M Billah, S Rahman (2011) Natural convection flow in a square cavity with internal heat generation and a flush mounted heater on a side wall Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 7: 2. 37-50 Abstract: In this study natural convection flow in a square cavity with heat generating fluid and a finite size heater on the vertical wall have been investigated numerically. To change the heat transfer in the cavity, a heater is placed at different locations on the right vertical wall of the cavity, while the left wall is considered to be cold. In addition, the top and bottom horizontal walls are considered to be adiabatic and the cavity is assumed to be filled with a Bousinessq fluid having a Prandtl number of 0.72. The governing mass, momentum and energy equations along with boundary conditions are expressed in a normalized primitive variables formulation. Finite Element Method is used in solution of the normalized governing equations. The parameters leading the problem are the Rayleigh number, location of the heater, length of the heater and heat generation. To observe the effects of the mentioned parameters on natural convection in the cavity, we considered various values of heater locations, heater length and heat generation parameter for different values of Ra varying in the range 102 to 105. Results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number at the hot wall and average fluid temperature in the cavity for the mentioned parameters. The results showed that the flow and thermal fields through streamlines and isotherms as well as the rate of heat transfer from the heated wall in terms of Nusselt number are strongly dependent on the length and locations of the heater as well as heat generating parameter. Notes:
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M M Rahman, R Saidur, N A Rahim (2011) Conjugated effect of joule heating and magneto-hydrodynamic on double-diffusive mixed convection in a horizontal channel with an open cavity International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54: 15-16. 3201-3213 Abstract: A finite element analysis is performed on the conjugated effect of joule heating and magneto-hydrodynamic on double-diffusive mixed convection in a horizontal channel with an open cavity. Homogeneous flows are imposed throughout the channel. Consistent high temperatures and concentrations are imposed at the bottom wall of the cavity. The other sides of the cavity along with the channel walls are considered as adiabatic. The effects of the various parameters (Richardson number, Hartmann number, joule heating, buoyancy ratio and Lewis number) on the contours of streamline, temperature, concentration and density have been depicted. Moreover, the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers as well as bulk temperature is presented for the aforementioned parameters. The results show that the aforesaid parameters have noticeable effect on the flow pattern and heat and mass transfer. Notes: 780XR Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:28
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R Saidur (2011) Energy Savings and Emission Reductions in Industrial Boilers Thermal Science 15: 3. 705-719 Abstract: Energy use of boiler fan motors has been estimated using energy audit data. Energy savings using variable speed drive by modulating fan speed has been estimated as well. Bill savings and associated emission reductions using variable speed drive have been estimated and presented. It has been found that 139,412, 268,866, 159,328, and 99,580 MWh electrical energy can be saved for 40, 60, 80, and 100% motor loadings, respectively for 60% speed reduction. Corresponding bill savings for the aforementioned energy savings have been found to be 7,318.335, 14,113.933, 8,363.812, and US 135,911.944 for 40, 60, 80, and 100% motor loadings, respectively, for 60% speed reduction. Along with energy savings, 69,770.744, 134,558.329, 79,738.065, and 49,836.603 kg of CO(2) emission can be avoided for the associated energy savings as a result of energy savings using variable speed drive for 40, 60, 80, and 100% motor loadings. Moreover, 32,503.558 GJ of fossil fuel can be saved for the flue gas temperature reduction as a result of reducing fan motor speed reduction. Flue gas energy savings for oxygen trim system has been estimated and found to be 549,310,130 GJ for 16.9% of excess air reduction with payback period less than a day. Notes: 843MR Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:28
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M M Rahman, N A Rahim, S Saha, M M Billah, R Saidur, A Ahsan (2011) Optimization of Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven Enclosure with a Heat Generating Circular Body Numerical Heat Transfer Part a-Applications 60: 7. 629-650 Abstract: The physical model considered here is a lid-driven enclosure with bottom heating and top cooling conditions, and a heat generating circular body is placed at the center. The vertical walls of the cavity are kept thermally insulated, and the top lid moves at a constant speed. The steady two-dimensional governing equations for the physical problem are transformed in a dimensionless form with dimensionless governing parameters that decide the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the system. The solution of these transport equations is obtained numerically with the finite element approach using the Galerkin method of weighted residuals. The parametric study has been carried out for variation of the heat generation parameters, the Reynolds numbers, solid-fluid thermal conductivity ratios as well as the Richardson numbers. The working fluid is assigned as air with a Prandtl number of 0.71 throughout the simulation. Results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number, bulk temperature, and drag force for the afore mentioned parameters. The numerical results indicate the strong influence of the mentioned parameters on the flow structure and heat transfer as well as average Nusselt number, average bulk temperature, and drag force. An optimum combination of the governing parameters would result in higher heat transfer and lower drag force. Notes: 843IW Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:31
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M M Rahman, S Parvin, R Saidur, N A Rahim (2011) Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in a horizontal channel with an open cavity International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38: 2. 184-193 Abstract: The development of magnetic field effect on mixed convective flow in a horizontal channel with a bottom heated open enclosure has been numerically studied. The enclosure considered has rectangular horizontal lower surface and vertical side surfaces. The lower surface is at a uniform temperature T h while other sides of the cavity along with the channel walls are adiabatic. The governing two-dimensional flow equations have been solved by using Galarkin weighted residual finite element technique. The investigations are conducted for different values of Rayleigh number (Ra), Reynolds number (Re) and Hartmann number (Ha). Various characteristics such as streamlines, isotherms and heat transfer rate in terms of the average Nusselt number (Nu), the Drag force (D) and average bulk temperature (- av) are presented. The results indicate that the mentioned parameters strongly affect the flow phenomenon and temperature field inside the cavity whereas in the channel these effects are less significant. Notes: 733WA Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:25
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K Y Leong, R Saidur, S N Kazi, A H Mamun (2010) Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator) Applied Thermal Engineering 30: 17-18. 2685-2692 Abstract: Water and ethylene glycol as conventional coolants have been widely used in an automotive car radiator for many years. These heat transfer fluids offer low thermal conductivity. With the advancement of nanotechnology, the new generation of heat transfer fluids called, "nanofluids" have been developed and researchers found that these fluids offer higher thermal conductivity compared to that of conventional coolants. This study focused on the application of ethylene glycol based copper nanofluids in an automotive cooling system. Relevant input data, nanofluid properties and empirical correlations were obtained from literatures to investigate the heat transfer enhancement of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants. It was observed that, overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate in engine cooling system increased with the usage of nanofluids (with ethylene glycol the basefluid) compared to ethylene glycol (i.e. basefluid) alone. It is observed that, about 3.8% of heat transfer enhancement could be achieved with the addition of 2% copper particles in a basefluid at the Reynolds number of 6000 and 5000 for air and coolant respectively. In addition, the reduction of air frontal area was estimated. Notes: 662ZF Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:20
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Abstract: Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a potential alternative of liquid petroleum fuel in automotive application. The combustion process of CNG in engine is a complex thermodynamic process and highly sensitive with operating conditions. Additionally, the experimental investigations of engine performance are time consuming and quite expensive. Present study utilized artificial neural networks (ANN) modeling technique to evaluate the performance of a retrofitted automotive CNG engine. Back propagation (BP) neural network with single hidden-layer and logistic sigmoid transfer function was used to optimize prediction model performance. The neural networks toolbox of MatLab 7 was used to train and test the prediction models. Engine speed (rpm), throttle position (%) and operation time (min) were used as the input layers, while engine thermal efficiency (÷, %), brake power (bp, kW), break specific fuel consumption (bsfc, kg/kWh) and exhaust temperature (Tex, ðC) were used in output layers. For each performance parameter two prediction models, trained with 12 and 24 set of experimental data, were developed in order to investigate the prediction ability of ANN in different number of training samples. After successful model development, CNG performance parameters were simulated with new set of input parameter. Simulation results then compared with experimental results and prediction performance of ANN were evaluated statistically. The results of this study show that ANN is an appropriate modeling technique to estimate performance of the engine used in the experiments. Moreover the prediction ability of ANN models was significantly improved with increasing number of training sample. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Jahirul, M. I.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: md_jahirul@yahoo.com References: Parlak, A., Islamoglu, Y., Yasar, H., Egrisogut, A., Application of artificial neural network to predict specific fuel consumption and exhaust temperature for a Diesel engine (2006) Applied Thermal Engineering, 26 (8-9), pp. 824-828. , DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.006, PII S1359431105003339; Arcakloglu, E., Cavusoglu, A., Erisen, A., Thermodynamic analyses of refrigerant mixtures using artificial neural networks (2004) Applied Energy, 78 (2), pp. 219-230. , DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.08.001, PII S030626190300165X; Aslam, M.U., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., Abdesselam, H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Amalina, M.A., An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gasoline vehicle (2006) Fuel, 85 (5-6), pp. 717-724. , DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.09.004, PII S0016236105003303; Canakci, M., Ozsezen, A.N., Arcaklioglu, E., Erdil, A., Prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying palm oil (2009) Expert Systems with Applications, 6 (5), pp. 9268-9280; Hafner, M., Schuler, M., Nelles, O., Isermann, R., Fast neural networks for diesel engine control design (2000) Control Engng Pract, 8 (11), pp. 1211-1221; Jahirul, M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Saidur, R., Jayed, M.H., Kalam, M.A., Wazed, M.A., Comparative Engine performance and Emission Analysis of CNG and Gasoline in a Retrofitted Car Engine (2010) Applied Thermal Engineering, (30), pp. 2219-2226; Jahirul, M.I., R Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Specific fuel consumption of natural gas engine: A predictive model (2009) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 4, pp. 249-255; Jahirul, M.I., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., Rashid, M.M., Application of artificial neural networks (ANN) for prediction the performance of a dual fuel internal combustion engine (2009) HKIE Transactions, 16 (1), pp. 14-20; Jahirul, M.I., Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., A comparison of the air pollution of gasoline and CNG driven car for Malaysia (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2 (2), pp. 130-138; Kalogirou, S.A., Bojic, M., Artificial neural networks for the prediction of the energy consumption of a passive solar building (2000) Energy (Oxford), 25 (5), pp. 479-491. , DOI 10.1016/S0360-5442(99)00086-9; De Lucas, A., Duran, A., Carmona, M., Lapuerta, M., Modeling diesel particulate emissions with neural networks (2001) Fuel, 80 (4), pp. 539-548. , DOI 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00111-3; Nasr, G.E., Badr, E.A., Joun, C., Backpropagation Neural Networks for Modelling gasoline Consumption, Energy Convers (2003) Manage, 44, pp. 893-905; Nylund, N.O., Laurikko, J., Ikonen, M., Pathways for natural gas into advanced vehicles (2002) IANGV (International Association for Natural Gas Vehicle) Edited Draft Report; Oçuz, H., Santas, S., Baydan, H.E., Prediction of diesel engine performance using biofuels with artificial neural network (2010) Expert Systems with Applications, 37, pp. 6579-6586; Saidur, R., Jahirul, M.I., Hasanuzzaman, M., Masjuki, H.H., Analysis of exhaust emissions of natural gas engine by using response surface methodology (2008) Journal of Applied Sciences, 8 (19), pp. 3328-3339; Shayler, P.J., Goodman, M., Ma, T., The exploitation of neural networks in automotive engine management systems (2000) Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., 13, pp. 147-151; Sozen, A., Arcakhoglu, E., Prediction of solar potential in Turkey (2005) Appl Energ., 80, pp. 35-45; Tan, Y., Saif, M., Neural-networks-based nonlinear dynamic modelling for automotive engines (2000) Neurocomputing, 30, pp. 129-142; Yuanwang, D., Meilin, Z., Dong, X., Xiaobei, C., An analysis for effect of cetane number on exhaust emissions from engine with the neural network (2003) Fuel, 81, pp. 963-1970
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T M I Mahlia, R Saidur (2010) A review on test procedure, energy efficiency standards and energy labels for room air conditioners and refrigerator-freezers Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 7. 1888-1900 Abstract: Air conditioners and refrigerator-freezers aremajor energy users in a household environment and hence efficiency improvement of these appliances can be considered as an important step to reduce their energy consumption along with environmental pollution prevention. Energy efficiency standards and labels are commonly used tools to reduce the energy uses for household appliances for many countries around the world. The first step towards adopting energy efficiency standards is to establish a test procedure for rating and testing of an appliance. It may bementioned that an energy test procedure is the technical foundation for energy efficiency standards, energy labels, and other related programs. This paper reviews requirements and specifications of various international test standards for testing and rating of room air conditioners and refrigerators. A review on the development of the energy efficiency standards has been provided as well. Finally, energy labels that provide some useful information for identifying energy efficient products have been reviewed for these appliances. It may be stated that the reviewwill be useful for the developing countries who wish to develop these energy savings strategies. It is also expected to be useful to revise the existing strategies for a few selected countries who already implemented these strategies earlier. Notes: 617CI Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:66
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Abstract: This paper presents an approach to calculate life-cycle cost analysis of energy efficiency improvement of room air conditioners. The least efficient model from a survey in the market is selected for sample calculation. The method includes the selection of a set of design options that increase efficiency, life cycle cost (LCC) analysis and payback period. LCC is analyzed as a function of seven design options and five variables, namely discount rate, fuel price, appliance lifetime, incremental cost and potential efficiency improvement. The study found that, certain level of efficiency improvement can be achieved, if manufacturers willing to adopt more efficient design options with a little additional investment for the product. Furthermore, the method can be used for other appliances without any major modification. Notes: 551ST Times Cited:56 Cited References Count:7
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M I Jahirul, H H Masjuki, R Saidur, M A Kalam, M H Jayed, M A Wazed (2010) Comparative engine performance and emission analysis of CNG and gasoline in a retrofitted car engine Applied Thermal Engineering 30: 14-15. 2219-2226 Abstract: A comparative analysis is being performed of the engine performance and exhaust emission on a gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine. A new 1.6 L, 4-cylinder petrol engine was converted to the computer incorporated bi-fuel system which operated with either gasoline or CNG using an electronically controlled solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The engine brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions (unburnt hydrocarbon, carbon mono-oxide, oxygen and carbon dioxides) were measured over a range of speed variations at 50% and 80% throttle positions through a computer based data acquisition and control system. Comparative analysis of the experimental results showed 19.25% and 10.86% reduction in brake power and 15.96% and 14.68% reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at 50% and 80% throttle positions respectively while the engine was fueled with CNG compared to that with the gasoline. Whereas, the retrofitted engine produced 1.6% higher brake thermal efficiency and 24.21% higher exhaust gas temperature at 80% throttle had produced an average of 40.84% higher NO(x) emission over the speed range of 1500-5500 rpm at 80% throttle. Other emission contents (unburnt HC, CO, O(2) and CO(2)) were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions. Notes: 638KC Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:15
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T M I Mahlia, R Saidur, L A Memon, N W M Zulkifli, H H Masjuki (2010) A review on fuel economy standard for motor vehicles with the implementation possibilities in Malaysia Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 9. 3092-3099 Abstract: This paper focused on a review of international experiences on fuel economy standard based on technologies available. It also attempts to identify savings possibilities and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. It is known that road transport, particularly private cars are responsible for large, and increasing share of transport fuel use and emissions. With the implementation of fuel economy standard and label for motor vehicles, it will reduce the risks of increasing dependency on petroleum-based fuel and will increase the profit to consumers. The GHG emissions, which causing global warming, air pollution, diseases, etc. can be reduced as well. In this regard, advanced technologies such as, engine, transmission, and vehicle technologies may brought significant consumers and social benefits. Studies in developed countries have shown that fuel economy standard is beneficial for the society, government as well as the environment. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 16 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: RSERF Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Saidur, R.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: saidur@um.edu.my References: Annual VMT Has Been Rising at A Steady Average Annual Rate of 3.0 Percent since 1970, , National Research Council; Energy Information Administration (EIA), , http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/hr2454/index.htmlS;2009, Available from:; Shunping, J., Hongqin, P., Shuang, L., Xiaojie, Z., Review of transportation and energy consumption related research (2009) J Transp Syst Eng & IT, 9 (3), pp. 6-16; www.fueleconomy.gov,Accessdate24thFebruary,2010, Department of Energy. "Why is fuel economy important?", EPAKirby, E.G., An evaluation of the effectiveness of US CAFÃÂ policy (1995) Energy Policy, 23 (2), pp. 107-109; (1980) Fourth Annual Report to Congress, , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Automotive Fuel Economy Program; Bedeck, R.H., Wendling, R.M., Potential-long impact of changes in US Vehicles fuel efficiency standard (2004) Energy Policy, 33 (3), pp. 407-419; Automotive Industry Profile, , APEC Automotive Dialogue Canada; June 1999; Koopman, G.J., Long term challenges for inland transport in the European Union: 1997-2020. Consequences for transport fuel economy and use (1997) Energy Policy, 25 (14), pp. 1151-1161; (2003) Beijing Prepares Tough Fuel Economy Standard for Cars, , The New York Times; November 19; Carter, W., (1987) Headline: Huge Tides Threaten to Engulf Britain. Quoted in the Times; (1996) Climate Change 1995, the Science of Climate Change, , J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, K. Maskel, Oxford University Press Oxford; Pokharel, S.S., Bishop, G.A., Stedman, D.H., An on-road motor vehicle emission inventory for Denover: An efficient alternative to modeling (2002) Atmospheric Environment, 36, pp. 5177-5184; Albrecht, J., Tradable CO2 permits for cars and trucks (2001) Journal of Cleaner Production, 9, pp. 179-189; Lemonick, M.D., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate 2001: The Scientific Basis, , Life in green house; January 2001; Joumard, R., Transport air pollution - Some conclusions (1995) Science of the Total Environment, 169 (13), pp. 1-5; Ulrich, B., Waldsterben: Forest decline in West Germany (1990) Environmental Science and Technology, 24 (4), pp. 436-441; Kandler, O., Innes, J.L., Air pollution and forest decline in Central Europe (1995) Environmental Pollution, 90 (2), pp. 171-180; Bach, W., Waldsterben: Our dying forests - Part III. Forest dieback: Extent of damage and control strategies (1985) Experientia, 41 (9), pp. 1095-1104; Borg, H., Metal speciation in acidified mountain streams in Central Sweden (1986) Water Air and Soil Pollution, 30, pp. 1007-1014; Driscoll Jr., C.T., Baker, J.P., Bisogni Jr., J.J., Schofield, C.L., Effect of aluminium speciation on fish in dilute acidified waters (1980) Nature, 284, pp. 161-164; McCormick, J., (1997) Acid Earth, the Politics of Acid Pollution, , 3rd edition Earthscan Publications Ltd. London; (2000) Environmental Signal, , European Environment Agency Copenhagen; Effectiveness and Impact of CAFÃÂ Standard; July 2001, , National Research Council; Driving Up the Heat: SUVs and Global Warming, , Sierra Club; Light-duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends, , EPA 1975:2001; September 2001; Okano, H., Toyota lean-burn engine (1992) Proceedings of Lean-burn Engine Symposium, Tokyo, pp. 38-44. , Japan Society of Automotive Engineering; Nikkei, B.P., (1995) Nikkei Mechanical, pp. 38-44. , Tokyo; Nakajima, Y., Automotive society in the 21st century (1995) Japan Journal of Resources and Environmental Measures, 31, pp. 32-44; Kobayashi, O., (1993) Analysis of the Effect of Reducing CO2 Emissions of Electric Vehicles, Considering the Differences of Electric Generation System in Each Country, , Automotive Transportation, Nissan Motor Co. Tokyo; Oberdorster, G., Ferin, J., Gelein, R., Soderholm, S.C., Frinkelstein, J., Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury: Studies with ultra fine particles (1992) Environment and Health Perspectives, 97, pp. 193-199; Oberdorster, G., Ferin, J., Gelein, R., Ferin, J., Weiss, B., Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: Involvement of ultra fine particles (1995) Inhalation Technology, 7, pp. 111-124; Peters, A., Wichmann, H.E., Tuch, T., Heinrich, J., Heyder, J., Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultra fine particles (1997) American Journal of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine, 155, pp. 1376-1383; Schwartz, J., Dockery, D.W., Neas, L.M., Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? (1996) Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 46, pp. 927-939; Seaton, A., Mac Nee, W., Donaldson, K., Godden, D., Particulate air pollution and acute health effects (1995) The Lancet, 345, pp. 176-178; Harrison, R.M., Jones, M., Collins, G., Measurements of the physical properties of particles in the urban atmosphere (1999) Atmospheric Environment, 33 (2), pp. 309-321. , PII S1352231098001642; Morawska, L., Bofinger, N.D., Kocis, L., Nwankwoala, A., Submicrometer and supermicrometer particles from diesel vehicle emissions (1998) Environmental Science and Technology, 32, pp. 2033-2042; Ristovski, Z.D., Morawska, L., Bofinger, N.D., Hitchins, J., Submicrometer and supermicrometer particulate emission from spark ignition vehicles (1998) Environmental Science and Technology, 32 (24), pp. 3845-3852. , DOI 10.1021/es980102d; Mbuligwe, S.E., Kassenga, G.R., Automobile air pollution in Dares Salaam city, Tanzania (1997) The Science of the Total Environment, 199, pp. 227-235; Last, J.M., Redefining the unacceptable (1995) Lancet, 346 (8991), pp. 1642-1643; Energy, Technology and Fuel Economy, , www.fueleconomy.gov,Accessdate24thFebruary,2010, Advanced Technology; (2002) Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÃÂ) Standard, , National Academy Press Washington, DC; Decico, J., Ross, M., Recent advances in automotive technology and cost-effectiveness of fuel economy improvement (1996) Transport Research, 1 (2), pp. 79-96; (1995) Advanced Automotive Technology: Visions of A Super-efficient Car. OTA-ETI-638, , US office of Technology Assessment September 1995; Greene, D., Decicco, J., Engineering-economic Analyses of Automotive Fuel Economy Potential in the United States, , ORNL/TM-2000/26, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, February 2000; Plotkin, S.E., Greene, D., Prospects for improving the fuel economy of light-duty vehicles (1997) Energy Policy, 25 (14), pp. 1179-1188; (1997) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Passenger Automobile Average Fuel Economy Standard: Final Rule, , US Department of Transport; Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics Report, , Press statement, Population and Housing Census 2000; Malaysia Motor Vehicle Market Overview, , National car policy; Aminuddin, I., Regional Workshop on Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Policy in Asia: Vehicle Inspection in Malaysia, , Bangkok, Thailand; December 2001
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M A H Mamun, M M Rahman, M Billah, R M Saidur (2010) A numerical study on the effect of a heated hollow cylinder on mixed convection in a ventilated cavity International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37: 9. 1326-1334 Abstract: The present work is aimed to study mixed convection heat transfer characteristics within a ventilated square cavity having a heated hollow cylinder. The heated hollow cylinder is placed at the center of the cavity. In addition, the wall of the cavity is assumed to be adiabatic. Flows are imposed through the inlet at the bottom of the left wall and exited at the top of the right wall of the cavity. The present study simulates a practical system such as air-cooled electronic equipment with a heat component or an oven with heater. Emphasis is sited on the influences of the cylinder diameter and the thermal conductivity of the cylinder in the cavity. The consequent mathematical model is governed by the coupled equations of mass, momentum and energy and solved by employing Galerkin weighted residual method of finite element formulation. A wide range of pertinent parameters such as Reynolds number, Richardson number, cylinder diameter and the solid-fluid thermal conductivity ratio are considered in the present study. Various results such as the streamlines, isotherms, heat transfer rates in terms of the average Nusselt number and average fluid temperature in the cavity are presented for different aforesaid parameters. It is observed that the cylinder diameter has significant effect on both the flow and thermal fields but the solid-fluid thermal conductivity ratio has significant effect only on the thermal field. Notes: 685WD Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:18
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P Gunnasegaran, H A Mohammed, N H Shuaib, R Saidur (2010) The effect of geometrical parameters on heat transfer characteristics of microchannels heat sink with different shapes International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37: 8. 1078-1086 Abstract: The effect of geometrical parameters on water flow and heat transfer characteristics in microchannels is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of 100-1000. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using finite volume method. The computational domain is taken as the entire heat sink including the inlet/outlet ports, wall plenums, and microchannels. Three different shapes of microchannel heat sinks are investigated in this study which are rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular. The water flow field and heat transfer phenomena inside each shape of heated microchannels are examined with three different geometrical dimensions. Using the averaged fluid temperature and heat transfer coefficient in each shape of the heat sink to quantify the fluid flow and temperature distributions, it is found that better uniformities in heat transfer coefficient and temperature can be obtained in heat sinks having the smallest hydraulic diameter. It is also inferred that the heat sink having the smallest hydraulic diameter has better performance in terms of pressure drop and friction factor among other heat sinks studied. Notes: Gunnasegaran, P. Mohammed, H. A. Shuaib, N. H. Saidur, R.
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Abstract: Heat transfer performance of porous twisted tape insert in a circular tube was experimentally investigated. Tube wall temperatures and pressure drops along the axial distance of the test section at steady state condition were measured for different flows having Reynolds number ranging from 1.4 x 104 to 5.2 x 104 for both the plain and the tube with porous twisted tape insert. Heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, and pumping power were calculated from the measured data. Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of the porous twisted tape inserted tube were explained from the measured and calculated values. Performance of the porous twisted tape inserted tube was also evaluated. The results showed for porous twisted tape inserted tube, the average heat transfer coefficient was 2.60 times higher, the heat flux was 1.55 times higher, the friction factor was 2.25 times higher and the pumping power was 2.0 times higher than those of plain tube values for similar flow conditions. Notes:
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Abstract: Mixed convection heat transfers in a two-dimensional trapezoidal cavity with constant heat flux at the heated bottom wall while the isothermal moving top wall in the horizontal direction has been studied numerically. Control Volume based finite volume method (FVM) has been used to discretize the governing differential equations. The pressure- velocity coupling in the governing equations is achieved by using the well known SIMPLE method for numerical computations. A second order upwind differencing scheme is to be used for the formulation of the coefficients in the finite-volume equations. All computations are to be done for a range of Richardson number, Ri from 0.1 to 10 and the aspect ratio, A are to be changed from 0.5 to 2 for a fluid having Prandtl number equal to 0.71 (air). First the optimum configuration of the trapezoidal cavity has been obtained by changing the inclination angle, ó of the side walls. Then the effect of Richardson number, aspect ratio, and Rotation angle, à(30deg;, 45ð and 60ð) of the optimum trapezoidal cavity has been studied by changing the desired parameter. Results have been presented in the form of streamline and isotherm plots as well as the variation of the Nusselt number at the heat source surface under different conditions. The results shows that with increasing Ri, the heat transfer rate increases as natural convection dominates. The rotational angle of the trapezoidal cavity and the direction of the lid motion affect the heat transfer rate significantly. Optimum heat transfer rate is obtained at aiding flow condition having higher values of Ri. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Mamun, M. A. H.; Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; email: hasan@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp References: Cha, C.K., Jaluria, Y., Recirculating mixed convection flow for energy extraction (1984) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 27, pp. 1801-1810; Imberger, J., Hamblin, P.F., Dynamics of lakes, reservoirs, and cooling ponds (1982) A. Rev. FIuid Mech., 14, pp. 153-187; Ideriah, F.J.K., Prediction of turbulent cavity flow driven by buoyancy and shear (1980) J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 22, pp. 287-295; Pilkington, L.A.B., Review lecture: The float glass process (1959) Proc. R. Sot. Lond., IA 314, pp. 1-25; Aydin, O., Yang, W.J., Mixed convection in cavities with a locally heated lower wall and moving sidewalls, Numer (2000) Heat Transfer, Part A, 37, pp. 695-710; Shankar, P.N., Meleshko, V.V., Nikiforovich, E.I., Slow mixed convection in rectangular containers (2002) J. Fluid Mech, 471, pp. 203-217; Oztop, H.F., Dagtekin, I., Mixed convection in two-sided lid-driven differentially heated square cavity (2004) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 47, pp. 1761-1769; Sharif, M.A.R., Laminar mixed convection in shallow inclined driven cavities with hot moving lid on top and cooled from bottom (2007) Applied Thermal Engineering, 27, pp. 1036-1042; Guo, G., Sharif M.A., R., Mixed convection in rectangular cavities at various aspect ratios with moving isothermal sidewalls and constant flux heat source on the bottom wall (2004) Int. J. Thermal Sciences, 43, pp. 465-475; Basak, T., Roy, S., Singh, S.K., Pop I, Analysis of mixed convection in a lid-driven porous square cavity with linearly heated side wall(s) (2010) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 53, pp. 1819-1840
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Abstract: In the developing countries like Malaysia, most of the vapor compression refrigeration system continues to run on halogenated refrigerants due to its excellent thermodynamic and thermo-physical properties. However, the halogenated refrigerants have adverse impacts such as ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. Hydrocarbons being natural fluid have drawn much attention of the scientists and researchers for the application as refrigerants. This paper presents a comparison of the energetic and exergetic performances of a domestic refrigerator using pure butane and isobutene as the refrigerant. The second law analysis such as exergy efficiency and exergy destruction, and coefficient of performance (COP) are investigated and were then compared with those of different refrigerants at varied operating conditions. Exergy efficiency of isobutene is found to be 50% higher than that of R-134a as a refrigerant mixture. The analyses show that the performances of butane and isobutene as refrigerants are comparable with HFC134a. It has also been found that at higher evaporating temperatures, the exergy losses are minimal for the refrigerants in the four components; the maximum exergy loss is occurred about 60% in the compressor. Notes:
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Abstract: This study aims to investigate structural, mechanical and tribological properties of titanium oxide films deposited on glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. All the as-grown titania films possess the anatase structure having a grain size of about 44 nm irrespective of the variation of substrate temperatures. AFM images show a nodular morphology with an increase of surface roughness. From micro-scratch tests, the optical micrographs of the scratch tracks show that the complete delamination of TiO 2 films deposited at higher temperatures appear at a higher value of adhesion critical loads. The highest adhesion critical load between titanium oxide films and glass was found to be 2.24 N for the film prepared at 300 ðC. It represents an enhanced adhesion strength for films deposited at higher temperatures. Scratch hardness was also found to increase from 5.5 to 8.4 GPa with increasing substrate temperature. From micro-wear test, it is found that the wear resistance of TiO 2 films deposited at higher substrate temperatures exhibits higher wear resistance. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasan, M. M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: mmhasan92@yahoo.com References: Beake, B.D., Ranganathan, N., An investigation of the nanoindentation and nano/micro-tribological behaviour of monolayer, bilayer and trilayer coatings on cemented carbide (2006) Materials Science and Engineering A, 423, pp. 46-51; Chen, Y., Dionysiou, D.D., Effect of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity and adhesion of TiO 2 films prepared by the P-25 powder-modified sol-gel method (2006) Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 244, pp. 73-82; Chung, C.J., Hsieh, P.Y., Hsiao, C.H., Lin, H.I., Leyland, A., Matthews, A., He, J.L., Mutifunctional arc ion plated TiO 2 photocatalytic coatings with improved wear and corrosion protection (2009) Surface and Coatings Technology, 203, pp. 1689-1693; Eufinger, K., Poelman, D., Poelman, H., Gryse, R.D., Marin, J.B., Effect of microstructure and crystallinity on the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 thin films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering (2007) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 40, pp. 5232-5238; Fujishima, A., Rao, T.N., Tryk, D.A., Titanium dioxide photocatalysis (2000) Journal of Photochemistry and photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1 (1), pp. 1-21; Habibi, M.H., Talebian, N., Choi, J.H., The effect of annealing on photocatalytic properties of nanostructured titanium dioxide thin films (2007) Dyes and Pigments, 73, pp. 103-110; Hasan, M.M., Haseeb, A.S.M.A., Saidur R. Masjuki, H.H., Hamdi, M., Influence of substrate and annealing temperatures on optical properties of RF-sputtered TiO 2 thin films (2009) Optical Materials, , Article in press; Hou, Y.Q., Zhuang, D.M., Zhang, G., Zhao, M., Wu, M.S., Influence of annealing temperature on the properties of titanium oxide thin film (2003) Applied Surface Science, 218, pp. 98-106; Jaworski, R., Pawlowski, L., Roudet, F., Kozerski, S., Petit, F., Characterization of mechanical properties of suspension plasma sprayed TiO 2 coatings using scratch test (2008) Surface and Coatings Technology, 202, pp. 2644-2653; Karuppasamy, A., Subrahmanyam, A., Studies on the room temperature growth of nanoanatase phase TiO 2 thin films by pulsed dc magnetron with oxygen as sputter gas (2007) Journal of Applied Physics, 101, pp. 1-7. , 064318; Kuo, D.H., Tzeng, K.H., Growth and properties of titania and aluminum titanate thin films obtained by r.f. magnetron sputtering (2002) Thin Solid Films, 420-421, pp. 497-502; Lackner, J.M., Waldhauser, W., Ebner, R., Major, B., Schoberl, T., Pulsed laser deposition of titanium oxide coatings at room temperature-structural, mechanical and tribological properties (2004) Surface and Coatings Technology, 180-181, pp. 585-590. , DOI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.099, PII S025789720301257X; Leng, Y.X., Chen, J.Y., Yang, P., Sun, H., Huang, N., Structure and properties of passivating titanium oxide films fabricated by DC plasma oxidation (2003) Surface and Coatings Technology, 166, pp. 176-182; Malsbender, J., Toonder J.M.J. den, Balkenende, A.R., De With, G., Measuring mechanical properties of coatings: A methodology applied to nano-particle-filled sol-gel coatings on glass (2002) Materials science and Engineering R, 36, pp. 47-103; Okada, M., Tazawa, M., Jin, P., Yamada, Y., Yoshimura, K., Fabrication of photocatalytic heat-mirror with TiO 2/TiN/ TiO 2 stacked layers (2006) Vacuum, 80, pp. 732-735; Pulker, H.K., (1999) Coatings on Glass, , Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Sun, H., Wang, C., Pang, S., Li, X., Tao, Y., Tang, H., Liu, M., Photocatalytic TiO 2 films prepared by chemical vapor deposition at atmosphere pressure (2008) Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 354, pp. 1440-1443; Sung, Y.M., Kim, H.J., Sputter deposition and surface treatment of TiO 2 films for dye-sensitized solar cells using reactive RF plasma (2007) Thin Solid Films, 515, pp. 4996-4999; Tomaszewski, H., Eufinger, K., Poelman, H., Poelman, D., Gryse, R.D., Smet, P.F., Marin, G.B., Effect of substrate sodium content on crystallization and photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 films prepared by dc magnetron sputtering (2007) International Journal of Photoenergy, 1, pp. 1-5. , 95213; Wang, Z., Helmersson, U., KÃâ¬ll, P.O., Optical properties of anatase TiO 2 thin films prepared by aqueous sol-gel process at low temperature (2002) Thin Solid Films, 405, pp. 50-54; Yang, C., Fan, H., Xi, Y., Chen, J., Li, Z., Effects of depositing temperatures on structure and optical properties of TiO 2 film deposited by ion beam assisted electron beam evaporation (2008) Applied Surface Science, 254, pp. 2685-2689; Yang, W., Wolden, C.A., (2006) Thin Solid Films, 515, pp. 1708-1713; Ye, Q., Liu, P.Y., Tang, Z.F., Zhai, L., Hydrophilic properties of nano-TiO 2 thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering (2007) Vacuum, 81, pp. 627-631; Zhang, Y., Ma, X., Chen, P., Yang, D., Effect of the substrate temperature on the crystallization of TiO 2 films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering (2007) Journal of Crystal Growth, 300 (2), pp. 551-554. , DOI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.01.008, PII S0022024807001017
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M M Hasan, A S M A Haseeb, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, M Hamdi (2010) Influence of substrate and annealing temperatures on optical properties of RF-sputtered TiO 2 thin films Optical Materials 32: 6. 690-695 Abstract: TiO 2 thin films were deposited on unheated and heated glass substrates at an elevated sputtering pressure of 3 Pa by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering. TiO 2 films deposited at room temperature were annealed in air for 1 h at various temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 ðC. The structural and optical properties of the thin films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectrophotometry. XRD results show that as-grown and post-annealed TiO 2 films have anatase crystal structure. Higher substrate and annealing temperatures result in a slight increase of crystallinity. TiO 2 films deposited at different substrate temperatures exhibit high visible transmittance and the transmittance decreases slightly with an increase in annealing temperature. The refractive indices (at û = 550 nm) of the as-deposited and annealed films are found to be in the range of 2.31-2.37 and 2.31-2.35, respectively. Extinction coefficient decreases slightly with increasing substrate and annealing temperatures. The indirect and direct optical band gap of the as-grown films increases from 3.39 to 3.42 eV and 3.68 to 3.70 eV, respectively, with the increase of substrate temperatures. Annealed TiO 2 films also exhibit an increase in the values of indirect and direct optical band gap. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 10 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: OMATE Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasan, M.M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: mmhasan92@yahoo.com References: Pulker, H.K., (1999) Coatings on Glass, , Elsevier, Amsterdam; Euvananont, C., Junin, C., Inpor, K., Limthongkul, P., Thanachayanont, C., (2008) Ceram. Int., 34, p. 1067; Kawasaki, H., Ohshima, T., Yagyu, Y., Suda, Y., Khartsev, S.I., Grishin, A.M., (2008) J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 100, p. 012038; Ray, S., Dutta, U., Das, R., Chatterjee, P., (2007) J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, p. 2445; Sung, Y.M., Kim, H.J., (2007) Thin Solid Films, 515, p. 4996; Yang, W., Wolden, C.A., (2006) Thin Solid Films, 515, p. 1708; Tavares, C.J., Vieira, J., Rebouta, L., Hungerford, G., Coutinho, P., Teixeira, V., Carneiro, J.O., Fernandes, A.J., (2007) Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 138, p. 139; Okada, M., Tazawa, M., Jin, P., Yamada, Y., Yoshimura, K., (2006) Vacuum, 80, p. 732; Wang, Z., Chen, Q., Cai, X., (2005) Appl. Surf. Sci., 239, p. 262; Jin, P., Miao, L., Tanemura, S., Xu, G., Tazawa, M., Yoshimura, K., (2003) Appl. Surf. Sci., 212-213, p. 775; Ye, Q., Liu, P.Y., Tang, Z.F., Zhai, L., (2007) Vacuum, 81, p. 627; Habibi, M.H., Talebian, N., Choi, J.H., (2007) Dyes Pigm., 73, p. 103; Yang, C., Fan, H., Xi, Y., Chen, J., Li, Z., (2008) Appl. Surf. Sci., 254, p. 2685; Amor, S.B., Baud, G., Jacquet, M., Pichon, N., (1998) Surf. Coat. Technol., 102, p. 63; Ghamsari, M.S., Bahramian, A.R., (2008) Mater. Lett., 62, p. 361; Wang, Z., Helmersson, U., KÃâ¬ll, P.O., (2002) Thin Solid Films, 405, p. 50; Sun, H., Wang, C., Pang, S., Li, X., Tao, Y., Tang, H., Liu, M., (2008) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 354, p. 1440; Hou, Y.Q., Zhuang, D.M., Zhang, G., Zhao, M., Wu, M.S., (2003) Appl. Surf. Sci., 218, p. 98; Sawanepoel, R., (1983) J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., 16, p. 1214; Karuppasamy, A., Subrahmanyam, A., (2007) J. Appl. Phys., 101, p. 064318; Wang, T.M., Zheng, S.K., Hao, W.C., Wang, C., (2002) Surf. Coat. Technol., 155, p. 141; Saini, K.K., Sharma, S.D., Chanderkant, Kar, M., Singh, D., Sharma, C.P., (2007) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 353, p. 2469; Tauc, J., (1974) Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors, , Plenum, London; Yoo, D., Kim, I., Kim, S., Hahn, C.H., Lee, C., Cho, S., (2007) Appl. Surf. Sci., 253, p. 3888; Ting, C.C., Chen, S.Y., Liu, D.M., (2000) J. Appl. Phys., 88 (8), p. 4628
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Abstract: In this investigation, TiO 2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates at varying substrate temperatures from room temperature to 300 ðC by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering at an elevated sputtering pressure of 3 Pa. As-deposited TiO 2 films were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission Auger electron microscopy (FEAES), and UV-visible-NIR spectrophotometry. The XRD results reveal that all the as-deposited films possessing the anatase structure and crystallinity of TiO 2 films appears to deteriorate slightly at higher substrate temperatures. The crystallite size of the as-deposited films at different substrate temperatures is 44 nm, which shows insignificant variation. AFM images exhibit a similar type of nodular morphology in the as-grown films. TiO 2 films deposited at different substrate temperatures exhibit high visible transmittance and a high refractive index ranging from 2.31 to 2.37 at a wavelength of 550 nm. The optical band gap of the films has been estimated to be in the range from 3.39 to 3.42 eV. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasan, M.M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; email: mmhasan92@yahoo.com References: Pulker, H.K., (1999) Coatings on Glass, , Amsterdam: Elsevier; Sung, Y.M., Kim, H.J., Sputter Deposition and Surface Treatment of TiO 2 Films for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Reactive RF Plasma (2007) Thin Solid Films, 515, p. 4996; Okada, M., Tazawa, M., Jin, P., Yamada, Y., Yoshimura, K., Fabrication of Photocatalytic Heat-Mirror With TiO 2/TiN/TiO 2 Stacked Layers (2006) Vacuum, 80, p. 732; Fujishima, A., Rao, T.N., Tryk, D.A., Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis (2000) Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1, p. 1; Sun, H., Wang, C., Pang, S., Li, X., Tao, Y., Tang, H., Liu, M., Photocatalytic TiO 2 Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition at Atmosphere Pressure (2008) Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 354, p. 1440; Ye, Q., Liu, P.Y., Tang, Z.F., Zhai, L., Hydrophilic Properties of Nano-TiO 2 Thin Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering (2007) Vacuum, 81, p. 627; Habibi, M.H., Talebian, N., Choi, J.H., The Effect of Annealing on Photocatalytic Properties of Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Thin Films (2007) Dyes and Pigments, 73, p. 103; Jerman, M., Mergel, D., Structural Investigation of Thin TiO 2 Films Prepared by Evaporation and Post-Heating (2007) Thin Solid Films, 515, p. 6904; Yang, C., Fan, H., Xi, Y., Chen, J., Li, Z., Effects of Depositing Temperatures on Structure and Optical Properties of TiO 2 Film Deposited by Ion Beam Assisted Electron Beam Evaporation (2008) Applied Surface Science, 254, p. 2685; Tian, G., Wu, S., Shu, K., Qin, L., Shao, J., Influence of Deposition Conditions on the Microstructure of Oxides Thin Films (2007) Applied Surface Science, 253, p. 8782; Tavares, C.J., Vieira, J., Rebouta, L., Hungerford, G., Coutinho, P., Teixeira, V., Carneiro, J.O., Fernandes, A.J., Reactive Sputtering Deposition of Photocatalytic TiO 2 Thin Films on Glass Substrates (2007) Materials Science and Engineering: B, 138, p. 139; Amor, S.B., Baud, G., Jacquet, M., Pichon, N., Photoprotective Titania Coatings on PET Substrates (1998) Surface and Coatings Technology, 102, p. 63; Akl, A.A., Kamal, H., Abdel-Hady, K., Fabrication and Characterization of Sputtered Titanium Dioxide Films (2006) Applied Surface Science, 252, p. 8651; Ghamsari, M.S., Bahramian, A.R., High Transparent Sol-Gel Derived Nanostructured TiO 2 Thin Film (2008) Material Letters, 62, p. 361; Saini, K.K., Sharma, S.D., Chanderkant, Kar, M., Singh, D., Sharma, C.P., Structural and Optical Properties of TiO 2 Thin Films Derived by Sol-Gel Dip Coating Process (2007) Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 353, p. 2469; Wang, Z., Helmersson, U., KÃâ¬ll, P.O., Optical Properties of Anatase TiO 2 Thin Films Prepared by Aqueous Sol-Gel Process at Low Temperature (2002) Thin Solid Films, 405, p. 50; Yang, W., Wolden, C.A., Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of TiO 2 Thin Films for Dielectric Applications (2006) Thin Solid Films, 515, p. 1708; Karuppasamy, A., Subrahmanyam, A., Studies on the Room Temperature Growth of Nanoanatase Phase TiO 2 Thin Films by Pulsed DC Magnetron With Oxygen as Sputter Gas (2007) Journal of Applied Physics, 101, p. 1. , (064318); Zhang, Y., Ma, X., Chen, P., Yang, D., Effects of the Substrate Temperature on the Crystallization of TiO 2 Films Prepared by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering (2007) Journal of Crystal Growth, 300, p. 551; Horprathum, M., Chindaudom, P., Limsuwan, P., A Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Study of TiO 2 Thin Films Prepared by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering: Annealing Temperature Effect (2007) Chinese Physics Letters, 24 (6), p. 1505; Hou, Y.Q., Zhuang, D.M., Zhang, G., Zhao, M., Wu, M.S., Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of Titanium Oxide Thin Film (2003) Applied Surface Science, 218, p. 98; Zheng, S.K., Xiang, G., Wang, T.M., Pan, F., Wang, C., Hao, W.C., Photocatalytic Activity Studies of TiO 2 Thin Films Prepared by R.F. Magnetron Reactive Sputtering (2004) Vacuum, 72, p. 79; Swanepoel, R., Determination of the Thickness and Optical Constants of Amorphous Silicon (1983) Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, 16, p. 1214; Eufinger, K., Poelman, D., Poelman, H., Gryse, R.D., Marin, G.B., Effect of Microstructure and Crystallinity on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO 2 Thin Films Deposited by DC Magnetron Sputtering (2007) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 40, p. 5232; Wang, T.M., Zheng, S.K., Hao, W.C., Wang, C., Studies on Photocatalytic Activity and Transmittance Spectra of TiO 2 Thin Films Prepared by R.F. Magnetron Sputtering Method (2002) Surface and Coatings Technology, 155, p. 141; Heo, C.H., Lee, S.B., Boo, J.H., Deposition of TiO 2 Thin Films Using RF Magnetron Sputtering Method and Study of Their Surface Characteristics (2005) Thin Solid Films, 475, p. 183; Yoo, D., Kim, I., Kim, S., Hahn, C.H., Lee, C., Cho, S., Effects of Annealing Temperature and Method on Structural and Optical Properties of TiO 2 Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering at Room Temperature (2007) Applied Surface Science, 253, p. 3888; Nam, H.J., Amemiya, T., Murabayashi, M., Itoh, K., Photocatalytic Activity of Sol-Gel TiO 2 Thin Films on Various Kinds of Glass Substrates: The Effects of Na + and Primary Particle Size (2004) Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, p. 8254; Tomaszewski, H., Eufinger, K., Poelman, H., Poelman, D., Gryse, R.D., Smet, P.F., Marin, G.B., Effect of Substrate Sodium Content on Crystallization and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO 2 Films Prepared by DC Magnetron Sputtering (2007) International Journal of Photoenergy, 1, p. 1. , 95213; Tada, H., Tanaka, M., Dependence of TiO 2 Photocatalytic Activity upon Its Film Thickness (1997) Langmuir, 13, p. 360; Zheng, S.K., Wang, T.M., Hao, W.C., Shen, R., Improvement of Photocatalytic Activity of TiO 2 Thin Film by Sn Ion Implantation (2002) Vacuum, 65, p. 155; Liu, B., Zhao, X., Zhao, Q., Li, C., He, X., The Effect of O 2 Partial Pressure on the Structure and Photocatalytic Property of TiO 2 Films Prepared by Sputtering (2005) Materials Chemistry and Physics, 90, p. 207; Bessergenev, V.G., Khmelinskii, I.V., Pereira, R.J.F., Krisuk, V.V., Turgambaeva, A.E., Igumenov, I.K., Preparation of TiO 2 Films by CVD Method and Its Electrical, Structural and Optical Properties (2002) Vacuum, 64, p. 275; Mardare, D., Optical Constants of Heat-Treated TiO 2 Thin Films (2002) Materials Science and Engineering: B, 95, p. 83; Tauc, J., (1974) Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors, , London: Plenum
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Abstract: Solar energy is radiant energy that is produced by the sun and every day sun radiates, or sends out an enormous amount of energy. The sun radiates more energy in one second then people have used since beginning of time. There are lot of technology are used now a days to harness the energy from the sun as solar thermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, solar ponds, solar tower and photovoltaic systems. Green campaign is one of the hot topics among the Malaysian. The main objective of green campaign is to create awareness among the public to protect our environment. In Malaysia there are a lot of organization organizing green campaign such as Environmental Protection Society Malaysia (EPSM), Malaysia Environment NGOs (MENGO) and Treat Every Environment Special Sdn. Bhd. (TRESS). Price of solar energy is very reasonable and very depending upon the amount of energy you need and the size of the panels required. The payback time for solar water heating now makes solar energy financially viable for the majority of domestic applications. Notes:
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Abstract: The engine friction is one of the causes of power losses found in the operation of a vehicle. This friction is caused by the relative motion of moving components in an engine. As significant portion of an engineâs generated power is used at low loads, a reduction in an engine friction would provide significant amount of fuel savings. This study focused on the possible usage of nano-technology in enhancing lubricant properties to achieve a lower friction coefficient. The study also estimated the fraction of energy lost due to friction in an engine. In this study, it has been found that even with the modest estimation, a net fuel savings of 4% can be achieved with the application of nano-additives in lubricants. Notes: 551ST Times Cited:82 Cited References Count:16
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R Saidur, T M I Mahlia (2010) Energy, economic and environmental benefits of using high-efficiency motors to replace standard motors for the Malaysian industries Energy Policy 38: 8. 4617-4625 Abstract: Electric motors use major share (i.e. about 30-80% of total industrial energy consumption) of total industrial energy use around the world. Experiences from other countries show that government intervention in the form of regulations such as mandatory and voluntary approaches can save sizeable amount of energy along with the reduction in emissions associated with energy savings. This paper presents potential energy savings by introducing high-efficiency motors as a case study in Malaysian industrial sector. Emission reductions associated with the energy savings has been estimated and presented as well. It was also estimated that a cumulative amount of 1940 and 892 GWh of energy can be saved for 20 and 120 kW motors, respectively, in Malaysia relative to BAU over the next 10 years. Similarly, a cumulative amount of USD 100 million and USD 60 million can be saved as utility bills for the same motor categories. It has been found that the payback period of different capacities of motors are less than a year. Based on results, it was found that 1789 million kg of CO(2) emission can be avoided by replacing standard motors with high-efficiency motors. Notes: 615EY Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:33
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H A Mohammed, A Campo, R Saidur (2010) Experimental study of forced and free convective heat transfer in the thermal entry region of horizontal concentric annuli International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37: 7. 739-747 Abstract: Forced and free convective heat transfer for thermally developing and thermally fully developed laminar air flow inside horizontal concentric annuli in the thermal entrance length has been experimentally investigated. The experimental setup consists of a stainless steel annulus having a radius ratio of 2 and an inner tube with a heated length of 900 mm subjected to a constant wall heat flux boundary condition and an adiabatic outer annulus. The investigation covers Reynolds number range from 200 to 1000, the Grashof number was ranged from 6.2 x 10(5) to 1.2 x 10(7). The entrance sections used were long tube with length of 2520 mm (L/D(h) = 63) and short tube with length of 504 mm (L/D(h) = 12.6). The surface temperature distribution along the inner tube surface, and the local Nusselt number distribution versus dimensionless axial distance Z(t) were presented and discussed. It is inferred that the free convection effects tended to decrease the heat transfer at low Re number while to increase the heat transfer for high Re number. This investigation reveals that the Nusselt number values were considerably greater than the corresponding values for fully developed combined convection over a significant portion of the annulus. The average heat transfer results were correlated in terms of the relevant dimensionless variables with an empirical correlation. The local Nusselt number results were compared with available literature and show similar trend and satisfactory agreement. Notes: 644BJ Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:26
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R Saidur, S Mekhilef (2010) Energy use, energy savings and emission analysis in the Malaysian rubber producing industries Applied Energy 87: 8. 2746-2758 Abstract: In this paper an analysis of energy use and energy conservation in the Malaysian rubber producing industries is presented. It has been found that rubber industries consume a substantial amount of energy Excessive use of energy is usually associated with many industrial plants worldwide, and rubber plants are no exception. This study is based on the realization that enormous potential exists for cost-effective improvements in the existing energy-using equipment Through the method of a walkthrough energy audit, power rating, operation time of energy-consuming equipment/machineries and power factor were collected. The data were then analyzed to investigate the breakdown of end-use equipment/machineries energy use The results of the energy audit in the Malaysian rubber and rubber producing industries showed that the electric motor accounts for a major fraction of total energy consumption followed by pumps, heaters, cooling systems and lighting. Since the electric motor takes up a substantial amount of the total energy used in rubber industries, energy-savings strategies such as the use of high efficient motors, and variable speed drive (VSD) have been used to reduce energy consumption of motors used in rubber industries Energy-savings strategies for compressed-air systems, boilers, and chillers have also been applied to estimate energy and cost savings. It has been found that significant amount of energy and: utility bills can be saved along with the reduction of emission by applying the foretold strategies for energy using machineries in the rubber industries. Notes: 615KM Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:593
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R Saidur, N A Rahim, M Hasanuzzaman (2010) A review on compressed-air energy use and energy savings Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 4. 1135-1153 Abstract: Compressed-air systems account for about 10% of total industrial-energy use for few selected countries as found in literatures. Compressed air is typically one of the most expensive utilities in an industrial facility. This paper describes a comprehensive literature review about compressed air energy use, savings, and payback period of energy efficient strategies. This paper compiles latest literatures in terms of thesis (MS and PhD), journal articles, conference proceedings, web materials, reports, books, handbooks on compressed air energy use, efficiency, energy savings strategies. Computer tools for compressed air analysis have been reviewed and presented in this paper. Various energy-saving measures, such as use of highly efficient motors, VSD, leak prevention, use of outside intake air, reducing pressure drop, recovering waste heat, use of efficient nozzle, and use of variable displacement compressor to save compressed-air energy have been reviewed. Based on review results, it has been found that for an electric motor used in a compressed-air system, a sizeable amount of electric energy and utility bill can be saved using high efficient motors and applying VSDs in matching speed requirements. Also, significant amounts of energy and emission are reducible through various energy-saving strategies. Payback periods for different energy savings measures have been identified and found to be economically viable in most cases. Notes: 574NO Times Cited:19 Cited References Count:108
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Abstract: This study investigated the effects of selected shading devices on office room temperature. The experimental results were presented to show the thermal effects of coating systems used. Initial work for a duration of two months showed that high temperatures occurred during 10:00, 12:00 and 14:00 hours. The coating materials used, were plain glass pane with the thickness of 5 mm (control), tinted film, silver film, and blinds. Results showed that the differences in temperatures between the inside and outside of the office were 4.4ðC, 3.8ðC, 3.5ðC and 2.9ðC for silver film, blinds, tinted film and clear glass (5 mm), respectively. In terms of cost, the blinds proved to be low in cost with every temperature drop for temperature difference between internal and external temperatures. For every degree difference, silver coating would cost RM 6.80/ðC, tinted laminating RM4.57/ðC, blind RM 1.97/ðC, and clean glass (5mm) RM 1.90/ ðC . RM is Malaysian Ringgit and 1Euro= 4.50 RM. In addition the blinds could be easily fixed comparatively. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Whaad, A. M.; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia References: Al-Homoud, M.S., Optimum thermal design of office buildings (1997) International Journal of Energy Research, 21 (10), pp. 941-957; Bojic, M., Yik, F., Sat, P., Energy performance of windows in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong (2002) Energy and Buildings, 34 (1), pp. 71-82. , DOI 10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00079-2, PII S0378778801000792; Etzion, Y., Erell, E., Controlling the transmission of radiant energy through windows: A novel ventilated reversible glazing system (2000) Building and Environment, 35 (5), pp. 433-444. , DOI 10.1016/S0360-1323(99)00039-6; Ismail, K.A.R., Henriquez, J.R., Thermally effective windows with moving phase change material curtains (2001) Applied Thermal Engineering, 21 (18), pp. 1909-1923. , PII S1359431101000588; Ismail, K., Henriquez, J.R., Modeling and simulation of a simple glass window (2003) Journal of Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 80, pp. 355-374; Lam, J.C., Li, D.W., An analysis of day lighting and solar heat for cooling dominated office buildings (1999) Journal of Solar Energy, 65, pp. 251-262; Mehlika, N., Inanici, Demirbilek, Thermal performance optimization of building aspect ratio and south window size in five cities having different climatic characteristics of Turkey (2000) Journal of Building and Environment, 35, pp. 41-52; Nielsen, D., Svendsen, Energy performance of glazing and windows (2001) Journal of Solar Energy, 69, pp. 137-2000; Sivasankar, S., (2006) Development of An Internet-based System to Measure Thermal Comfort in Indoor Environments, , Master Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia; Zahedi, S.H., (2005) Simulation and Optimization of Thermpsyphon Solar Water Heater for Kuala Lumpur Climate Using TRNSYS Software, , MS Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia
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R Saidura, M Hasanuzzamana, NA Rahimb (2010) Energy Use, Energy Savings and Environmental Analysis of Industrial Boilers and Compressors Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental Engineering 1: 1. 29-36 Abstract: In this paper energy use , energy and bill savings, emission reduction and pay period using high efficient motor, variable speed drive by modulating speed of boiler and compressor has been estimated using energy audit data. It has been found that 68,923 MWh, 132,922 MWh, 78,769 MWh and 49,230 MWh of energy can be saved for 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% motor loadings, respectively for 20% speed reduction in the boiler system. Corresponding bill savings for the aforementioned energy savings have been found to be US$ 4,411,052, US$ 8,507,028, US$ 5,041,202, and US$ 43,150,751 for 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% motor loadings, respectively for 20% speed reduction in the boiler system. Energy savings and bill savings resulting from the use of high-efficiency motor in air compressor are 6703 MWh, 8251 MWh, and 10571 MWh, total energy, can be saved for 50%, 75%, and 100%, motor loadings, respectively. Similarly, bill savings for the preceding amounts of energy savings are US$ 428,984, US$ 528,042 and US$ 676,538, respectively. It is also clear that the use of high efficiency motor and VSDs leads to substantial energy savings and an enormous reduction in emissions. Notes:
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R Saidur, M Hasanuzzaman, S Yogeswaran, H A Mohammed, M S Hossain (2010) An end-use energy analysis in a Malaysian public hospital Energy 35: 12. 4780-4785 Abstract: The commercial sector consumes 8-50% of the total energy consumption for a few selected countries around the world. An energy audit was conducted in a Malaysian public hospital to identify energy using equipment and their energy consumption breakdown. Different energy saving measures have been identified and applied for electrical motors used in this hospital. It was estimated that this hospital consumed about 19,311 MW h for the year 2008. It was also estimated that about 212 MW h, 250 MW h and 317 MW h of annual energy can be saved using energy-efficient motors at 50%, 75% and 100% loads, respectively. In addition, use of variable speed drives are expected to save 1735 MW h, 4048 MW h and 6361 MW h of annual energy consumption for 20%, 40% and 60% speed reductions, respectively. It was found that the payback period for using high efficiency motors at different loads is less than a year which is economically very viable. However, the use of variable speed drives was found to be economically viable for larger motors for higher speed reductions. The study also found that a sizeable amount of emissions can be reduced for the different energy savings measures applied for electrical motors. Notes: 708DX Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:27
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R Saidur, M R Islam, N A Rahim, K H Solangi (2010) A review on global wind energy policy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 7. 1744-1762 Abstract: With the increasing negative effects of fossil fuel combustion on the environment in addition to limited stock of fossil fuel have forced many countries to inquire into and change to environmentally friendly alternatives that are renewable to sustain the increasing energy demand. Energy policy plays a vital role to mitigate the impacts of global warming and crisis of energy availability. This paper explores the wind energy industry from the point of view of the wind energy policy. It is noticed that energy policy could help increasing wind power generation as well as stimulating the energy industry. It may be stated that without specific energy policy, a country would not be able to solve the acute problems like reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, scarcity of energy, etc. This paper discussed the existing successful energy policies for few selected countries. Based on literatures, it has been found that FIT, RPS, incentives, pricing law and Quota system are the most useful energy policies practiced by many countries around the world. Then, status of wind energy policy for Malaysia was investigated and compared with few selected countries around the world. Notes: 617CI Times Cited:28 Cited References Count:171
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R Saidur, JU Ahamed, HH Masjuki (2010) Energy, exergy and economic analysis of industrial boilers Energy Policy 38: 5. 2188-2197 Abstract: In this paper, the useful concept of energy and exergy utilization is analyzed, and applied to the boiler system. Energy and exergy flows in a boiler have been shown in this paper. The energy and exergy efficiencies have been determined as well. In a boiler, the energy and exergy efficiencies are found to be 72.46% and 24.89%, respectively. A boiler energy and exergy efficiencies are compared with others work as well. It has been found that the combustion chamber is the major contributor for exergy destruction followed by heat exchanger of a boiler system. Furthermore, several energy saving measures such as use of variable speed drive in boilerâs fan energy savings and heat recovery from flue gas are applied in reducing a boiler energy use. It has been found that the payback period is about 1 yr for heat recovery from a boiler flue gas. The payback period for using VSD with 19 kW motor found to be economically viable for energy savings in a boiler fan. Notes: 578JL Times Cited:25 Cited References Count:53
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Abstract: The fluid flows and heat transfer induced by the combined effects of mechanically driven lid and buoyancy force within a rectangular cavity is investigated in this paper numerically. The horizontal walls of the enclosure are insulted while the right vertical wall is maintained at a uniform temperature higher than the left vertical wall. In addition, it contains a heat conducting horizontal circular block in its centre. The governing equations for the problem are first transformed into a non-dimensional form and the resulting nonlinear system of partial differential equations are solved by using the finite element formulation based on the Galerkin method of weighted residuals. The analysis is conducted by observing the variations of streamlines and isotherms for different Reynolds number and Prandtl number ranging from 50 to 200 and from 0.071 to 3.0 respectively. The results indicated that both the streamlines and isotherms strongly depend on the Reynolds number and Prandtl number. Moreover, the results of this investigation are also illustrated by the variations of average Nusselt number on the heated surface and average fluid temperature in the enclosure. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Rahman, M. M.; Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh; email: mmustafizurrahman@math.buet.ac.bd References: Aydin, O., Yang, W.J., Mixed convection in cavities with a locally heated lower wall and moving sidewalls (2000) Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, 37, pp. 695-710; Braga, E.J., De Lemos, M.J.S., Laminar natural convection in cavities filed with circular and square rods (2005) Int. Commun, in Heat and Mass Transfer, 32, pp. 1289-1297; Chamkha, A.J., Hydromagnetic combined convection flow in a vertical lid-driven cavity with internal heat generation or absorption (2002) Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, 41, pp. 529-546; Dong, S.F., Li, Y.T., Conjugate of natural convection and conduction in a complicated enclosure (2004) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, pp. 2233-2239; Garandet, J.P., Alboussiere, T., Moreau, R., Buoyancy driven convection in a rectangular enclosure with a transverse magnetic field (1992) Int. J. of Heat Mass Transfer, 35, pp. 741-748; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Effects of operating variables on heat transfer, energy losses and energy consumption of household refrigerator-freezer during the closed door operation (2009) Energy, 34 (2), pp. 196-198; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Ali, M., Masjuki, H.H., Effects of variables on natural convective heat transfer through V-corrugated vertical plates (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2 (2), pp. 109-117; Kumar De, A., Dalal, A., A numerical study of natural convection around a square, horizontal, heated cylinder placed in an enclosure (2006) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, pp. 4608-4623; Lee, J.R., Ha, M.Y., A numerical study of natural convection in a horizontal enclosure with a conducting body (2005) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, pp. 3308-3318; Lee, J.R., Ha, M.Y., Numerical simulation of natural convection in a horizontal enclosure with a heatgenerating conducting body (2006) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, pp. 2684-2702; Moallemi, M.K., Jang, K.S., Prandtl number effects on laminar mixed convection heat transfer in a liddriven cavity (1992) Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 35, pp. 1881-1892; Oztop, H.F., Dagtekin, I., Mixed convection in twosided lid-driven differentially heated square cavity (2004) Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, pp. 1761-1769; Rahman, M.M., Alim, M.A., Chowdhury, M.K., Magneto hydrodynamics mixed convection around a heat conducting horizontal circular cylinder in a rectangular lid-driven cavity with joule heating (2009) J. of Sci. Res., 1 (3), pp. 461-472; Rahman, M.M., Mamun, M.A.H., Saidur, R., Shuichi, N., Effect of a heat conducting horizontal circular cylinder on MHD mixed convection in a liddriven cavity along with joule heating (2009) Int. J. on Mechanical & Materials Eng., 4 (3), pp. 256-265; Rahman, M.M., Alim, M.A., Mamun, M.A.H., Finite Element Analysis of Mixed Convection in a Rectangular Cavity with a Heat-Conducting Horizontal Circular Cylinder (2009) Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control, 14 (2), pp. 217-247; Roychowdhury, D.G., Das, S.K., Sundararajan, T.S., Numerical simulation of natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow around a heated cylinder inside an enclosure (2002) Heat and Mass Transfer, 38, pp. 565-576; Rudraiah, N., Barron, R.M., Venkatachalappa, M., Subbaraya, C.K., Effect of magnetic field on free convection in a rectangular enclosure (1995) Int. J. Engng. Sci., 33, pp. 1075-1084; Rudraiah, N., Venkatachalappa, M., Subbaraya, C.K., Combined surface tension and buoyancy-driven convection in a rectangular open cavity in the presence of magnetic field (1995) Int. J. Non-linear Mech., 30 (5), pp. 759-770
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Abstract: Chillers consume a major share of total air conditioning energy use in commercial and industrial buildings for space conditioning to get thermal comfort for a country. In this paper, energy consumption by chillers has been estimated using data collected by walkthrough energy audit for Malaysian office buildings. It has been found that chillers use about 42,285MWh and 84,569MWh of electric energy for 50% and 100% loadings in an institutional buildings. As chillers are major energy users, energy savings measure such as use of energy efficient chillers and VSDs in chillers cooling load reductions have been applied to reduce their energy consumptions. It has been found that 90MWh-896MWh of energy can be saved for using energy efficient chillers for different percentage of loadings. Along with energy savings, US$57,314 as a bill savings can be achieved for high efficient chillers for 50% chillers loading. Study found that 35,975 MWh energy and US$2,302,431 bill can be saved for 60% of speed reductions using VSD. It was also found that payback periods for this energy saving option for chillers are economically viable. Along with energy savings, emission reductions and cost of avoided carbon associated with energy savings have been estimated and presented in this paper. Notes: Saidur, Rahman
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R Saidur (2010) A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 3. 877-898 Abstract: The industrial sector is the largest users of energy around the world. Industrial motor uses a major fraction of total industrial energy uses. This paper describes a comprehensive literature review about electric motor energy analysis. This paper compiles latest literatures in terms of thesis (MS and PhD), journal articles, conference proceedings, web materials, reports, books, handbooks on electrical motor energy use, losses, efficiency, energy savings strategies. Different types of losses that occur in a motor have been identified and ways to overcome these losses explained. An energy audit that helps to identify motor energy wastages have been discussed extensively. As motors are the major energy users, different energy savings strategies such as use of high-efficient motor, variable speed drive (VSD), and capacitor bank to improve the power factor to reduce their energy uses have reviewed. Different policy measures (i.e. regulatory, voluntary and incentives based) to save motor energy use have been reviewed and presented in this paper. In this review, computer tools that can be used to analyze electric motors energy used has been discussed. Cost parameters to carry out economic analysis have been shown as well. Moreover, payback period for different energy savings strategies have been identified. Notes: 559IT Times Cited:26 Cited References Count:100
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R Saidur (2010) A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 3. 877-898 Abstract: The industrial sector is the largest users of energy around the world. Industrial motor uses a major fraction of total industrial energy uses. This paper describes a comprehensive literature review about electric motor energy analysis. This paper compiles latest literatures in terms of thesis (MS and PhD), journal articles, conference proceedings, web materials, reports, books, handbooks on electrical motor energy use, losses, efficiency, energy savings strategies. Different types of losses that occur in a motor have been identified and ways to overcome these losses explained. An energy audit that helps to identify motor energy wastages have been discussed extensively. As motors are the major energy users, different energy savings strategies such as use of high-efficient motor, variable speed drive (VSD), and capacitor bank to improve the power factor to reduce their energy uses have reviewed. Different policy measures (i.e. regulatory, voluntary and incentives based) to save motor energy use have been reviewed and presented in this paper. In this review, computer tools that can be used to analyze electricmotors energy used has been discussed. Cost parameters to carry out economic analysis have been shown as well. Moreover, payback period for different energy savings strategies have been identified. Notes:
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Abstract: Cooling tower is one of the most important utilities in industrial and residential facilities. This paper estimates the energy efficiency, economic and environmental benefits of cooling tower. Energy-saving measures by using the high efficient motors and variable speed drive (VSD) were applied to save energy. By installing VSD in the cooling towerâs fans, annual energy saving have been found to be 202,972 kWh and potential emissions reduction is about 120 ton of CO 2, 661 kg of SO 2, 312 kg of NO xand 661 kg of CO at different cooling load. By using high efficient motor, emissions reduction are about 6.97 ton of CO 2, 38,400 kg of SO 2, 18,109 kg of NO x and 4,601 kg of CO at 50 % load. A sizeable amount of utility bill can be saved by using high efficient motors and applying VSDs. Payback periods for different energy savings measures have been estimated and found to be economically viable. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Saidur, R.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia References: http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/2006pdf/Outlook2006/Whole_Report.pdf, APERC, 2006 Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Energy demand and supply Outlook, Accessed: 15th September 2009Gan, P.Y., Li, Z., An econometric study on long-term energy outlook and the implications of renewable energy utilization in Malaysia (2008) Energy Policy, 36, pp. 890-899; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Investigation of energy consumption and energy savings of refrigerator-freezer during open and closed door condition (2008) Journal of Applied Sciences, 8, pp. 1822-1831; http://www.fas.org/ota/reports/9330.pdf, IEE, 1993 Industrial Energy Efficiency, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Accessed: 1st August 2009Lönnberg, M., Variable speed drives for energy savings in hospitals (2007) World Pumps, 494, pp. 20-24; Mahlia, T.M.I., Emissions from electricity generation in Malaysia (2002) Renewable Energy, 27, pp. 293-300; Mahmoud, A., Shuhaimi, M., Abdel Samed, M., A combined process integration and fuel switching strategy for emissions reduction in chemical process plants (2009) Energy, 34, pp. 190-195; Mecrow, B.C., Jack, A.G., Efficiency trends in electric machines and drives (2008) Energy Policy, 36, pp. 4336-4341; Ozdemir, E., Energy conservation opportunities with a variable speed controller in a boiler house (2004) Applied Thermal Engineering, 24, pp. 981-993; Saidur, R., Energy consumption, energy savings, and emission analysis in Malaysian office buildings (2009) Energy Policy, 37, pp. 4104-4113; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Hasanuzzaman, M., (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (4), pp. 1135-1153; Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Sattar, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Irfan Anjum, M., Mohiuddin, A.K.M., An analysis of energy use, energy intensity and emissions at the industrial sector of Malaysia (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2, pp. 84-92; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Masjuki, H.H., Mekhilef, S., Ping, H.W., Jamaluddin, M.F., End-use energy analysis in the Malaysian industrial sector (2009) Energy, 34, pp. 153-158; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Ping, H.W., Jahirul, M.I., Mekhilef, S., Masjuki, H.H., Energy and emission analysis for industrial motors in Malaysia (2009) Energy Policy, 37, pp. 3650-3658; Tolvanen, J., LCC approach for big motor-driven systems savings (2008) World Pumps, pp. 24-27. , November; Willems, D., Pipkin, W., (2009) Does Your Boiler Need a Retrofit?, , http://www.fmlink.com/ProfResources/Magazines/article.cgi?AFE:afe012308a. html, Accessed: 20th October 2009
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Abstract: The ventilator inhales fresh air from outside into the inside cabin of a vehicle and exhales hot air to the outside. On a sunny day, solar energy can be used to run the ventilator, and to charge the battery simultaneously. During a cloudy day, the ventilator can be driven by the battery. In this paper, heat transfer and energy balance inside the car were investigated. Moreover power consumption of the motor, power produced from the solar panel, radiation effect and battery charging time were investigated. The present study suggests that the motor in the existing ventilator should be replaced by a high speed motor. It is found that more electricity is needed for high speed motor in an improved ventilator. In this paper, a commercially available ventilator has been modified to improve its performance. The modification has increased air flow rate from 20 cfm to 110.5 cfm. The improved ventilator provided at least 11% better result of reducing the temperature inside a car compared to the existing one. Notes: Cited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Saidur, R.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: hasan492@yahoo.com References: Mezrhab, A., Bouzidi, M., Computation of thermal comfort inside a passenger car compartment (2006) Applied Thermal Engineering, 26 (14-15), pp. 1697-1704; Bureau, C., Kampf, H., Taxis-Reischl, B., Traebert, A., Mayer, E., Schwab, R., Method to assess thermal comfort (2003) Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference Proceedings, pp. 223-233. , SAE paper No. C599/005/2003; Martinho, N.A.G., Silva, M.C.G., Ramos, J.A.E., Evaluation of thermal comfort in a vehicle cabin (2004) Proceedings of the I MECH E Part D, Journal of Automobile Engineering, 218 (2), pp. 159-166; Farrington, R.B., Anderson, R., Blake, D.M., Burch, S.D., Cuddy, M.R., Keyser, M.A., Rugh, J.P., Challenges and potential solutions for reducing climate control loads in conventional and hybrid electric vehicles (1999) Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference VTMS4, , London; Jaksic, N.I., Salahifar, C., A feasibility study of electrochromic windows in vehicles (2003) Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 79, pp. 409-423; David Huang, K., Tzeng, S.-C., Ma, W.-P., Wu, M.-F., Intelligent solar-powered automobile-ventilation system (2005) Applied Energy, 80, pp. 141-154; Botterill, J.S.M., Williams, J.R., The mechanism of heat transfer to gas-fluidized beds (1963) Trans Inst Chem Eng, 41, pp. 217-230; Ziegler, E.N., Koppel, L.B., Brazelton, W.T., Effects of solid thermal properties on heat transfer to gas fluidized bed (1964) I&EC Fundam, 3 (4), pp. 324-328; Gengel, Y.A., (2004) Heat Transfer-a practical approach, p. 358. , McGrawHill Publishers, New York; Hodder, S.G., Parsons, K., The effects of solar radiation on thermal comfort (2007) International Journal of Biometeorology, 51 (3), pp. 233-250; Kaynakli, O., Unver, U., Kilic, M., Simulation of thermal comfort heating and cooling periods in an automobile compartment (2002) Proceedings of the Automotive Technologies Congress, pp. 127-135. , 24-26 June, Bursa, Turkey
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R Saidur, N A Rahim, H H Masjuki, S Mekhilef, H W Ping, M F Jamaluddin (2009) End-use energy analysis in the Malaysian industrial sector Energy 34: 2. 153-158 Abstract: The industrial sector is the second largest consumer of energy in Malaysia. In this energy audit, the most important parameters that have been collected are as follows: power rating and operation time of energy-consuming equipments/machineries; fossil fuel and other sources of energy use; production figure; peak and off-peak tariff usage behavior and power factor. These data were then analyzed to investigate the breakdown of end-use equipments/machineries energy use, the peak and off-peak usage behavior, power factor trend and specific energy use. The results of the energy audit showed that the highest electrical energy-using equipment was an electric motor followed by pumps and air compressors. The specific energy use has been estimated and compared with four Indonesian industries and it was found that three Malaysian industries were more efficient than the Indonesian counterpart. The study also found that about 64% electrical energy was used in peak hours by the industries and the average power factor ranged from 0.88 to 0.92. The study also estimated energy and bill savings using highly efficient electrical motors along with the payback period. Notes: 424SR Times Cited:25 Cited References Count:20
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R Saidur, M A Sattar, H H Masjuki, M Y Jamaluddin (2009) Greenhouse gas emissions from refrigeration equipment in Malaysia Energy and Environment 20: 4. 533-551 Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from refrigeration equipment. The refrigeration equipments use refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, which are believed to contribute the ozone depletion and global warming. Refrigeration equipment thus contributes indirectly through emission due to electricity consumption and directly due to the emission of refrigerants. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels are quantified and presented in this paper. The calculation was carried out based on emissions per unit electricity generated and the type of fuel used. The direct emission of refrigerant was calculated based on emission factor and according to the procedure of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA. A study was conducted to evaluate the refrigerant losses to the atmosphere and the CO 2 emission from fossil fuels to generate power to run the refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. In this paper, total appliance annual energy consumption by refrigerator-freezer and air conditioner as well as emission has been estimated for a period of 19 years (1997-2015) using the survey data. Energy savings and emission reductions achievable by raising thermostat set point temperature have been calculated for a period of 10 (i.e. 2005-2015) years. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: EENVE Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Sattar, M. A.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: sattar106@yahoo.com References: Mahlia, Emissions from electricity generation in Malaysia (2002) Renewable Energy, 27, pp. 293-300; Mirasgedis, S., Georgopoulou, E., Sarafidis, Y., Balaras, C., Gaglia, A., Lalas, D.P., CO 2 emission reduction policies in the Greek residential sector: A methodological framework for their economic evaluation (2004) Energy Conversion and Management, 45, pp. 537-557; Johnson, E., Global warming from HFC (1998) Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 18, pp. 485-492; Tsai, W.T., An overview of environmental hazards and exposure risk of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (2005) Chemosphere, 61, pp. 1539-1547; Tsai, W.T., Energy and environmental policies relating to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) emissions mitigation and energy conservation in Taiwan (2006) Energy Conversion and Management, 47, pp. 2308-2318; Grimes, J.G., William, P.E.M., Shomaker, B.L., Effect of usage conditions on household refrigerator-freezer and freezer energy consumption (1977) ASHRAE Trans, 83 (1), pp. 818-28; Meier, A.K., Do refrigerator thermostat setups save energy? (1994) Home Energy, 11 (3), p. 11; (1970) General report: Population census of Malaysia, 1. , Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia; (1980) General report: Population census of Malaysia, 2. , Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia; General report of the population census of Malaysia (1991), 2. , Jabatan Perangkaan MalaysiaMahlia, T.M.I., (2004) Energy efficiency standards and labels of room air conditioners in Malaysia, , PhD Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (2001) Phase1-Survey on customerâs behavior towards electricity consumption. Final report for study on customer load profile and load forecast, , TNB Research Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tenaga, S., (2002) Your guide to energy efficiency at home, , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Koomey, J.G., Mahler, S.A., Webber, C.A., McMahon, J.E., (1998) Projected regional impacts of appliance efficiency Standards for the U.S. residential sector, , http://enduse.lbl.gov/Info/LBNL-39511.pdf, University of California Berkley CA. See also; Lu, W., Potential energy savings and environmental impact by implementing energy efficiency standard for household refrigerators in china (2006) Energy Policy, 34, pp. 1583-1589; www.epa.gov/climateleaders, 10-19-2005Yamtraipat, N., Khedari, J., Hirunlabh, J., Kunchornrat, J., Assessment of Thailand indoor set-point impact on energy consumption and environment (2006) Energy Policy, 34, pp. 765-770; Wilkenfeld, G., (1993) Benefits and costs of implementing Minimum energy performance standards for household electrical appliances in Australia, demand management unit, , State electricity commission of Victoria; Schiellerup, P., An examination of the effectiveness of the EU minimum standard on cold appliances: The British case (2002) Energy Policy, 30, pp. 327-332; Friedmann, R.A., Mexicoâs residential sector: Main electric end-uses and savings potential (1993) Proceedings of European Council for energy efficient economy, , http://www.eceee.org/library_links/proceedings/1993/pdf93/931037.PDF, See also; www.worldbank.org/astae/dsm_thailand_00.pdf, 10-20-2005Meyers, S., McMahon, J.E., McNeil, M., Liu, X., Impacts of US federal energy efficiency standards for residential appliances (2003) Energy, 28, pp. 755-767; www.clasponline.org, 5-10-2005UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349796690&partnerID=40&md5=9e5830446288e37f807988f62ae99b64
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R Saidur, N A Rahim, H W Ping, M I Jahirul, S Mekhilef, H H Masjuki (2009) Greenhouse gas emissions from refrigeration equipment in Malaysia Energy and Environment 20: 4. 533-551 Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from refrigeration equipment. The refrigeration equipments use refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, which are believed to contribute the ozone depletion and global warming. Refrigeration equipment thus contributes indirectly through emission due to electricity consumption and directly due to the emission of refrigerants. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels are quantified and presented in this paper. The calculation was carried out based on emissions per unit electricity generated and the type of fuel used. The direct emission of refrigerant was calculated based on emission factor and according to the procedure of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA. A study was conducted to evaluate the refrigerant losses to the atmosphere and the CO 2 emission from fossil fuels to generate power to run the refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. In this paper, total appliance annual energy consumption by refrigerator-freezer and air conditioner as well as emission has been estimated for a period of 19 years (1997-2015) using the survey data. Energy savings and emission reductions achievable by raising thermostat set point temperature have been calculated for a period of 10 (i.e. 2005-2015) years. Notes: Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus CODEN: EENVE Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Sattar, M. A.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: sattar106@yahoo.com References: Mahlia, Emissions from electricity generation in Malaysia (2002) Renewable Energy, 27, pp. 293-300; Mirasgedis, S., Georgopoulou, E., Sarafidis, Y., Balaras, C., Gaglia, A., Lalas, D.P., CO 2 emission reduction policies in the Greek residential sector: A methodological framework for their economic evaluation (2004) Energy Conversion and Management, 45, pp. 537-557; Johnson, E., Global warming from HFC (1998) Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 18, pp. 485-492; Tsai, W.T., An overview of environmental hazards and exposure risk of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (2005) Chemosphere, 61, pp. 1539-1547; Tsai, W.T., Energy and environmental policies relating to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) emissions mitigation and energy conservation in Taiwan (2006) Energy Conversion and Management, 47, pp. 2308-2318; Grimes, J.G., William, P.E.M., Shomaker, B.L., Effect of usage conditions on household refrigerator-freezer and freezer energy consumption (1977) ASHRAE Trans, 83 (1), pp. 818-28; Meier, A.K., Do refrigerator thermostat setups save energy? (1994) Home Energy, 11 (3), p. 11; (1970) General report: Population census of Malaysia, 1. , Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia; (1980) General report: Population census of Malaysia, 2. , Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia; General report of the population census of Malaysia (1991), 2. , Jabatan Perangkaan MalaysiaMahlia, T.M.I., (2004) Energy efficiency standards and labels of room air conditioners in Malaysia, , PhD Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (2001) Phase1-Survey on customerâs behavior towards electricity consumption. Final report for study on customer load profile and load forecast, , TNB Research Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tenaga, S., (2002) Your guide to energy efficiency at home, , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Koomey, J.G., Mahler, S.A., Webber, C.A., McMahon, J.E., (1998) Projected regional impacts of appliance efficiency Standards for the U.S. residential sector, , http://enduse.lbl.gov/Info/LBNL-39511.pdf, University of California Berkley CA. See also; Lu, W., Potential energy savings and environmental impact by implementing energy efficiency standard for household refrigerators in china (2006) Energy Policy, 34, pp. 1583-1589; www.epa.gov/climateleaders, 10-19-2005Yamtraipat, N., Khedari, J., Hirunlabh, J., Kunchornrat, J., Assessment of Thailand indoor set-point impact on energy consumption and environment (2006) Energy Policy, 34, pp. 765-770; Wilkenfeld, G., (1993) Benefits and costs of implementing Minimum energy performance standards for household electrical appliances in Australia, demand management unit, , State electricity commission of Victoria; Schiellerup, P., An examination of the effectiveness of the EU minimum standard on cold appliances: The British case (2002) Energy Policy, 30, pp. 327-332; Friedmann, R.A., Mexicoâs residential sector: Main electric end-uses and savings potential (1993) Proceedings of European Council for energy efficient economy, , http://www.eceee.org/library_links/proceedings/1993/pdf93/931037.PDF, See also; www.worldbank.org/astae/dsm_thailand_00.pdf, 10-20-2005Meyers, S., McMahon, J.E., McNeil, M., Liu, X., Impacts of US federal energy efficiency standards for residential appliances (2003) Energy, 28, pp. 755-767; www.clasponline.org, 5-10-2005UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349796690&partnerID=40&md5=9e5830446288e37f807988f62ae99b64
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Conference papers | |
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B Rismanchi, R Saidur, H H Masjuki, T M I Mahlia (2012) Cost-benefit analysis of using cold thermal energy storage systems in building applications 493-498 Abstract: This study attempts to predict the potential cost savings of employing ice thermal storage (ITS) systems in the office buildings cooling application in Malaysia over the next 20 years. During the past decades, huge amount of daytime peak power has been shifted to the off-peak hours by using cool thermal energy storage (CTES) systems around the world. However, the contribution of CTES systems in Malaysia is still small in comparison with its potential. This study is conducted for three different scenarios of retrofitting 10%, 25% and 50% of the existing conventional AC systems with new ITS systems. The overall results show that the full storage strategy can reduce the annual costs of the air conditioning system up to 35 percent while this reduction is limited to around 8 percent for load leveling strategy. é 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Notes: Conference code: 89017 Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.887 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Rismanchi, B.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: b.rismanchi@gmail.com References: Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Jamaluddin, M.Y., An application of energy and exergy analysis in residential sector of Malaysia (2007) J Energy Policy, 35, pp. 1050-1063; Saidur, R., Energy consumption, energy savings, and emission analysis in Malaysian office buildings (2009) J Energy Policy, 37, pp. 4104-4113; Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Choudhury, I.A., Development of energy labels for room air conditioner in Malaysia: Methodology and results (2002) J Energy Conversion and Management, 43, pp. 1985-1997; Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Choudhury, I.A., Ghazali, N.N.N., Economical and environmental impact of room air conditioners energy labels in Malaysia (2002) J Energ Convers Manage, 43, pp. 2509-2520; Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Jamaluddin, M.Y., Ahmed, S., Energy and associated greenhouse gas emissions from household appliances in Malaysia (2007) J Energ Policy, 35, pp. 1648-1657; Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A., (2002) Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications, , New York: Wiley; (2007) Thermal storage, in ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, , Atlanta, Ga: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers; Maccracken, M.M., Thermal energy storage MYTHS (2003) ASHRAE J, 45, pp. 36-42; Dorgan, C.E., Elleson, J.S., (1994) Design Guide for Cool Thermal Storage, , Atlanta, Ga.: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; Campoccia, A., Dusonchet, L., Telaretti, E., Zizzo, G., Economic Impact of ice thermal energy storage systems in residential buildings, presence of double-tariffs contracts for electricity (2009) 2009 6th International Conference on the European Energy Market, pp. 563-567; Habeebullah, B.A., Economic feasibility of thermal energy storage systems (2007) J Energy and Buildings, 39, pp. 355-363; Boonnasa, S., Namprakai, P., The chilled water storage analysis for a university building cooling system (2010) J Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, pp. 1396-1408; MacCracken, M.M., Thermal energy storage in sustainable buildings (2004) Ashrae J, 46, pp. 39-41; Silvetti, B., Application fundamentals of ice-based thermal storage (2002) Ashrae J, 44, pp. 30-35; Shekarchian, M., Moghavvemi, M., Mahlia, T.M.I., Mazandarani, A., A review on the pattern of electricity generation and emission in Malaysia from 1976 to 2008 (2011) J Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp. 2629-2642; Masjuki, H.H., Saidur, R., Choudhury, I.A., Mahlia, T.M.I., Ghani, A.K., Maleque, M.A., The applicability of ISO household refrigerator-Freezer energy test specifications in Malaysia (2001) J Energy, 26, pp. 723-737 Sponsors: Asia Pacific Human-Computer Interaction Research Center
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2011 |
Abstract: Energy efficiency improvement as well as energy savings is the major concern in most of the development countries all over the world. In this study, the useful concept of energy and exergy utilization is analyzed to investigate the energy and exergy efficiency, energy and exergy losses and energy savings of boilers. The energy and exergy efficiencies of a combustion chamber and stream production chamber of the boiler have been analyzed as well. The exergy efficiency of the combustion chamber is found to be 49.6 %. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the stream production chamber are found to be 55.4 % and 34.6 % respectively. The overall boiler energy and exergy efficiencies are found to be 60.3 % and 19.9 % respectively. It has been found that the combustion chamber is the major contributor for exergy destruction followed by stream production chamber of the boiler. By using heat recovery system, the savings will be 5278 L/year fuel that is about 7917 RM/year. Notes: Conference code: 87112 Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 6041499 doi: 10.1109/CET.2011.6041499 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: hasan@um.edu.my References: Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Sattar, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Irfan Anjum, M., Mohiuddin, A.K.M., An analysis of energy use, energy intensity and emissions at the industrial sector of Malaysia (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2 (1), pp. 84-92; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Investigation of energy consumption and energy savings of refrigerator-freezer during open and closed door condition (2008) Journal of Applied Sciences, 8 (10), pp. 1822-1831; Beggs, D.C., Energy efficient heating (2002) Energy Management and Conservation, pp. 117-147. , Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford; Aljundi, I.H., Energy and exergy analysis of a steam power plant in Jordan (2009) Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (2-3), pp. 324-328; Saidur, R., Ahamed, J.U., Masjuki, H.H., Energy, exergy and economic analysis of industrial boilers (2010) Energy Policy, 38 (5), pp. 2188-2197; Kamate, S.C., Gangavati, P.B., Exergy analysis of cogeneration power plants in sugar industries (2009) Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (5-6), pp. 1187-1194; Wang, J., Dai, Y., Gao, L., Exergy analyses and parametric optimizations for different cogeneration power plants in cement industry (2009) Applied Energy, 86 (6), pp. 941-948; Ameri, M., Ahmadi, P., Hamidi, A., Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a steam power plant: A case study (2009) International Journal of Energy Research", 33, pp. 499-512; Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Energy and environmental analysis of electrical motor in industrial boilers (2009) ICEE 2009 - Proceeding 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment: Advancement Towards Global Sustainability, pp. 427-435. , art. no. 5398612; Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahim, N.A., Saidur, R., Kazi, S.N., Energy savings and emission reduction for rewinding and replacement of industrial motor (2011) Energy, 36 (1), pp. 233-240; (2010) Edmeston Heat Recovery System, , http://www.edmeston.com/downloads/heat_recovery/Heat_Recovery_Eng_060829. pdf, EHRS, 12/072010; Saidur, R., Abdelaziz, E.A., Hasanuzzaman, M., Mamun, M.A.H., A study of energy efficiency, economic and environmental benefits of a cooling tower" (2010) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 5 (1), pp. 87-94; Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahim, N.A., Saidur, R., Analysis of Energy Savings for Rewinding and Replacement of Industrial Motor Proceeding of 2010 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 2010), Sunway Resort Hotel and Spa, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 29 November-1 December 2010, pp. 212-217. , art. no. 5697596; Dincer, I., Hussain, M.M., Ai-Zaharnah, I., Energy and exergy use in public and private sector of Saudi Arabia (2004) Energy Policy, 32 (14), pp. 1615-1624; Kalinci, Y., Hepbasli, A., Tavman, I., Determination of optimum pipe diameter along with energetic and exergetic evaluation of geothermal district heating systems: Modeling and application (2008) Energy and Buildings, 40 (5), pp. 742-755. , DOI 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.05.009, PII S0378778807001661; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Analysis of Energy and Exergy of an Annealing Furnace Proceeding of the 2010 International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (ICMAE 2010), 26-28 November 2010, Mines Wellness Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 60-64; Zaili, Z., Yuan, Z., Cui, Q., Yan, N., Exergy Analysis of an WGZ220/6.8-1 Type Alkali Recovery Boiler Modern Applied Science, 4 (2), pp. 23-30; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Energy, exergy and economic analysis of an annealing furnace (2011) International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6 (6), pp. 1257-1266
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Abstract: This paper emphasized on the possibilities of researches in the field of exergy analysis in various usable sectors where vapor compression refrigeration systems are used. Exergy losses, exergy efficiency, second law efficiency and irreversibility of the system components as well as of the whole system are measured. In the vapor compression system, R134a, R290 and R600a are considered as refrigerants. Exergy parameters in the compressor, evaporator, condenser and expansion devices are calculated and analyzed. Exergy losses depend on evaporator temperatures, condensing temperature, refrigerants and ambient temperature. Most of the exergy losses occur in the condenser. Expansion device has the lowest losses. Exergy parameters are compared for different operating temperature. It is found that hydrocarbons (R600a) have 50% higher exergy efficiency than R134a. Mixture of hydrocarbons also shows the best performance based on the exergy analysis. Notes: Conference code: 87112 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 6041480 doi: 10.1109/CET.2011.6041480 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Ahamed, J.U.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: jamal293@yahoo.com References: Gaggioli, R.A., Available energy and exergy (1998) Internat. J. Appl. Thermodynamics, 1 (1-4), pp. 1-8; Wark, K.J., (1995) Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers, , New York McGraw-Hill; Bejan, A., (1988) Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, , Wiley, New York; Moran, M.J., (1982) Availability Analysis: A Guide to Efficient Energy Use, , Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Bejan, A., (1982) Entropy Generation Through Heat and Fluid Flow, , Willey, New York; Rosen, M.A., Dincer, I., Kanoglu, M., Role of exergy in increasing efficiency and sustainability and reducing environmental impact (2008) Energy Policy, 36 (1), pp. 128-137. , DOI 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.09.006, PII S0301421507003886; Vincent, C.E., Heun, M.K., Thermodynamic Analysis and Design of Domestic Refrigeration Systems Domestic Use of Energy Conference, Calvin College, GrandRapids, Michigan, USA. 2006; Bayrakci, H.C., Ozgur, A.E., Energy and exergy analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system using pure hydrocarbon refrigerants (2009) International Journal of Energy Research, 33 (12), pp. 1070-1075; Chi, O.S., (2007) Exergy Analysis of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System by Using Hydrocarbon As Working Fluid in Mechanical Engineering, , University of Malaya: Malaysia; Arora, A., Kaushik, S.C., Theoritical Analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system with R502, R404A and R507 A (2008) Inernational Journal of Refrigeration, 31, pp. 998-1005; Adegoke, C.O., Akintunde, M.A., Fapetu, O., Comparative Exergetic Analysis of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems in the superheated and Subcooled Regions (2007) A U J T, 10 (4), pp. 254-263; Yumrutas, R., Kunduz, M., Kanoglu, M., Exergy analysis of vapor compression refrigeration systems (2002) Exergy, An International Journal, 2, pp. 266-272
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Abstract: Countries all over the world is enquiring and taking efforts to implement the environment friendly renewable energy to mitigate the negative impacts of fossil fuels on the environment and their fast depletion. To reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and environmental degradation, many countries have focused and formulated solar energy related policies to increase its share into energy mix. In this paper a review of the solar energy policies, implemented in the developed countries and Malaysia, are discussed as well as the discussion of successful existing solar energy policies in the developed countries. According to the 2010 BP Statistical Energy Survey, the world cumulative installed solar energy capacity was 22928.9 MW in 2009, a change of 46.9 % compared to 2008. After the review of literature, FiT, RPS and Incentives are found to be the most beneficial energy policies implemented by the developed countries. These policies create the paths to promote the development and implementation of renewable energy technologies. Also, the current policies related to solar energy in Malaysia are investigated and compared with developed countries. Notes: Conference code: 87112 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 6041512 doi: 10.1109/CET.2011.6041512 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Fayaz, H.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia References: (2010), http://www.politics.ubc.ca/index.php?id=12547, DPS. Department of Political Science, Retrieved on March 2010, available at: March2010(2010) Energy Policy Defination, , http://www.tutorvista.com/ks/energy-policy-definition, EPD. Retrieved on June 2010, Available at:, March2010; Solangi, K.H., Islam, M.R., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Fayaz, H., A review on global solar energy policy (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp. 2149-2163; Ekins, P., Step changes for decarbonising the energy system: Research needs for renewables, energy efficiency and nuclear power (2004) Energy Policy, 32 (17), pp. 1891-1904. , DOI 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.03.009, PII S0301421504000692; (2010) Study: Solar Power Could Provide 10% of U.S. Electricity by 2025, , http://appsl.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=11835, USDE. Retrieved on May 2010, available at: cited; Gipe, P.S.L., Energy Equity: Diversifying the market with new incentives (2008) Inside Renewable Energy, , 2008 Podcast retrieved from; (2008) Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources - What Does It Cost Us?, , BMU. BMU, Berlin, Germany. 2008a; Dusonchet, L., Telaretti, E., Economic analysis of different supporting policies for the production of electrical energy by solar photovoltaics in western European Union countries (2010) Energy Policy, 38 (7), pp. 3297-3308; (2009) G.oThe Basics, , MRET. Australia, Office of the Renewable Energy Regulator Government of Australia, 2009e(Canberra,Australia); (2010) Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, , Plan SHAC; (2008) SolarBonusScheme, , http://www.dme.qld.gov.au/Energy/solar_feed_in_tariff.cfmS, QDME. Queensland Department of Minesand Energy, Accessed August 2010. 2010; (2009) Renewable Energy Projections:2009-2028, , http://www.aemo.com.au/planning/419-0032.pdf2009, CME. Carbon Market Economics (CME) Pty Ltd.,Australia, Available at; (2009) Clean Energy Initiative: Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, , CEI. Canberra,Australia; Becken, S., Frampton, C., Simmons, D., Energy consumption patterns in the accommodation sector - The New Zealand case (2001) Ecological Economics, 39 (3), pp. 371-386. , DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00229-4, PII S0921800901002294; Oh, T.H., Pang, S.Y., Chua, S.C., Energy policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: Issues and challenges for sustainable growth (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (4), pp. 1241-1252; Sulaiman, F., Renewable Energy and its Future in Malaysia: A Country Paper Proc. of Asia-Pacific Solar Experts Meeting, Islamabad, Pakistan. 1995; Koh, M.P., Hoi, W.K., Renewable energy in Malaysia: A Policy Analysis (2002) Energy for Sustainable Development, 6 (3), pp. 31-39; (2010) 10th MP, Tenth Malaysia Plan 2011-1015, , Published by âThe Economic Planning Unit Prime Ministerâs Department Putrajaya
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Abstract: Heat exchanger is the almost common equipment for the industrial process heating. Heat is transferred from one fluid to other fluids by convection and conduction through the wall of the heat exchanger. Effectiveness of heat exchanger depends on the convection heat transfer coefficient of the fluid. Convective heat transfer coefficient of water, Cu-water, Al-water, Al 2O 3-water and TiO 2-water of 2% nanoparticle concentration has been calculated for counter flow heat exchanger. It is found that convective heat transfer coefficient of Cu-water, Al-water, Al 2O 3-water and TiO 2-water nanofluids are 81%, 63%, 66% and 64% higher compared to pure water respectively. It is found that overall heat transfer coefficient of Cu-water, Al-water, Al 2O 3-water and TiO 2-water nanofluids are 23%, 20%, 21% and 20% higher compared to pure water respectively. Notes: Conference code: 87112 Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 6041444 doi: 10.1109/CET.2011.6041444 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: hasan@um.edu.my References: Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahim, N.A., Saidur, R., Kazi, S.N., Energy savings and emissions reductions for rewinding and replacement of industrial motor (2011) Energy, 36 (1), pp. 233-240; Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Sattar, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Irfan Anjum, M., Mohiuddin, A.K.M., An analysis of energy use, energy intensity and emissions at the industrial sector of Malaysia (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2 (1), pp. 84-92; Murshed, S.M.S., Leong, K.C., Yang, C., Thermophysical and electrokinetic properties of nanofluids - A critical review (2008) Applied Thermal Engineering, 28 (17-18), pp. 2109-2125; Daungthongsuk, W., Wongwises, S., A critical review of convective heat transfer of nanofluids (2007) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11 (5), pp. 797-817. , DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2005.06.005, PII S1364032105000626; Keblinski, P., Eastman, J.A., Cahill, D.G., Nanofluids for thermal transport (2005) Materials Today, 8 (6), pp. 36-44. , DOI 10.1016/S1369-7021(05)70936-6, PII S1369702105709366; Bai, M., Xu, Z., Lv, J., (2008) Application of Nanofluids in Engine Cooling System, , SAE International, 2008-01-18; Thirurnarimurugan, M., Kannadasan, T., Ramasamy, E., Performance Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Miscible System (2008) American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5 (5), pp. 548-552; Naphon, P., Thermal performance and pressure drop of the helical-coil heat exchangers with and without helically crimped fins (2007) International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 34 (3), pp. 321-330; Durmus, A., Investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop in plate heat exchangers having different surface profiles (2009) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52 (5-6), pp. 1451-1457; Eiamsa-ard, S., Promvonge, P., Enhancement of heat transfer in a tube with regularly-spaced helical tape swirl generators (2005) Solar Energy, 78 (4), pp. 483-494; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Effects of operating variables on heat transfer and energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer during closed door operation (2009) Energy, 34 (2), pp. 196-198; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Moisture transfer and energy losses of household refrigerator-freezer during the closed door operation (2008) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 3 (1), pp. 30-37; Saidur, R., Ahamed, J.U., Masjuki, H.H., Energy, exergy and economic analysis of industrial boilers (2010) Energy Policy, 38 (5), pp. 2188-2197; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Energy, exergy and economic analysis of an annealing furnace (2011) International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6 (6), pp. 1257-1266; Wen, D., Ding, Y., Experimental investigation into convective heat transfer of nanofluids at the entrance region under laminar flow conditions (2004) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47 (24), pp. 5181-5188. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.07.012, PII S0017931004002984; Leong, K.Y., Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator) (2010) Applied Thermal Engineering, 30 (17-18), pp. 2685-2692; Vasu, V., Krishna, K.R., Kumar, A.C.S., Thermal design analysis of compact heat exchanger using nanofluids (2008) International Journal of Nanomanufacturing, 2 (3), pp. 271-288; Xuan, Y., Li, Q., Investigation on convective heat transfer and flow features of nanofluids (2003) Journal of Heat Transfer, 125 (1), pp. 151-155. , DOI 10.1115/1.1532008; Sundar, L.S., Sharma, K.V., Ramanathan, S., Experimental investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancements with Al2O3 Nanofluid and Twisted Tape Insert in a Circular Tube (2007) International Journal of Nanotechnology and Applications, 1 (2), pp. 21-28; Pak, B.C., Cho, Y.I., Hydrodynamic and Heat Transfer Study of Dispersed Fluids with Submicron Metallic Oxide Particles (1998) Experimental Heat Transfer, 11 (2), pp. 151-170; Eastman, J.A., Enhanced thermal conductivity through the development of nanofluids (1997) Nanophase and Nanocomposite Materials, 2, pp. 3-11. , MRS, Pittsburg, PA; Xuan, Y., Li, Q., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids (2000) International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 21 (1), pp. 58-64. , DOI 10.1016/S0142-727X(99)00067-3, PII S0142727X99000673; Lee, S., Choi, S.U.-S., Li, S., Eastman, J.A., Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticles (1999) Journal of Heat Transfer, 121 (2), pp. 280-289; Wang, X., Xu, X., Choi, S.U.S., Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture (1999) Journal of thermophysics and heat transfer, 13 (4), pp. 474-480; Eastman, J.A., Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles (2001) Applid Physics Letters, 78 (6), pp. 718-720; Li, Q., Xuan, Y., Convective heat transfer and flow characteristics of Cu-water nanofluid (2002) Science in China, Series E: Technological Sciences, 45 (4), pp. 408-416; Eastman, J.A., Choi, U.S., Novel thermal properties of Nanostructured material (1999) Material Science Forum, 312-314, pp. 629-634; Namburu, P.K., Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids considering variable properties (2009) International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 48 (2), pp. 290-302; Zeinali Heris, S., Nasr Esfahany, M., Etemad, S.G., Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer of Al2O3/water nanofluid in circular tube (2007) International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 28 (2), pp. 203-210; Yu, W., France, D.M., Smith, D.S., Singh, D., Timofeeva, E.V., Routbort, J.L., Heat transfer to a silicon carbide/water nanofluid (2009) International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52 (15-16), pp. 3606-3612; Kim, D., Kwon, Y., Cho, Y., Li, C., Cheong, S., Hwang, Y., Lee, J., Moon, S., Convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids under laminar and turbulent flow conditions (2009) Current Applied Physics, 9 (2 SUPPL. 1), pp. e119-e123
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Abstract: Solar energy is regarded a clean renewable energy source, with great potential for environment-friendly electricity generation. Properly harvested, it can optimally benefit. Malaysia has a particularly abundant source of renewable energies; for solar, as evidenced by a 4.21kWh/m2 to 5.56kWh/m2 average daily radiation with a high of 6.8kWh/m 2 (purportedly in August and November). Present installed capacity totaling 20,493MW, is estimated to reach 23,099MW maximum-demand capacity in 2020, by when 190MWp of cumulative solar energy would have been installed. Incentives should be offered to boost solar energyâs economic feasibility. This paper examines the Malaysian governmentâs various policies on, and implementation of, solar energy technology. It suggests methods and policies for provision of safe, cost-effective, quality energy, and discusses environmental sustainability and diversification of solar energy resource. Notes: Conference code: 87112 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 6041447 doi: 10.1109/CET.2011.6041447 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Solangi, K.H.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: solangi.guest@gmail.com References: Clift, R., Climate change and energy policy: The importance of sustainability arguments (2007) Energy, 32 (4), pp. 262-268. , DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2006.07.031, PII S0360544206002192, ECOS 05. 18th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation, and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems ECOS 05; Jager-Waldau, A., Photovoltaics and renewable energies in Europe (2007) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11 (7), pp. 1414-1437. , DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2005.11.001, PII S1364032105001218; Hasnain, S.M., Alawaji, S.H., Elani, U.A., Solar energy education - A viable pathway for sustainable development Renewable Energy, 14 (1-4), pp. 387-392; Kadir Mohd Zainal Abidin, A.B., Yaaseen, R., Nor, M.A., (2010) Prospective Scenarios for the Full Solar Energy Development in Malaysia; Hwang, J.J., Promotional policy for renewable energy development in Taiwan (2009) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (3), pp. 1079-1087; M, S.A., Keynote Address: International Energy Security Forum, Kuala Lumpur. November 2008; M, S.A., (2008) Keynote Address: Powergen Asia Conference, Kuala Lumpur October 2008; Oh, T.H., Pang, S.Y., Chua, S.C., Energy policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: Issues and challenges for sustainable growth Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (4), pp. 1241-1252; Kadir, M.Z.A.A., Rafeeu, Y., A review on factors for maximizing solar fraction under wet climate environment in Malaysia (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; (2006) Compared Assessment of Selected Environmental Indicators of Photovoltaic Electricity in OECD Cities, , OECD, Report IEA-PVPS T10-01; Othman, A.K., Malaysian government policy in renewable energy: Solar PV system (2010) World Engineering Congress 2010, 2nd - 5th August 2010. 2010: Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; Ahmed, H.H., Kettha, (2010) Growth of Solar Power Technologies in Malaysia, , http://www.scribd.com/doc/35456757/Growth-of-Solar-Power-Technologies-in- Malaysia; Badriyah, A.M., (2009) National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Malaysia 2008, , Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM); Chua, S.C., Oh, T.H., Goh, W.W., Feed-in tariff outlook in Malaysia (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (1), pp. 705-712; Bourdiros, E.L., Renewable Energy Sources Education and Research as an Education for Survival (1991) Progress in Solar Energy Education, 1, pp. 12-16. , Borlange, Sweden; S.W.W. Charters, Solar Energy Educational Pathways Proc. 2ndWorld Renewable Energy Congress, 1992(Reading, UK); Garg, P., Kandpa, T.C., Renewable Energy Education in Developing Countries Proc. 2nd World Renewable Energy Congress, 1992(Reading, UK)
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Abstract: A numerical model is presented for the simulation of double-diffusive natural convection in a triangular solar collector. This design is encountered in greenhouse solar stills where vertical temperature and concentration gradients between the saline water and transparent cover induce flows in a confined space. This phenomenon plays an important function in the water distillation process and in the biological comfort. In this double-diffusion problem, the ratio Br of the relative magnitude thermal and compositional buoyancy and Rayleigh numbers are key parameters. Finite element technique is used to solve the governing equations. Numerical results are presented for the effect of the above-mentioned parameters on local heat and mass transfer rate. In addition, results for the average heat and mass transfer rate are offered and discussed for the mentioned parametric conditions. Some interesting results are found in this investigation. Notes: Conference code: 87112 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 6041485 doi: 10.1109/CET.2011.6041485 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Rahman, M.M.; Centre of Research UMPEDAC, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: m71ramath@gmail.com References: Boukar, M., Harmim, A., Performance evaluation of a one-sided vertical solar still tested in the Desert of Algeria (2005) Desalination, 183, pp. 113-126; Boukar, M., Harmim, A., Design parameters and preliminary experimental investigation of an indirect vertical solar still (2007) Desalination, 203 (1-3), pp. 444-454. , DOI 10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.026, PII S001191640601294X; Omri, A., Orfi, J., Nasrallah, S.B., Natural convection effects in solar stills (2005) Desalination, 183 (1-3), pp. 173-178. , DOI 10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.025, PII S0011916405004996; Omri, A., Numerical investigation on optimization of a solar distiller dimensions (2007) Desalination, 206 (1-3), pp. 373-379. , DOI 10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.574, PII S0011916406014366; Varol, Y., Oztop, H.F., Buoyancy induced heat transfer and fluid flow inside a tilted wavy solar collector (2007) Building and Environment, 42 (5), pp. 2062-2071. , DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.001, PII S0360132306000746; Selcuk, K., Thermal and economic analysis of the overlapped glass plate solar-air heaters (1971) Solar Energy, 13, pp. 165-191; Sodha, M.S., Kumar, A., Tiwari, G.N., Tyagi, R.C., SIMPLE MULTIPLE WICK SOLAR STILL: ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE (1981) Solar energy, 26 (2), pp. 127-131. , DOI 10.1016/0038-092X(81)90075-X; Joudi, K.A., Hussein, I.A., Farhan, A.A., Computational model for a prism shaped storage solar collector with a right triangular cross section (2004) Energy Conversion Management, 45, pp. 391-409; Tiwari, G.N., Kupfermann, A., Agrawal, S., A new design of double condensing chamber solar still (1997) Desalination, 114, pp. 153-164; Coffey, J.P., Vertical solar distillation (1975) Solar Energy, 17, pp. 375-378; Suneja, S., Tiwari, G.N., Optimization of number of effects for higher yield from an inverted absorber solar still using the Runge-Kutta method (1998) Desalination, 120 (3), pp. 197-209. , PII S0011916498002185; Tanaka, H., Nosoko, T., Nagata, T., Parametric investigation of a basin-type-multiple-effect coupled solar still (2000) Desalination, 130 (3), pp. 295-304. , DOI 10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00093-X, PII S001191640000093X; Kent, E.F., Numerical analysis of laminar natural convection in isosceles triangular enclosures for cold base and hot inclined walls (2009) Mechanics Research Communications, 36, pp. 497-508
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Abstract: Along with the enhancement of technology and alarming of global warming, various types of technologies are advanced worldwide nowadays to harness the energy from the sun such as solar thermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, solar ponds, solar tower and photovoltaic systems to utilize the energy in the majority of domestic applications and industrial sector to a certain extent. Subsequently, gradual increase usage of solar energy requires creating awareness among public to protect the environment in term of green campaign which is one of the hot topics among the Malaysians where there are many organizations organizing green campaign such as Environmental Protection Society Malaysia (EPSM), Malaysia Environment NGOs (MENGO) and Treat Every Environment Special Sdn. Bhd. (TRESS). Therefore, this study examines solar energy production and consumption worldwide by looking at various existing solar technologies to have the understanding of each technology. This article also intends to catch up specifically the social viability of solar energy production and use, with the availability of the resources for the full scale development. Notes: Conference code: 87112 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 6041461 doi: 10.1109/CET.2011.6041461 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hossain, M.S.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: shouquat64@gmail.com References: Mahlia, T.M.I., Chan, P.L., Life cycle cost analysis of fuel cell based cogeneration system for residential application in Malaysia (2011) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (1), pp. 416-426; Ab Kadir, M.Z.A., Rafeeu, Y., Adam, N.M., Prospective scenarios for the full solar energy development in Malaysia (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (9), pp. 3023-3031; Bradford, T., (2006) Solar Revolution: The Economic Transformation of the Global Energy Industry, , Massachusetts: The MIT Press; Hoffmann, W., PV solar electricity industry: Market growth and perspective (2006) Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 90 (18-19), pp. 3285-3311. , DOI 10.1016/j.solmat.2005.09.022, PII S0927024806002509; Nathan, S.L., Basic research needs for solar energy utilization. Report of the basic energy sciences workshop on solar energy utilization (2005) California Institute of Technology, 18 (21), p. 276; Wittmann, M., Breitkreuz, H., Schroedter-Homscheidt, M., Eck, M., Case studies on the use of solar irradiance forecast for optimized operation strategies of solar thermal power plants (2008) IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 1 (1), pp. 18-22; Fiorenza, G., Sharma, V.K., Braccio, G., Techno-economic evaluation of a solar powered water desalination plant (2003) Energy Conversion and Management, 44 (14), pp. 2217-2240; Kalogirou, S., The potential of solar industrial process heat applications (2003) Applied Energy, 76 (4), pp. 337-361. , DOI 10.1016/S0306-2619(02)00176-9; Saidur, R., Islam, M.R., Rahim, N.A., Solangi, K.H., A review on global wind energy policy (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (7), pp. 1744-1762; Zhang, Z., Asian energy and environmental policy: Promoting growth while preserving the environment (2008) Energy Policy, 36 (10), pp. 3905-3924; Islam, M.R., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Solangi, K.H., (2010) Usage of Solar Energy and Its Status in Malaysia, 5 (1), pp. 6-10. , http://ejum.fsktm.um.edu.myEngineeringe-Transaction, (ISSN 1823-6379). Online at
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Abstract: This study analyzed and estimated economic viability of introducing high efficiency motors compared to the rewind and standard motor in the industrial sector. Efficiency of a motor is degraded when it is rewound. This analysis identified that it is better to rewind a larger motor compared to a smaller motor. It has been found that a high efficiency motor can save an average 5.5 % of energy compared to a standard motor. In addition, payback period has been found to be reasonable when a motor is operated at 50 % load. It has been estimated that 67,868 MWh/year energy and 4,343,531 US$/year bill can be saved for introducing high efficient motors. The present study found that rewind motors of larger size and high efficiency motors are economically viable. Notes: Conference code: 83860 Export Date: 6 December 2012 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 5697596 doi: 10.1109/PECON.2010.5697596 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Hasanuzzaman, M.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; email: hasan@um.edu.my References: Al-Mofleh, A., Taib, S., Mujeebu, M.A., Salah, W., Analysis of sectoral energy conservation in Malaysia (2009) Energy, 34 (6), pp. 733-739. , W; (2007) National Energy Balance Malaysia 2007, pp. 1-52. , NEBM, Malaysia Energy Centre; Saidur, R., Energy consumption, energy savings, and emission analysis in Malaysian office buildings (2009) Energy Policy, 37 (10), pp. 4104-4113; Saidur, R., A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (3), pp. 877-898; Hasanuzzaman, M., Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Investigation of energy consumption and energy savings of refrigerator-freezer during open and closed door condition (2008) Journal of Applied Sciences, 8 (10), pp. 1822-1831; Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Sattar, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Irfan Anjum, M., Mohiuddin, A.K.M., An analysis of energy use, energy intensity and emissions at the industrial sector of Malaysia (2007) International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2 (1), pp. 84-92; Fatima, B., (2007) Energy Savings on Single-phase Induction Motors under Light Load Conditions, , MS thesis, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA; Mecrow, B.C., Jack, A.G., Efficiency trends in electric machines and drives (2008) Energy Policy, 36 (12), pp. 4336-4341; Tolvanen, J., LCC approach for big motor-driven systems savings (2008) World Pumps, pp. 24-27. , November; Al-Ghandoor, A., Al-Hinti, I., Jaber, J.O., Sawalha, S.A., Electricity consumption and associated GHG emissions of the Jordanian industrial sector: Empirical analysis and future projection (2008) Energy Policy, 36 (1), pp. 258-267; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Masjuki, H.H., Mekhilef, S., Ping, H.W., Jamaluddin, M.F., End-use energy analysis in the Malaysian industrial sector (2009) Energy, 34 (2), pp. 153-158; Kaya, D., Yagmur, E.A., Yigit, K.S., Kilic, F.C., Eren, A.S., Celik, C., Energy efficiency in pumps (2008) Energy Conversion and Management, 49 (6), pp. 1662-1673; Al-Mansour, F., Merse, S., Tomsic, M., Comparison of energy efficiency strategies in the industrial sector of Slovenia (2003) Energy, 28 (5), pp. 421-440; Sterling, C.A., (1996) Prevalence of Components Necessary for Electrical Demand Side Management Savings Persistence in the Albertan Industrial Market Sector, , MS thesis, University of Alberta, Canada; Prakash, V., Baskar, S., Sivakumar, S., Krishna, K.S., A novel efficiency improvement measure in three-phase induction motors, its conservation potential and economic analysis (2008) Energy for Sustainable Development, 12 (2), pp. 78-87; Zhao, Y., General situation of energy conservation standards for chinaâs motor system Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems EEMODS 2007 Held in Beijing, China, from June 10-13. 2007; Minimum Energy Performance Standards for Three Phase Induction Motors in Korea Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems EEMODS 2007 Held in Beijing, China, from June 10-13. 2007, , KERI, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute; Khan, A., Electric Motor Efficiency International Conference on Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE, 09), June 10-11, South Africa. 2009; (2004) How to Save Energy and Money in Electric Systems, , ERC, Energy Research Centre (ERC), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Industrial productivity training manual (1996) Annual IAC Director Meeting, , IPTM, Rutgers University, US department of energy office of industrial technologies; Akbaba, M., Energy conservation by using energy efficient electric motors (1999) Applied Energy, 64 (1-4), pp. 149-158; Garcia, A.G.P., Szklo, A.S., Schaeffer, R., McNeil, M.A., Energy-efficiency standards for electric motors in Brazilian industry (2007) Energy Policy, 35 (6), pp. 3424-3439; Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Yogeswaran, S., Mohammed, H.A., Shouquat, M.H., An enduse energy analysis in a Malaysian public hospital (2010) Energy, , (Article in press), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.012; Payton, R., (2009) Understanding Motor Rewind Advantages, , Integrated Power Service, Plant Engineering, November 18; (2000) Evaluation of the U.s. Department of Energy Motor Challenge Program, , Xenergy, oak ridge national laboratory, Oak ridge, Tennessee; (2008) Quality Motor Rewinding An Energy Efficiency Measure, , QMREEM, Regional Technical Forum Submittal, Green Motors Practices Group, May; Stephen, T., (2009) Motors and Compressed Air, Energy Conservation in Industry, , www.mae.ncsu.edu/.../mae406/.../ motors%20and%20compressed%20air%20presentation.ppt, 04/12; Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A., Hasanuzzaman, M., A review on compressed-air energy use and energy savings (2010) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (4), pp. 1135-1153; Andreas, J.C., (1992) Energy Efficient Electric Motor Selection and Application, , http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/energy/motor_text.html, 2nd Edition Access date, 1/03/09 Sponsors: IEEE Malaysia Section; IEEE Malaysia Power and Energy Chapter; IEEE Malaysia PEL/IE/IA Joint Chapter
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