Abstract: This volume represents an attempt to draw up an exhaustive bibliographical list regarding (directly and not) all the species of the three genera belonging to Xylocopini tribe (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Xylocopinae): Xylocopa Latreille, 1802; Lestis Lepeletier & Serville, 1828; Proxylocopa Hedicke, 1938. Foundamental references are reported also for the most important species associated with Xylocopini species, as Chaetodactylidae mites (Acari) and Horiini Meloidae (Coleoptera). The aim of this wide bibliographical list is to make available and/or to accede easily to anyone who is interested in biology, systematics, biogeography about these species, to all bibliographical references dealing to this tribe, from those more recent to the old. The division in disciplines results particularly useful because every researcher is usually interested in a few and exact research field. So, the main purpose is to supply a necessary and sufficient information in order to find a possible bibliographical reference and then, to have right informations in order to know the main contents of reference itself, if the complete title is not available. This list is certainly incomplete, but the absent bibliographical references in this contribution are: 1) very difficult to find; 2) not yet published on examined data bases; 3) not included for my negligence; 4) they received scant ot nothing scientific spreading; 5) I have not been way of consulting them yet. Since this list is surely lacking in some references, so I reserve for me to publish at least a second part, to complete this list. To get bibliographical references on the genera Xylocopa, Lestis, Proxylocopa, the data bases listed in Table I were consulted. The only data base consulted incompletely was (6), of wich the volumes I-XV are absent in the specialized libraries consulted on this subject: University of Bari, Bologna, Naples, Pisa, Portici, Rome (I, II, III); Apiculture Institute of Milan, Rome, Turin. But this is not remarkable because references in (6) relative to Xylocopini species are decreasing considerably since 1970 and under. All the papers, notes, contributions, messages, abstracts, symposia, seminars, congress, books, guide, etc., wich comprise informations about at least one Xylocopini species or about the tribe in general (also very short quotations) were reported in this list. Moreover the bibliography reported behind every bibliographical reference directly consulted, was reported too. Some theses regarding Xylocopini species or including informations about them were reported. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, natural history and entomology which comprise informations about Xylocopini species were reported All bibliographical references were classified according to informative substance of their title, if they are not consulted directly; otherwise, if they are consulted directly, they are classified on the ground of the principal contents of the text. For every biological discipline in wich the bibliographical references were classified, the organization was carried out alphanumerically. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, entomology, hymenopterology and natural history ones, were all placed in the section: general books. In this bibliographical list is also reported the bibliography of C. G. Dalla Torre (1896) - Catalogus Hymenopterorum X - regarding different Xylocopini species; these references are lacking in title and in contents; they just report the species quoted or examined in the paper; for this reason, all bibliographical references of wich it was not possible to find their complete title, were placed in a special section: historical bibliography cited in Dalla Torre C.G. (1896). The complete bibliographical references are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name; date of publication; complete title of reference; magazine; volume number; first and last page of the reference. The books are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial of his name; date of publication; complete title of the book; publisher; publisher town; total pages; in some cases it make a reference to the exact pages in which the informations about species of Xylocopini are reported, enclosing within brackets genus and pages. The bibliographical references of which the complete title is not available, but the exact bibliographical position is known, are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name if it is known; date of publication; brief contents of the informations about species subject of the text or quoted; magazine; volume number; pages and/or figure and/or tables where the informations of Xylocopini species are reported.
Abstract: Phyto-extracts of Artemisia species (Asteraceae) are employed as natural biocides (anti-insects, anti-helminthes, and anti-biotics) from many centuries. The main aim of this review is to summarized the toxic effects of chemical extracts from Artemisia on Nematoda worms.
Toxic effects were reported for the following Nematoda genera of bio-medical interest: Ascaris (A. galli A. leonina, A. lumbricoides, A. suum), Bunostomum (B. trigonocephalum), Caenorhabditis (C. elegans), Chabertia (C. ovina), Dictyocaulus (D. filaria), Dirofilaria (D. immitis), Enterobius (E. vermicularis), Haemonchus (H. contortus), Heligmosomoides (H. polygyrus), Necator (N. americanus), Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum (O. columbianus), Protostrongylus, Strongyloides, Trichinella (T. spiralis), Trichostrongylus (T. colubriformis); Trichuris (T. ovis); on Gnathostoma spinigerum not toxic effects are showed.
Similarly effects were reported for the following Nematoda genera of agro-ecological interest: Ditylenchus (D. dipsaci), Helicotylenchus (H. dihystera), Meloidogyne (M. incognita, M. javanica, M. megadora), Pratylenchus (P. vulnus), Rotylenchulus (R. reniformis).
The species of Artemisia used against Nematoda and divided by worm taxa, were the followings:
A. absinthium, A. annua, A. cina, A. herba-alba, A. maritime, A. monosperma, A. moorcroftiana, A. pallens, A. santonica, A.vulgaris (Ascaridida);
A. afra, A. marittima, A. vulgaris (Rhabditida);
A. annua, A. nilagirica (Spirurida);
A. absinthium, A. annua, A. brevifolia, A. herba-alba, A. marittima, A. sieversiana, A. vulgaris (Strongylida);
A. absinthium, A. nilagirica, A. vulgaris (Trichocephalida);
A. absinthium (Trichurida);
A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. apiacea, A. arborescens, A. argyi, A. capillaris, A. cina, A. dracunculus, A. judaica, A. maritima, A. nilagirica, A. pallens, A. sieversiana, A. vulgaris (Tylenchida).
Data on biological functions of Artemisia extracts are very interesting for a potential widespread use in bio-medicine and agro-ecology. Artemisinin is the new molecular platform for the development of a complete molecular library with potential applications also in the treatment of Nematoda helminths.
Abstract: Phyto-extracts of Artemisia species (Asteraceae) are employed as natural bio-cides (anti-insects, anti-helminthes, and anti-biotics) from many century.
The main aim of this review was to summarized the toxic effects of chemical extracts from Artemisia on not human targets. Toxic effects was reported for the taxa as follows.
Virus species. - human flou virus, DEN/2, FIV, HBV, HCMV, HIV, HPV, HSV/1, HSV/2, JUNV, ToMV. Quercetin have antiviral effects on the following viruses: bird-myeloblastosis; encephalo-myocardites (Col, SK, MM, Mengo-M/L); HSV/1; Murine-leukemia of Maloney; human polio-virus; Rous-virus associate/II; stomovesciculite-virus.
Procariote genera. - Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Beneckea, Bordetella, Brevibacterium, Bronchotrix, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Cryptococcus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria, Nocardia, Oersokovia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Salmonella, Sarcinea, Serratia, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, other Mycobacteria.
Mycote genera. - Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Candida, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Epidermophyton, Erysiphe, Fonsecaea, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Geotrichum, Gerlachia, Gibberella, Helminthosporum, Malassezia, Microsporum, Mucora, Nannizzia, Penicillium, Phialophora, Phytophtora, Piedraia, Pleurotus, Pneumocystis, Puccinia, Pyricularia, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotinia, Sporotrichum, Tiarosporella, Trichoderma, Trichophyton, Trichosporon, Verticillium, Zygorrynchus).
Other not-autotrophic Protista genera. - Acanthamoeba, Babesia (caballi, equii, microti), Balantidium, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria (acervulina, tenella; limited effects also versus maxima, necatrix), Entamoeba, Giardia, Haemoproteus, Leishmania (amazonensis, braziliensis, donovani, infantum, major, mexicana, tropica), Naegleria, Neospora, Plasmodium (berghei, chabaudi, cynomolgi, falciparum, inui, knowlesi, nigeriensis, ovale, petteri, vinckei, vivax, yoelii), Theileria, Toxoplasma, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma (brucei, cruzi, evansi, rhodesiense). Toxic effects were due also to quercetin versus Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma.
Human tumoral cells. - bone; brain; breast; cervice, colorectal; Ehrlich ascites tumor; endometre, fibrosarcoma; gastric, glioma; hepatoma; Kaposi sarcome; laryngeoma; leukemia; lung; multiple myeloma; myelo-leukemia; nasopharyngeal; neck, neuvous system; oral; ovarian; pancreas, pituitary-macroadenoma; promyelocytic-leukemia; prostate; renal; thyroid, uveal-melanoma, via several effects as cyto-toxicity, apoptosys, anti-angiogenesys, anti-metastatic and inhibition of nuclear KB-factor for the carcinocyte progression.
Anti-helminth effects on the following Platyzoa genera. - Clonorchis, Dipylidium, Echinostoma, Fasciola, Moniezia, Opisthorchis, Schistosoma, Taenia.
Anti-helminth effects on the following Nematoda genera. - Ascaridia, Ascaris, Bunostomum, Caenorhabditis, Dictyocaulus, Dirofilaria, Ditylenchus, Enterobius, Gnathostoma, Haemonchus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Nematodirus, Neoascaris, Pratylenchus, Protostrongylus, Rotylenchulus, Strongyloides, Toxocara, Trichinella, Trichostrongylus.
Mollusca taxa. - Deroceras (Agriolimacidae); Biomphalaria, Planorbella (Planorbidae); Pomacea (Ampullariidae).
Anellida Clitellata. - Pheretima (Megascolecidae).
Mammals Marsupiales. - Trichosurus.
Arthropoda belonging to the following taxa:
- Acari (Psoroptidae; Sarcoptidae, Tetranychidae; Ixodidae);
- Anoplura (Pediculidae);
- Coleoptera (Bostrichidae, Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Tenebrionidae);
- Diptera (Culicidae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Muscidae, Tephritidae);
- Dyctioptera (Blattellidae, Blattidae);
- Heteroptera (Pyrrhocoridae);
- Homoptera (Aleurodidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Delphacidae, Pseudococcidae);
- Hymenoptera (Formicidae);
- Isoptera (Rhinotermitidae);
- Lepidoptera (Noctuidae, Pieridae, Plutellidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae, Tortricidae);
- Orthoptera (Acrididae);
- Siphonaptera (Pulicidae);
- Thisanoptera (Thripidae).
Allelopathy Artemisia-induced has been showed in 15 species (A. annua most interesting ones) on about 56 plant genera, as follows: Amaranthaceae 3 genera; Apiaceae 3; Asteraceae 8; Brassicaeceae 4; Graminaceae 3; Papilionaceae 5; Poaceae 17; Solanaceae 2; 1 genus per Araceae, Cistaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Pinaceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Violaceae. Allelopathic effects Artemisia-induced have due to aqueous or alcoholic extracts, epigeal or ipogeal plant organs or from soil. Allelopathic effects influence seed germination and plant productivity. Main allelochemicals recognized are absinthine, arteannuine-B, arteannuate, artemine, artemisinin and 9 semi-sinthetics derivatives, arteannuate, arteannuine-B, artesunate, arteether, dehidro-artemisinin, deoxy-artemisinin, tauremisine, taurine (sesquiterpens), capillene (alchin-idrocarbure), and some essential oil components, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, canfor, 1,8-cineol, CH3-jasmoate, eucalyptol.
The Artemisia species used for bio-essay were as follows: A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. afra, A. annua, A. anomala, A. arborescens, A. argyi, A. asiatica, A. aucheri, A. austriaca, A. biennis, A. borealis, A. brevifolia, A. caerulescens, A. californica, A. capillaris, A. caruifolia, A. changaica, A. cana, A. cina, A. copa, A. diffusa, A. douglasiana, A. dracunculus, A. feddei, A. filifolia, A. frigida, A. gilvescens, A. giraldi, A. glutinosa, A. herba-alba, A. inculta, A. indica, A. iwayomogi, A. japonica, A. judaica, A. kopetdaghensis, A. kurrmensis, A. lavandulaefolia, A. lerchiana, A. lobelii, A. longifolia, A. ludoviciana, A. maritima, A. mexicana, A. molinieri, A. mongolica, A. monogyna, A. monosperma, A. montana, A. moorcroftiana, A. nilagirica, A. nova, A. pallens, A. parviflorum, A. pectinata, A. persica, A. pontica, A. princeps, A. saissanica, A. santonicum, A. scoparia, selengenesis, A. sieberi, A. sieversiana, A. spicigera, A. stolonifera, A. sublessingiana, A. sylvatica, A. transiliensis, A. tridentata, A. verlotorum, A. vestita, A. vulgaris.
Bio-actives chemicals recognized from bio-assay, were as follows: 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes-monospiro, 1,2,4-trioxolanes-dispiro, 1,2,4,5,7-pentoxocanes, 1,2,4,5,7,8-exaoxocanes, 1-2-6-7-tetraxaspiro[7.11]-nonadecane, 1,8-cineol, 1-Alpha-4-Alpha-dihydroxybishopsolicepolide, 1-desoxy-1-Alpha-peroxy-rupicolin-A-8-O-acetate, 1-phenil-2-4-hexadiyne (= capillene), 1-phenil-2-4-pentadiyne, 2-6-dimethoxiphenol, 3-4-dimetoxy-benzan-ol, 3-butylisocoumarins, 3alpha-4alpha-epoxirupicoline-C, 3alpha-4alpha-epoxirupicoline-D, 3alpha-4alpha-epoxirupicoline-E, 3-CH3-3-phenil-1,4-pentadyne, 3-methoxi-tanapartolide, 4,6,7-trihidroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-flavone, 5,5-dihidroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxy-flavone, 5,6,3,5-tetrametoxy-7,4-OH-flavone, 5-phenil-1,3-pentadyne, 7-methoxyacacetin, Absinthine, Acacetin, Acetophenone, AIP1-polysaccharide complex, Alpha-artether, Alpha-copene, Alpha-phellandrene, Alpha-pinene, Alpha-terpinene, Alpha-terpineol, Alpha-terpinol, Alpha-thujone, Alkyl-deoxoartemisinin, Anhidro-dihidro-artemisinine, Ar-curcumene, Arteannuina-B, Arteflene, Arteinculton, Artelinic acid, Artemether (alpha and beta), Artemifone, Artemine, Artemisia-ketone, Artemisinate, Artemisinin (artemisinin-dimers, trioxan-dimers, ethylsulfon-artemisinin-dimers, ethylsulfid-artemisinin-dimers, artemisinin-trimers, deoxy-artemisinin-trimers, artemisinin-tetramers), Artemisinine-CH3-ether, Artemisinin-1-propyl-ether, Artemisinin-1-buthyl-ether, Artemisinin-cyanoarylmethyle, Artemisolide, arteminolide-B, arteminolide-D, Artemisitene (epoxy-artemisitene, deoxy-artemisitene, ethyl-peroxy-artemisitene, hydro-peroxy-artemisitene), Artesunate and Glicosyl-artesunate, Artether, Ascaridol, B-arteannuine, Beta-artether, Belencamidin, Beta-Artelinate, Beta-carophyllene, Beta-isobornil-acetate, Beta-phellandrene, Beta-pinene, Beta-sitosterol, Beta-thujone, Borneol, Bornil-acetato, Buthyl-azide-artemisinin, Caffeic-acid, Canphor, Capillin, Capillarin, Capillarisin, Cariophyllene-oxide, Casticin, CH3-artemisinin, CH3-diperoxy-artemisinin, CH3-eugenol, Chamazulene, Chrysanthenil, Chrysosplenol-D, Chrysoplenetin, Cineol, Cinnamyl-aldeid, Cis-o-cymene, Clorogenic-acid, Colletotric acid, Coumarin, Cyano-artemisinin, Davanone, deacetyl-laurenobiolide, Dehidro-leucodin, Deoxy-artelinate, Difluoro-methylen-artemisinin, Dihydro-arteannuin, Dis-piro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, Epi-deoxy-dihidroartemisinine, Eugenol, Eupatilin, Exiguaflavone-A, Exiguaflavone-B, Fenozan50F, Friedelin, Genkwanin, Geranil-acetate, Germacrene-D, Hexene-1-ol, Hispidulin, Iso-borneol, Jaceosidin, Konokiol, Limonene, Linalol, Linalooloxide, Magnolol, Menthol, Myrcene, moxartenolide, Myrtenil-acetate, N-N-N-3p-coumaroil-spermidina, Nonanone-3, OH-artemisinin, Paracymene, Peroxy-homoditerpenes, Pinitol, Piperitone, Quebrachitol, Quercetin and derivatives, Ridentin, Rupicolin-A-8-O-acetate, Sabinene, Santonin, Santolynol, Scopoletin, Seco-tanapartholide-A, Seco-tanapartholide-B, Selin-11-en-4alpha-ol, Spinacetin, Steroidal-tetraoxanes, Stigmasterol, Tauremisine, Taurin, Terpinene-4-olo, Thiocarbamate-artemisinin, Thujenol, Thujilol, Thymol, Tehranolide, Trans-ethyl-cinnamate, Trifluoromethyl-idroartemisinin, Trioxaquines, Trioxaquines-DU1302, Triquinanes (7alpha-silphiperfol-5-ene, silphiperfol-5-ene, pethybrene, alpha-isocomene, beta-isocomene), Umbelliferone, Vulgarone-B, Z-hepoxy-o-cimene, and 3 endo-peroxydes without name.
Ethnobotanic use of Artemisia species in Campania (A. absinthium, A. alba, A. annua, A. arborescens, A. campestris, A. variabilis, A. verlotum, A. vulgaris) were reported for A. absinthium only, and were as follows: anti-pyretic (Caserta Province); anti-hypercolesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, biliar calculosis, dyspepsia, hepatic stimulating, parotitis, skin-cicatrizing (Napoli-Salerno Province).
The main molecular-cellular mechanisms recognized in Artemisia phytoextracts cyto-toxicity were as follows:
alkylation with heme and protein with heme as prostetic group (hemoglobin; cytochrome; mithocondrial complexes I-IV; mithocondrial ABC cassettes) forming a carbo-centric radical highly reactive versus proteins;
extensive damages and loss of mithocondrial membranes physiology;
alkylation of endo-membrane proteins (SERCA pump; TCTP), with disruption of Ca cyto-homeostasis/metabolism and cytoskeletal disorders;
alkylation of proteins with Fe prostetic group (NADH-dehydrogenase; transferrins) with disruption of mithocondrial membrane functions;
alkylation of IKK at CYS/179 and of NF-KB at CYS/38, with inhibition of NF-KB pro-inflammatory sequence;
alkylation of bacterial efflux pumps, with disruption of detoxificant functions of procariote in presence of antibiotic chemicals.
Data on biological functions of Artemisia extracts are very interesting for a potential widespread use in bio-medicine and agro-ecology. Artemisinin is the new molecular platform for the development of a complete molecular library with potential application as follows:
-) cancer chemotherapy and inflammatory-immunological disorders;
-) inflammatory pathology and immunological disorders;
-) biological control of Arthropoda, Gastropoda, Nematoda, Mycota in agro-environments;
-) treatment of helminth (Platyzoa and Nematoda) and micro-parasites (Virus, Bacteria, Protista) of bio-medical and economic interest for humans and animals.
Notes: PUBLIC FOLDER - http://cid-6d45258bc7541dec.skydrive.live.com/self.aspx/ARTEMIS%20-%20Propriet%c3%a0%20Alternative%20Fitoestratti%202008
Abstract: In this didactic note we have recorded Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Col.: Curculionidae) in Nocera Superiore (Campania, Salerno Province). This note is an application of didactic experience of P.O.N. 2007/2008 âCompetenze per lo Sviluppoâ.
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to summarize licterature data about anti-protozoa activity
of Artemisia (Asteraceae) phytoextracts.
The following Artemisia species have been for bioessay: abrotanum, absinthium, annua, aucheri, herba-alba, indica, japonica, ludoviciana, maritima, nilagirica, persica, sieberi, tridentata.
The following molecules have been recognized as active versus protozoa: 1,8-cineol, 1-butyl-ether-artemisinin, 1-propyl-ether-artemisinin, 4-Fl-phenyl-artemisinin, alfa-artether, artelinate, artemether, artemetin, artemisinin, artemisone, artesunate, artether, ascaridol, beta-artethere, canfor, CH3-ether-artemisinin, chrysoplenetin, chrysosplenol-D, cirsillineol, davanone, dehydro-artemisinin, deoxy-artelinate, 49 synthetic-derived from artemisinin; 4Br-phenyl- artemisinin-derived; epy-deoxy-dihydro-artemisinin, friedeline, scopoletine.
The protozoa taxa recognized are as follows: Babesia, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Neospora, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, (Apicomplexa); Leishmania, Trypanosoma (Euglenozoa); Acanthamoeba, Entamoeba (Amoebozoa); Trichomonas (Metamonada); Naegleria (Percolozoa); Giardia (Diplomonadida). Consideration about multilevel actions on eatiological agents and dipter vectors, of Artemisia phytoextracts, were carried out on malaria, leishmania pathology and African trypanosomiasis.
Abstract: Artemisia-induced allelopathy has been showed in 15 species (A. annua most interesting ones) on about 52 plant genera, as follows: Amaranthaceae 3 genera; Apiaceae 2; Asteraceae 8; Brassicaeceae 4; Graminaceae 3; Papilionaceae 5; Poaceae 16; Solanaceae 2; 1 genus per Araceae, Cistaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Linaceae, Onagraceae, Pinaceae, Plantaginaceae, Portulacaceae, Violaceae. Allelopathic effects have due to aqueous or alcoolic extracts, epigeal or ipogeal plant organs or from soil. Allelopathic effects affect seed germination and plant productivity. Main allelochemicals recognized are absinthine, arteannuine-B, arteannuate, artemine, artemisinin and 9 semi-sinthetics derived, arteannuate, arteannuine-B, artesunate, arteether, dehidro-artemisinin, deoxy-artemisinin, tauremisine, taurine (sesquiterpens), capillene (alchin-idrocarbure), and some essential oil components, alfa-pinene, beta-pinene, canfor, 1,8-cineol, CH3-jasmoate, eucalyptol.
Abstract: A review of bibliography on Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) has carried out about temperature and egg, larva and crisalid duration and on letal temperature per instar. Relative humidity and larval head capsule data were reported also.
Abstract: An attack of Aphis frangulae gossypii Glover on Cynara scolimus was reported in Scafati (SA: Campania). A didactic key of Cynara scolimus Aphididae has been updated for Campania region.
Abstract: Chrysomelidae attacks on Lamiaceae in Salerno Provincie (Campania) were the aim of this contribute. The following species have been recognized: Chrysolina americana on Rosmarinum officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris; C. lutea, C. grossa on R. officinalis, Mentha piperita, Thymus vulgaris, Hyssopus officinalis, Origanum majorana, O. vulgare, Melissa officinalis, Ruta graveolens.
Abstract: In this note was reported an unusual Papaver rhoeas aberrant chromatic variety from Scafati (SA: Campania) during may 2007, with a complete set of photo of specimen.
Abstract: In this note was reported the correct identification of a Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieillot, 1822) specimen captured in Roccadaspide (Cilento & Vallo di Diano National Park, Salerno Province, Campania). The correct specie was Accipiter gentilis (L., 1758) I-II year juvenile and not H. fasciatus.
Abstract: Myrtus communis has been selected as alternative to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy for floral composition within CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE2182/02). An alternative use to floral composition and liquor extract of M. communis was outlined in this paper. A review of main phytoextracts and ther biological activity, was the main aims of this contribute. Main activity of M. communis phytoextracts were cited below. a) Antiviral. - aviarian mieloblastosis, encephalo-myocardites, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex-1, HIV, human poliovirus, murine Maloney leukemia, Rous-associated-II, stomovesciculite virus; main antiviral molecules were myrtucommulones, grandinol, quercetin.
b) Antimicrobic. - Bacteria (Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Bordetella, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Listeria, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Sarcina, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). - Eucarya (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium, Cryptococcus, Cryptosporidium, Curvularia, Encephalitozoon, Fusarium, Kluyveromyces, Leishmania, Penicillium, Plasmodium, Pythium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Toxoplasma, Trichoderma, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma); the active principles identified were: 1,8-cineol, arjunolic acid, corosolic acid, oleanolic acid, alfa-pinene, alfa-terpineol, betulline, cearoine, cineol, erithrodiol, gallo-myrtucommulones, geranil-acetate, grandinol, jensenone, limonene, linalol, myrtenil-acetate, myrtenol, myrtucommulones and semisinthetic derivatives, usnone-A.
c) Allelopatic. - Antirrhinum, Cheiranthus, Gaillardia, Lathyrus, Linum, Lolium, Petunia, Tagetes, Viola, Zinnia.
d) Zoo-toxic. - Marsupials (Mammalia), jensenone; Biomphalaria (Basommatophora: Planorbidae), quercetin-3-galloyl-glucoside; Pediculus (Anoplura: Pediculidae), 1,8-cineol, alfa-pinene, linalol; Culex (Diptera: Culicidae), alfa-pinene, 1,8-cineol, linalol, terpineol; Meloidogyne javanica (Nematoda: Tylenchida).
e) Biomedical. - anti genotoxic and anti free-radicals of myrtucommulone-A, quercetin, semi-myrtucommulone, versus 1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazile, aflatoxin-B1, asbestosis, EDTA, Fe-Cl3, ferric-triacetate-nitrile, hidroperoxyde, nifuroxazide, TBH. Antihyperglycaemic effect. Anti-atropine and anti-propanole effects. Arterial ipotension. Antiflogistic effects (prostaglandin and leucotrien suppression; inhibition of leucocitary elastase; anti-peroxydation; IgE functions suppression; nitic-oxide and cycloxygenase-II suppression; C-reactive protein inhibition). Anti-ulcera effects. Antitumoral effects. Neurotropic effects on CNS. The active principles identified were: kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin.
f) Ethnobotanical phytotherapy. - Myrtus communis is particularly used in ethnobotany and folk-medicine in Cyprus, Ethiopia, Italy, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Maroc, Palestine, Tunisia, Turkya, Yemen.
The following molecules were very important: 1,8-cineol, grandinol, kaempferol, linalol, myricetin, myrtucommulones, quercetin.
Abstract: The following Artemisia species were used for anti-Diptera bioessay: A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. borealis, A. cana, A. cinae, A. kurramensis, A. maritima, A. monosperma, A. nilagirica, A. vulgaris. The following molecules were identified as toxic versus Diptera species: 3-CH3-3-phenil-1,4-pentadyne, thymol (Musca); caffeic acid, clorogenic acid, alfa-terpinene, alfa-tujone, beta-isobornyl-acetate, beta-pinene, beta-tujone, borneol, bornyl-acetate, canfor, cineol, coumarin, eugenol, iso-borneol, limonene, linalol, myrcene, nonanone-3, terpinene-4-ol (Aedes); alfa-terpinene, capillin (Culex). The genera identified as sensible to Artemisia phytoextracts are as follows: Chrysomia (Calliphoridae), Daucus (Tephritidae), Drosophila (Drosophilidae), Musca (Muscidae); Aedes, Anopheles, Culex (Culicidae). Artemisia phytoextracts may control malaria adult-vector (repellent function) larval-vector (toxic and teratogenic function) and aetiological agent (anti- Plasmodium and anti-Apicomplexa functions).
Abstract: A female of Osmoderma italicum Sparacio 2000 (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) was recorded in continental Campania after one century near locus typicus.
Abstract: Aucuba species have been selected as alternative to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy for floral composition. An alternative use of Aucuba species was outlined in this paper dealing some phytoextracts. A review of biological activity of iridoid glucoside (aucubine) extracts from Aucuba was the main aim of this contribute.
Abstract: A Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) (Tettigonidae: Saginae) specimen and relative photo recorded in 2006 on Monti Alburni (SA: Campania) was the aim of this note.
Abstract: In this note was recorded the first specimen of European larval parasitoid of Cacyreus marshalli (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): Aplomya confinis (Fallen) (Diptera Tachinidae).
Abstract: In this note have recorded an attack of Otiorhynchus sulcatus on Aralia sieboldii in Naples Provincie (Campania), with a review on antagonist species of Aralia.
Abstract: Lucanidae (Coleoptera) specimens of Naturalist Museum of Corleto Monforte (SA) are as follows: Dorcus parallelepipedus (L., 1758); Lucanus tetraodon Thunberg, 1806; Platycerus caprea (Degeer, 1774); Sinodendron cylindricum (L., 1758). All specimens are collected from Campania, particularly from Salerno Province.
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to summarize licterature data about anti-microbic activity of Artemisia (Asteraceae) phytoextracts.
The following 12 virus species have been recognized, both DNA-virus and RNAvirus, both phyto-virus and zoo-virus: BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus; COPV, canine papilloma virus; DEN/2, dengue virus 1; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; HBV, human hepatitis B virus; HCMV, human cito-megalo virus; HFLUV, human influentia virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV/1, human herpes virus 1; HSV/2, human herpes virus 2; JUNV, junin virus; TMV, tobacco mosaic virus.
The following 37 genera of Procariota (22 Gram-; 15 Gram+) have been recognized, both aerobic-genera and anaerobic-genera, belongin to 15 orders of 5 higher taxa (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria): Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Beneckea, Bifidobacterium, Bordetella, Brevibacterium, Bronchothrix, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Diplococcus, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Erwinia, Escherichia, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Listeria, Microcoleus, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Oersokovia, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Salmonella, Sarcina, Serratia, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.
The following genera of Eucarya Micota have been recognized: 29 genera of Ascomycota belonging to 14 orders (Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Bipolaris, Botryotinia, Candida, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Epidermophyton, Erysiphe, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Geotrichum, Gerlachia, Gibberella, Helminthosporum, Madurella, Microsporum, Nannizzia, Penicillium, Pneumocystis, Pyricularia, Saccharomyces, Sclerotinia, Tiarosporella, Trichoderma, Trichophyton, Verticillium); 6 genera of Basidiomycota belonging to 6 orders (Cryptococcus, Pleurotus, Puccinia, Rhizoctonia, Rhodotorula, Sporotrichum); 3 genera of Zygomycota Mucorales (Mucora, Rhizopus, Zygorrhynchus); and Phytophtora (Oomycota: Peronosporales). More of 11 plant myco-pathology have been recognized.
The following molecules have been recognized, involved in anti-microbic-antiviral effects, extracted from about 50 Artemisia species: 3-butyl-isocoumarine, 4,6,7,trihydroxy- 3,5-dimethoxy-flavone, 5,5,dihydroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxy-flavone, 5-phenil-1,3-pentadyne, aesculetine, aglicone, alfa-artether, alfa-terpineol, anhydro-dihydro-artemisinin, arcapilline, arteannuin-B, artemether, artemine, artemisiniate, artemisinin, artesunate, belencamidine, beta-artether, beta-sitosterol, capillarin, capillin, CH3-artemisinin, CH3-diperoxyartemisinin, CH3-eugenol, cis-ocimenealfa-phellandrene, colletotric acid, chrysanthenyl, davanone, dehydro-artemisinin, deoxy-artemisinin, eupatilin, germacranolide sesquiterpenes, hispidulin, isorhamnetine, menthol, N-N-N-3p-coumaroil-spermidine, paracymene, pinitol, ridentin, santolinol, seco-tanapartholide-A, seco-tanapartholide-B, selin-11-en-4alfa-ol, stigmasterol, tauremisin, taurine, terpinen-4-ol, umbelliferone, Zepoxyocimene.
Abstract: Aspidistra elatior has been selected as alternative crop to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy for floral composition, within CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE2182/02). An alternative use of A. elatior was outlined in this paper, dealing some phytoextracts, as betasitosterol, diosgenin, aspidistrin. A review of biological activity of these molecules, and aspidistrin anti-micotic activity, were the main aims of this contribute.
Abstract: The main Coccidae (Homoptera) pest-species of Myrtus communnis was the following: Ceroplastes rusci, Coccus hesperidum, Filippia follicularis, Lichtensia viburni, Parthenolecanium corni, Saissetia oleae. A descritpion of Lichtensia viburni attak on M. communnis was reported (Caserta Provincie: Campania).
Abstract: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) has been selected as alternative to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy, within CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE2182/02). Kenaf alternative properties were outlined and a review of main phytoextracts and ther biological activity were the main aims of this contribute. Main activity of kenaf phytoextracts were as follows.
a) Cyto-toxic effects versus Colletotrichum, acutatum, C. fragariae, C. gloeosporioides (Ascomycota: Phyllachorales), Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), Oscillatoria perornata (Cyanobacteria: Oscillatoriales), Verticillium dahliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales); main cyto-toxic molecules identified were 5-CH3-furfural, benzen-acetaldeide, n-nonanal, hibiscanal, O-hibiscanone, and defensin peptide.
b) Anti-tumoral properties versus HeLa, Hep-2, A549; main carcino-cyto-toxic molecules were boehmenan-H, grosamine-K, pinoresinol, threo-carolignan-K.
c) Allelopatic, versus Agrostis stolonifera (Poaceae), Amaranthus retroflexus (Amaranthaceae), Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae), Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae), Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae), Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae), Phaseolus vulgaris (Papilionaceaee)
d) Zoo-toxic, with the only bioessay dealing pinoresinol versus Hemipteran Oncopeltus (Lygaeidae)e Rhodnius (Reduvidae).
e) Hibiscus cannabinus have important anti-anemic properties, hepato-protective effects on liver and immunomodulatory effect on macrophage functions (pro-inflammatory suppression). Also anti-Dracunculus properties was reported (Nematoda). Kenaf has used in ethnobotany and folk-medicine in Gambia, Zaire and Camerun.
Abstract: An attack of Aphis frangulae gossypii Glover on Aralia sieboldii was reported in Sternatia (july-august 2006) and Monteroni (july-august 2007) (LE: Puglia: South Italy), in experimental crops of CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE 2182/02). Aralia young leaves attacked by A. f. gossypii was deformed and without commercial value. Other species of sucking-insect of A. sieboldii in Southern Italy are: Phytonemus pallidus, Tetranychus urticae (Acari), Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci (Thisanoptera), Metcalfa pruinosa, Planococcus citri, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Homoptera).
Abstract: This paper is a review on the ethnobotanical properties of vegetal taxa used in the Co.Al.Ta. project (Alternative Croops to Tobacco: Reg.CEE2182/02), in order to increase the intrinsic value of taxa proposed as tobacco alternative. This study has considered only bibliographical data regarding Campania region (Southern Italy). Main results were as follows. In Co.Al.Ta. have been used 48 taxa, and in Campania ethnobotanical bibliography the following ones have been recognized: Asparagus acutifolius, Brassica oleracea, Chamomilla recutita, Cichorium intybus, Cynara scolimus, Daucus carota, Hyssopus officinalis, Lycopersicon esculentum, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Myrtus communis, Origanum majorana, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phyllirea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ruta graveolens, Salvia officinalis, Secale cereale, Sinapis alba, Solanum tuberosum, Thymus vulgaris, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays. The botanical families recognized were Asteraceae, Anacardiaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Papilionaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferaceae. About 50% of Co.Al.Ta. taxa have ethnobotanical properties; 107 ethnobotanical preparations have been recognized in the bibliography used. The most used folk-medical taxa were B. oleracea (7 ethnobotanical preparation = 6.5%), D. carota (7 = 6.5%), M. piperita (8 = 7.5%), R. graveolens (13 = 12.1%), R. officinalis (7 = 6.5%), S. officinalis (12 = 11.2%), S. tuberosum (7 = 6.5%). For Lamiaceae 34 ethnobotanical remedies have been recognized (31.8%). Main extractive methods recognized were in hot water (decoticon > infusion), and maceration in wine, ethanol, vinegar, oil (also fry), H3BO3. Mechanical methods for extractions and combustion, were also recognized. The following organs or organ-systems were recognized for ethno-ethno-remedy with plants: mouth (A. acutifolius roots; M. communis fruits; M. piperita, P. lentiscus, R. graveolens, S. officinalis leaves); circulatory and kidney (P. vulgaris pod; B. oleracea, C. scolimus, L. esculentum, S. officinalis leaves; M. communis fruits; A. acutifolius, C. intybus, D. carota roots; S. cereale seeds; Z. mays reproductive styles); epidermal (M. officinalis sprouts; L. esculentum fruits; B. oleracea, M. communis, M. piperita leaves; R. graveolens, O. majorana plant; D. carota, S. tuberosum roots; T. aestivum seeds); gastro-enteric (M. officinalis sprouts; L. esculentum, M. communis fruits; B. oleracea, C. scolimus, M. piperita, R. officinalis, S. officinalis, M. communis leaves; C. recutita, S. officinalis flowers; R. graveolens epigeal organs; A. acutifolius, D. carota, S. tuberosum roots; Z. mays reproductive styles); bones (R. officinalis leaves; M. communis fruits; R. graveolens epigeal organs; S. tuberosum roots); respiratory system (R. officinalis sprouts; C. recutita, H. officinalis flowers; B. oleracea, M. piperita, S. officinalis leaves; T. vulgaris plant; D. carota roots).
Abstract: The Xylocopini (Apoidea) fauna of Etna Volcano Park (Sicilia: Italy) was the aim of this contribute, based on specimens conserved in some Italian entomological collections. X. iris was recorded in 9 sites with some captures at 1100 m a.s.l. X. valga was recorded in 5 sites with one exceptional capture at 3150 m a.s.l. X. violacea was recorded in 15 sites with some captures at 1800 m a.l.m. Also S. cerambycina (Acari) was recorded on Etna Volcano Park (2 sites).
Abstract: Record of Cladius pectinicornis (Hym.: Tenthredinidae) attacks on Rosa sp. in Nocera Inferiore and Portici (Campania: Southern Italy) was the aim of this contribute. Photos of developmental instars were carried out, as egg, new born larva, mature larva, cocoon, imagine female. A overview on life cycle and morphology were also carried out, with a comparative didactic key with other Tenthredinidae Rosa pests.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (Apoidea: Xylocopini) pollen collection behaviour on Hemerocallis hybrida (Liliaceae) was the aim of this short note. The behaviour involved galeae and mid-anterior legs. Only females visits H. hybrida during june-july in botanical garden of Federico II University (Naples). Pollen has probably served for ingestion and pollen paste elaboration.
Abstract: Bombini (Apoidea) specimens collected in Southern Italy by Corleto Monforte Naturalistic Museum was the aim of this short note. The species recognized were as follows: Bombus hortorum (L., 1761), province of Salerno (Campania); Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763), province of Napoli, Avellino, Salerno (Campania), Cosenza (Calabria); Bombus ruderarius (Muller, 1776), province of Napoli, Salerno (Campania), Potenza (Basilicata); Bombus ruderatus (Fabricius, 1775), Napoli province; Bombus terrestris (L., 1758), province of Napoli, Salerno.
Abstract: Two Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) record of Greece were reported in this note: Proxylocopa olivieri (Naxos Island: Genova Museum); Xylocopa valga (Parnassos: Genova Museum).
Abstract: Xylocopini (Hym.: Apidae) of Lazio and Campania Archipelags are represented by Xylocopa violacea (L.) only, in the Italian collections revised. X. violacea specimens have been collected on the following islands: Capri, Ischia, Vivara (Campania: Napoli province); Gavi, Ponza, Santo Stefano, Ventotene, Zannone (Lazio: Latina province).
Abstract: A bibliographical review of Xylocopini faunistic data in Greece was the aim of this contribute. Authors with data on Xylocopini distribution were as follows: Coghlan & Langman (2003), Ghigi (1901), Grandi (1931), Grandi (1962), Hammer, (1938/1939), Kettner (1957), Lucas (1915), Matheson et al. (1996), Paulus & Gack (1990), Petanidou (see list), Priore (1989), Roewer (1928), Schultess (1929), Strand (1915), Zavattari (1913).
Abstract: This paper is a mini-review on the ethnobotanical properties of vegetal taxa used in the Co.Al.Ta. project (Alternative Croops to Tobacco: Reg.CEE2182/02), in order to increase the intrinsic value of taxa proposed as tobacco alternative. This study has considered only bibliographical data regarding Stevia rebaudiana. Main results were as follows: a) leaves (decoticon in water) used as oral hipoglycemic in diabetics; b) leaves (infusion in water) used as anti-pregnant.
Abstract: The economic value of cut foliage has mainly due to aesthetic traits of leaves and/or flowers. All damaged leaves have not value (economic loss). It is very important to recognize and decrease the biotic factors that cause aesthetic damage to cut foliage. In this paper have been reported associations, attacks and economic damages on cut foliage by some terrestrial Gastropoda species in Puglia region (Racale and Sternatia: LE province) and Campania region (Benevento: BN province). The cut foliage and Gastropoda species recognized in Puglia were as follows: Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis damaged by Cochlicella barbara (L.) (Hygromiidae), C. conoidea (Draparnaud, 1801) (Hygromiidae) juveniles, Theba pisana (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Helicidae); Eucalyptus pulverulenta cv babyblue damaged by E. vermiculata, T. pisana; Aspidistra elatior damaged by T. pisana; Aralia sieboldi associated with Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Helicidae) and T. pisana. The cut foliage and Gastropoda species recognized in Campania were as follows: Aralia sieboldii, Aspidistra elatior associated with Arion intermedius Normand, 1852 (Arionidae).
Abstract: In Co.Al.Ta. project (Reg.Cee2182/02) Myrtus communis has been used as alternative crop to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy, but it was ignored the cultivar characterization of specimens proposed in place of tobacco. This paper carried out a preliminary recognition of M. communis cultivars used in Co.Al.Ta. in Campania (Salerno and Caserta provinces). M. communis cultivars recognized were: acutifolia, italica, microphylla, nana?, tarentina, variegata-microphylla, variegata-communis, variegata-tarentina. Also specimens with a mixture of characters have been recognized (tarentina-communis, tarentina-variegate/tarentina-tipicus, microphylla-communis; microphylla-communistarentina). It is possible to draw the conclusion that Co.Al.Ta. agronomic data of M. communis are, really, a mean of the cultivars recognized.
Abstract: Pittosporum (Pittosporum tenuifolium) (Pittosporaceae) has been selected as alternative crop to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy, within Co.Al.Ta. project (Reg.CEE2182/02). Alternative properties of Pittosporum species were outlined and a review of main phytoextracts and ther biological activity were the main aims of this paper. Pittosporum species reported in bibliography and used in bio-essay were P. eugenoides, P. lanatum, P. moluccanum, P. neelgherrense, P. pancheri, P. pentandrum, P. phylliraeoides, P. resiniferum, P. tobira, P. undulatum, P. viridiflorum. Main activity of Pittosporum phytoextracts were as follows.
a) Anti-viral effects versus RRV (Togaviridae: Alphavirus: ssRNA) and FeHV1 (Herpesviridae: Varicellovirus: dsDNA).
b) Cyto-toxic effects versus Candida (Ascomycota: Saccharomycetales), Enterococcus (Firmicutes: Lactobacillales: G+), Plasmodium (Haemosporida: Apicomplexa).
c) Anti-tumoral properties versus tumor as KB, SA180, LLC, colon and breast adeno-carcinome, melanome, pancreas carcinome, neuroblastome, medulloblastome, ovary cancer.
d) Zoo-toxic properties versus Artemia salina (Crustacea: Artemidae).
Also anti-oxidant, anti-thrombin, hepato-protective properties and biosensor activities on trace pollutant elements, have been reported in licterature.
Abstract: In 2004 a new Chrysolina (Col.: Chrysomelidae) specie was described from Southern Italy (Lazio: RM; Abruzzo AQ, CH; Campania: AV): C. bourdonei D'Accordi & Ruffo, 2004. During CoAlTa project four new specimens of this specie were recorded in Campania: 1 specimen from Frigento (BN) 2007; 1 Nocera Inferiore (SA) 2007; 1 Scafati (SA) 2007; 1 Portici (NA) (in Portici collection with no data on label). Thanks to these new data it is possible conclude that C. bourdonnei is present in the Campanian provinces of Salerno, Avellino, Benevento, Napoli.
Abstract: In this short note we have recorded Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Col.: Curculionidae) attacks on Phoenix canariensis in the following cities of Northern Salerno province (august-october 2007): Angri, Castel San Giorgio, Mercato San Severino, Nocera Inferiore, Nocera Superiore, Pagani, San Valentino Torio, Sarno.
Abstract: The record of 3 specimens (may/2006) of Rumina decollata (L.) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Subulinidae) in Scafati (Salerno province: Campania) was the aim of this short note.
Abstract: Rosalia alpina (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) specimens contained in the entomological collection of Naturalistic Museum of Corleto Monforte (Campania) were as follows: 3 specimens from Corleto Monforte (SA) (1993, 1999, 2005); 1 from Avellino (AV) (1997).
Abstract: Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Heteroptera: Coreidae) new Southern Italian record, has reported: Nocera Inferiore, Salerno Province, Campania, X/2007. This specie has present also in the following Italian regions: Emilia Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Liguria, Piemonte, Toscana, Trentino Alto Adige (Norther Italy); Abruzzo (Central Italy); Campania, Sardegna, Sicilia (Southern and Insular Italy).
Abstract: A minireview of the Asphodelus (Liliaceae) phyto-extracts and their functions, was the main aim of this paper. The Asphodelus species reported in licterature for this topic were: A. acaulis, A. albus, A. cerasiferus, A. fistulosus, A. lutea, A. luteus, A. mauritii, A. microcarpus, A. tenuifolius. The principal molecules extracted from Asphodelus sp. listed in the licterature consulted were as follows: (OH)4-(CH3)2-10-C-xylopiranosyl-4,7-bianthracene-9,9,10-trione; (OH)5-(CH3)2-10,7-bianthracene-9,9,10-trione; (OH)6-(CH3)2-10-C-(glucopiranosil)2-10,7-biantracene-9,9-dione; 1,8-di-OH-anthraqinone; 1,8-di-OH-3-CH3-10-Cglucopyranosyl-9-anthracenone; 1,8-di-OH-3-CH3-9,10-anthracenone; 1,8-dimetoxynaftalene; 10,7-bi-chrysophanol; 2-acetil-1,8-dimetoxy-3-CH3-naftalene; 2-acetyl-8-metoxy-3-CH3-1-naftol; 3-CH3-anthralin; 3-O-glucopyranosyl-ederagenin; 6-O-(S-3-OH-3-CH3-glutaroyl)-iso-orientin; 6-O-malonil-iso-orientin; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-alfa-arabinopyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-il)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-alfa-ramnopyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-alfaxylopyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-betaantiaropyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-betaquinovopyranosyl; clorogenic acid; aloe-emodin; aloe-emodin-acetate; apigenin; asphodelin; asphodelin-A; asphodelin-A-4-O-beta-D-glucoside; beta-sitosterol; bichrysophanol; CH3-docosanoate; CH3-eicosanoate; CH3-linoleate; CH3-myristeate; CH3- oleate; CH3-palmitate; CH3-stearate; CH3-tetracosanoate; chrysophanol; chrysophanol-1-Ogentiobioside; chrysophanol-8-mono-beta-D-glicoside; iso-orientin; iso-orientin-4-O-Betaglucopyranoside; iso-vitexin; luteolin; ramosin; stigmasterol.
Antimicrobic effects were exhibited versus following species: (A. microcarpus: asphodeline-A), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Proteobacteria); (A. microcarpus roots, A. tenuis whole plant: phytoextracts) Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. violaceus (Ascomycota); (A. microcarpus whole plant), Candida parapsilosis (Ascomicota); (A. tenuifolius), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Actinobacteria). Asphodelus phytoextracts were toxic versus following taxa: on Artemia salina (Crustacea) with A. microcarpus; on Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera) as phago-deterrent and toxic by contact, with A. fistulosus.
Main bio-medical activity of Asphodelus phytoextracts were: anti-psoriasis; antiulcer; sheep lipofuscinosis agent.
Main ethnobotanical use of Asphodelus phytoextracts were: anti-inflammatory; antiparasite; bio-glue ingredient; bread addivite; dermatitis; efelid decoloration; foot disease; laxative; local cheese additive; sunburn.
Abstract: INDEX
1. INTRODUZIONE
2. DISTRIBUZIONE, BIOLOGIA, ETOLOGIA
2.1 Diffusione in Italia del cinghiale
2.2 Caratteristiche morfologiche
2.3. Biologia ed etologia
2.4. Alimentazione
3. PARAMETRI DI POPOLAZIONE
3.1. Distribuzione
3.2. Consistenza
3.3. DensitÃ
3.4. Struttura e dinamica di popolazione
3.5. Incremento utile annuo
3.6. Modello strutturale della popolazione di cinghiali
4. DANNI
4.1. Cause dei danni
4.2. Tipologie di danno
5. GESTIONE
5.1. Aspetti generali
5.2. Quadro normativo
5.3. Misure di gestione del cinghiale
5.4. Gestione del cinghiale in aree protette
5.5. Prevenzione dei danni da cinghiale
6. DISCIPLINARE PER IL RISARCIMENTO DEI DANNI
6.1. Segnalazione danni
6.2. Accertamento danni
6.3. Modalità di liquidazione
7. CONCLUSIONI
8. BIBLIOGRAFIA
8.1. SITI CONSULTATI
Abstract: An occasional attack of Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner, 1799) (Lep.: Tortricidae) on Pittosporum tenuifolium was reported in Caserta provincie (Campania) in june 2007. A short check-list of pathogens and parasites of Pittosporum was outlined.
Abstract: Phyto-extracts of Artemisia species (Asteraceae) are employed as natural biocides (anti-insects, anti-helmints, and anti-biotics) from many century ago. The main aim of this review was to summarized the toxic effects of chemical extracts from Artemisia on Platyzoa species. Toxic effects was reported for the taxa as follows: Clonorchis, Dipylidium, Echinostoma, Fasciola, Moniezia, Opisthorchis, Schistosoma, Taenia. Artemisia phyto-extracts used were as follows: A. annua, A. inculta, A. maritima, A. pallens, A. vulgaris. Artemisia phyto-extracts may control Schistosoma-vector (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) and aetiological agent of schistosomiasis (Schistosoma: haematobium, japonicum, mansoni, mekongi).
Abstract: This volume represents an attempt to draw up an exhaustive bibliographical list regarding (directly and not) all the species of the three genera belonging to Xylocopini tribe (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Xylocopinae): Xylocopa Latreille, 1802; Lestis Lepeletier & Serville, 1828; Proxylocopa Hedicke, 1938. Foundamental references are reported also for the most important species associated with Xylocopini species, as Chaetodactylidae mites (Acari) and Horiini Meloidae (Coleoptera). The aim of this wide bibliographical list is to make available and/or to accede easily to anyone who is interested in biology, systematics, biogeography about these species, to all bibliographical references dealing to this tribe, from those more recent to the old. The division in disciplines results particularly useful because every researcher is usually interested in a few and exact research field. So, the main purpose is to supply a necessary and sufficient information in order to find a possible bibliographical reference and then, to have right informations in order to know the main contents of reference itself, if the complete title is not available. This list is certainly incomplete, but the absent bibliographical references in this contribution are: 1) very difficult to find; 2) not yet published on examined data bases; 3) not included for my negligence; 4) they received scant ot nothing scientific spreading; 5) I have not been way of consulting them yet. Since this list is surely lacking in some references, so I reserve for me to publish at least a second part, to complete this list.
To get bibliographical references on the genera Xylocopa, Lestis, Proxylocopa, the data bases listed in Table I were consulted. The only data base consulted incompletely was (6), of wich the volumes I-XV are absent in the specialized libraries consulted on this subject: University of Bari, Bologna, Naples, Pisa, Portici, Rome (I, II, III); Apiculture Institute of Milan, Rome, Turin. But this is not remarkable because references in (6) relative to Xylocopini species are decreasing considerably since 1970 and under. All the papers, notes, contributions, messages, abstracts, symposia, seminars, congress, books, guide, etc., wich comprise informations about at least one Xylocopini species or about the tribe in general (also very short quotations) were reported in this list. Moreover the bibliography reported behind every bibliographical reference directly consulted, was reported too. Some theses regarding Xylocopini species or including informations about them were reported. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, natural history and entomology which comprise informations about Xylocopini species were reported All bibliographical references were classified according to informative substance of their title, if they are not consulted directly; otherwise, if they are consulted directly, they are classified on the ground of the principal contents of the text. For every biological discipline in wich the bibliographical references were classified, the organization was carried out alphanumerically. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, entomology, hymenopterology and natural history ones, were all placed in the section: general books. In this bibliographical list is also reported the bibliography of C. G. Dalla Torre (1896) - Catalogus Hymenopterorum X - regarding different Xylocopini species; these references are lacking in title and in contents; they just report the species quoted or examined in the paper; for this reason, all bibliographical references of wich it was not possible to find their complete title, were placed in a special section: historical bibliography cited in Dalla Torre C.G. (1896).
The complete bibliographical references are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name; date of publication; complete title of reference; magazine; volume number; first and last page of the reference. The books are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial of his name; date of publication; complete title of the book; publisher; publisher town; total pages; in some cases it make a reference to the exact pages in which the informations about species of Xylocopini are reported, enclosing within brackets genus and pages. The bibliographical references of which the complete title is not available, but the exact bibliographical position is known, are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name if it is known; date of publication; brief contents of the informations about species subject of the text or quoted; magazine; volume number; pages and/or figure and/or tables where the informations of Xylocopini species are reported.
Abstract: This note dealing the taxonomic status of O.G. Costa (1871) specie Saga italica (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae: Saginae). A conclusive sinonimization was proposed for Locusta gigantea Costa G., Saga italica Costa O.G., Saga pedo (Pallas).
Abstract: The specimens of Xylocopini tribe (Apidae) contained in the small collection of C.R.A. - I.S.T. of Scafati (Campania: SA) are as follows: 69 specimens belonging to Xylocopa violacea, and 14 ones to X. valga.
Abstract: In this study are reported a Strepsipteran specimens endo-parasite of Polistes gallicus captured in Benevento provincie (Italy: Campania: Paduli) in june 2005.
Abstract: Scolini (Hym.: Scolidae) of Campania: record in Salerno provincie of Megascolia flavifrons haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.) and Scolia erythrocephala Fabr. - The aim of this note was to record Megascolia flavifrons haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.) and Scolia erythrocephala Fabr. in Campania, Salerno provincie.
Abstract: A review of pubescence color pattern in X. caffra (1 new variety), X. scioensis (2 new variety), X. nigrita, X. asaccula, X. cloti, X. oudemansi, X. praeusta, was carried out, with new sinonimization in Afroxylocopa group. A discussion of preliminary role of "variety status" in Xylocopini species taxonomical revision is provided.
Abstract: In this study are reviewed the observations on Xylocopa violacea nest biology in Southern Italy (Campania) from nest foundation to offspring nest abandoning.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae) is the most widespread Xylocopini species of Italy and Europe. In this study all the licterature and observational data on flower species visited by this apid in Europe are summarized. X. violacea forages on 742 species and varieties of plants belonging to 85 families. The possible economic role of X. violacea is outlined for some cultivated plant species.
Abstract: Catalogue of Scolidae (Hymenoptera) of Alburni Naturalistic Museum (Corleto Monforte, SA, Campania) have been published, with some new colour-variety.
Abstract: In order to evaluate lethal and sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai on Spodoptera littoralis, two different extended laboratory tests were carried out on two larval instars (I and V), with two different toxin concentrations. B. t. ssp. aizawai showed the same high lethal effect on the first larval instar as Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (about 100%). A lower lethal effect was recorded on the fifth larval instar for both subspecies. A sublethal effect was observed for B. t. ssp. aizawai which caused a lower pupal weight. No differences between the two B. t. ssp. aizawaii doses were recorded. Results suggest that B. t. ssp. aizawai may be a good alternative to B. t. ssp. kurstaki, even though both products showed a limited control of the fifth larval instar.
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apoidea) specimens of Doria Museum (Liguria: Genova) is the aim of this contribute. The following subgenera have been revised: Ctenoxylocopa, Mimoxylocopa, Nodula, Oxyxylocopa, Perixylocopa, Zonohirsuta.
Abstract: The Scolini (Hym.: Scolidae) contained in the entomological collection of Silvestri Institute of Entomology and Zoology of Portici was the aim of this contribute. The species recognized were as follows: Gen. Megascolia Betr. (M. bidens, M. flavifrons); Gen. Scolia Fabr. (S. hirta, S. insubrica, S. quadricincta, S. sexmaculata).
Abstract: The aim of this note was to record the color variety of addome in Scolia erythrocephala Fabr. in Campania (South Italy) and the specie distribution
Abstract: A bibliographical review of Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, Melittidae) distribution in Naples Provincie (Campania) was the main aim of this contribute.
Abstract: In this study are summarized both data of invasion in Europe and Italy of Cacyreus marshalli butterfly (Lycaenidae) and its occurrence in Campania.
Abstract: A bibliographical review of Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) distribution in Naples Province (Campania) was the main aim of this contribute.
Abstract: A bibliographical review of taxa reported on Seychelles shows Xylocopa caffra the only specie on this Archipelago, particularly on Mahe island, with the subspecies seychellensis.
Abstract: The description of social biology observed in a Xylocopa violacea Campanian population (Southern Italy) is the aim of this contribute; (it is also carried out) a qualitative comparison among Xylocopini species is also carried out. The main results are as follows. A) In offsprings pre-emersion phase, 20% of nests are attacked by a predator. B) The founding female (= FF) see the emersion of their offsprings and they live together for about 3 weeks. C) Offsprings live together in the parental nest, but after FF disappearance there is a rapid offspring number decrease in the nest. D) Offsprings live together at least until the reproductive period starts. E) FF feeds offsprings by trophallaxis. F) Daughters feed both daughters and sons by trophallaxis, but sons are never donors. G) Nest guarding, defence and grooming are mainly carried out by offsprings during post-emersion phase, particularly by sons. H) Offsprings nest guarding behaviour causes an increase of FF flight number and duration and eliminates nest predation. I) FF and offsprings feed on pollen paste and pollen stored in the nest. J) Co-nestlings are recognized respect to non conestlings. K) There are 43 Xylocopini species with available social biology bibliographical data, but in only 9 these data are (sufficient about). L) X. violacea is univoltin in Europe. M) X. violacea shows all the behavioural traits of the true social species, but its sociality is very degraded because of two factors: shortness of FF-offsprings social interactions; univoltin biological cycle; these two factors are directly affected both by climate and by trophic resorces availability.
Notes: A.R.C.A. 113 Ecologico â Onlus. Associazione per la Ricerca e Conservazione Ambientale, Gruppo Attivo Campano
Abstract: The aim of this note was to record the color variety of abdomen and head in Megascolia flavifrons (Fabr.) in Campania (South Italy). The following variety have been recognized: M. f. var. clipeo-flava, M. f. var. m-frontalis, M. f. var. diademata. M. f. haemorrhoidalis is proposed as colour variety and not subspecie: M. f. var. haemorrhoidalis.
Abstract: The Scolini (Hym.: Scolidae) contained in the entomological collection of Silvestri Institute of Entomology and Zoology of Portici was the aim of this contribute. The species recognized were as follows: Gen. Megascolia Betr. (M. bidens, M. flavifrons); Gen. Scolia Fabr. (S. hirta, S. insubrica, S. quadricincta, S. sexmaculata).
Abstract: Two new Xylocopini (Apidae) species for the European fauna are recorded by means of four museum specimens of the second half of the 19th century: Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) nigrita and (Koptortosoma) caffra, on Zante (Greece) X. nigrita was also collected in Cádiz (Spain).
Abstract: The Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) specimens of 59 Italian entomological collections have been studied in order to obtain data on greek Xylocopini fauna. The following species have been recognized: Proxylocopa olivieri (5 specimens; Dodecanese), Xylocopa iris (14; Central Greece, Cyclades, Ionian Islands, Crete, Dodecanese), X. valga (6; Central Greece, Macedonia, Thessaly), X. violacea (60; Dodecanese, Ionian Islands, Crete, Epirus, Central Greece, Macedonia, Peloponnese, Thessaly).
Abstract: This paper is a bibliographical review on toxic effects on molluscan species by phytoextracts of Artemisia species, particularly Vulgarone-B extract from A. douglasiana.
Abstract: In this study was reported the presence of Cacyreus marshalli (Lycaenidae) in Agro-Nocerino-Sarnese, with complete photo collection both of some traits of life history and on type of damages.
Abstract: This is a divulgative note on a particular Orthoptera specie contained in the entomological collections of Alburni Naturalistic Museum (Corleto Monforte: SA): Brachytrupes megacephalus.
Abstract: The aim of this note was to record Scolia hirta in Matera, Benevento, Pompei, Scafati, S. quadricincta in Firenze and S. sexmaculata in Portici.
Abstract: In this note have listed the main antagonist species of Spodoptera littoralis and Helicoverpa armigera belonging to Diptera, Hymenoptera and Neuroptera cited in bibliography, particularly the italian species.
Abstract: A redescription of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) augusti Lepeletier, 1841 var. pterochloris Brethes 1916 (Apidae: Xylocopini) and an identification key for the several X. augusti morpho-variety are carried out. Sistematictaxonomic implications on pubescence variability in Xylocopini tribe are discussed.
Abstract: The sistematic position of Xylocopini inside Apoidea and subtribal classification are reviewed on the basis of bibliographical data (from morphology, genetics, ethology, biogeography), analized with differents approach (cladistic, phenetic, classic).
Abstract: In the Civic Museum of Comiso there are 14 specimens belonging to Xylocopa violacea. In the collection of Animal Biology Department of Catania there are 179 specimens belonging to the following species: X. combusta, X. frontalis, X. iris, X. praeusta, X. senior, X. somalica, X. valga, X. valga.
Abstract: Occasional invasion of Sehirus luctuosus Mulsant & Rey, 1866 (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) in Salerno provincie (Campania). - Oggetto della nota è di riportare una infestazione di Sehirus luctuosus riscontrata nel 2005 ad Ascea e Palinuro (Campania: SA), una delle prime segnalazioni regionali ufficiali di tale specie.
Abstract: The aim of this note was to list the Xylocopini nomina nuda, incorrect name, and unused name, from bibliographical data and from entomological collections of Italy.
Abstract: In this study are reviewed the observation on Xylocopa violacea nest biology in Southern Italy (Campania), from nest foundation to offspring nest abandoning.
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apoidea) specimens of Doria Museum (Liguria: Genova) is the aim of this contribute. The following species have been revised: Proxylocopa nitidiventris (1 specimen); P. olivieri (7); X. amedaei (1); X. cantabrita (9); X. iris (45); X. valga (85); X. violacea (283).
Abstract: The distribution of Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Xylocopa) in regions of the Alps (Northern Italy, France, Slovenia) is presented, including records of the phoretic mite Sennertia cerambycina (Acari: Chaetodactylidae). Xylocopa iris (32 specimens: 9 % of the total catch) was recorded from 6 regions and 12 (of 23) provinces; faunistic data in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Slovenia and Côte dâAzur are particularly scattered. The distribution of X. valga (103 specimens: 29 %) is well known, it is recorded from 7 regions and 16 provinces, as is the distribution of X. violacea (220 specimens: 62 %), recorded from all the 9 regions and 21 provinces. X. valga and X. violacea were previously known from a low altitudinal belt (< 700 m) in the Alps, but present data show records of X. valga from 800 -900 m (Roncola S. Bernardo, Lombardia; Naturno, Alto Adige), and X. violacea from 1000 -1450 m (Frabosa Soprana, Piedicavallo, Sambuco, Piemonte; Monte Baldo, Veneto). Sennertia cerambycina was not found on X. iris but only on 16 specimens (4.5 %) of X. valga and X. violacea; it is recorded from 5 regions and 8 provinces; more females (62.5 %) than males were infested, and more specimens of X. valga (62.5 %) than of X. violacea.
Notes: LINK MUSEO. - http://www.naturmuseum.it/
LINK CONVEGNO. - http://www.naturmuseum.it/kale/kale_con_detail_it.asp?EVEN_ID=24000
Abstract: Nella piana del fiume Sele, in comune di Battipaglia (Salerno: Campania) esiste una colonia di M. apiaster di 7 coppie (dati del 1995), la quale è stata in passato studiata da Mancuso (1995). Al fine di accertare se la popolazione del Sele preda X. violacea è stato analizzato il fondo di un nido contenente alcune centinaia di resti di imenotteri aculeati (e.g.: Megascolia flavifrons, Bombus terrestris, Apis mellifera, Vespa cabro) particolarmente ali, somiti dorsali metasomali e qualche raro capo. Dopo un'attenta ricerca sono stati individuati i resti di alcuni esemplari di X. violacea, tra cui: capo (2 resti), ali (6 resti) e probabilmente alcuni somiti metasomali. La discriminazione tra X. violacea e X. valga, anch'essa presente in Campania (Vicidomini, 2001) è stata eseguita in base alle caratteristiche del capo e delle ali (e.g.: Pagliano & Nobile, 1993). In base a questi risultati si può confermare che la predazione viene esercitata anche in Campania da M. apiaster. Questo inoltre risulta essere l'unico predatore noto per l'italia, dell'adulto di X. violacea e la presente segnalazione si aggiunge ad una desunta dai dati di cartellino di due reperti conservati nel Museo G. Doria di Genova e da me determinati nel 1987, riportanti i seguenti dati: 2 maschi, Toscana, Isola d'Elba, 1980, Baccetti leg., Capra F. det. 1980, catturati da Merops apiaster.
Abstract: The distribution of Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: genus Xylocopa) species in Padano-Veneta valley (Northern Italy) is the aim of this contribute, whith also faunistic records on associate phoretic Acari Sennertia cerambycina (Acari: Chaetodactylidae).
Abstract: The quantitative pattern of carbohydrates contained in pollen paste of Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Italy is the aim of this contribute. The identified carbohydrates are as follows (% on fresh weight): monosaccarides (fructose 23.70%; glucose 20.45%); disaccarides (saccarose 0.74%); tetrasaccarides (stachiose = lupeose 1.50%).
Abstract: Reperti: Xylocopa (Xylocopa) valga Gerstaecker, 1872 â 1F, CALABRIA, Cosenza, VII 2003, (Dono: Entomol. Portici). (Reperto conservato nella collezione di Xylocopini dell'autore).
Solo le provincie di Vibo Valentia e Crotone risultano scoperte da segnalazioni documentate per X. valga in Calabria. Data la loro posizione geografica interna alle altre 3 provincie se ne può concludere che X. valga è presente su tutto il territorio regionale.
Abstract: A quantitative study of head sexual dimorphism (= F-M%) in a Campanian (South Italy) pupae population of Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae: Xylocopini) is the aim of this contribute. Sexual dimorphism is significant for all the measured characters (F-M% > 1). For two characters the male mean is major than female mean [F-M% < 0; FT, FX(XI)] mainly because of males additional flagellomere. Little significant (1 < F-M% < 5 ) is the sexual dimorphism of OCMIN, LGSC1/2, FI, FX(XI) characters, but highly significant (F-M% > 30) for OVP-MPC, OVP-OC, LGMB, LGM1/2 characters. Normal significant (5 < F-M% < 30) for the others 19 characters. Antennae characters shows a not significant sexual dimorphism (F-M% = 0.42) because of their important functions in two sex. Compound eye (12.71) and toruli (13.95) characters are only affected by different size of two sex because shows the same sexual dimorphism of pupa total lenght. Visual ocelli (32.61) and mandible (31.18) characters shows a significant major sexual dimorphism respect to pupa total lenght, mainly due to nest digging carried out by females only.
Abstract: In this second part of Xylocopini (Apoidea) revision of Verona Natural History Museum have been recognized the following species: Proxylocopa olivieri, Xylocopa aestuans, X. amauroptera, X. amedei, X. appendiculata, X. artifex, X. augusti, X. brasilianorum, X. caerulea, X. caribea, X. chinensis, X. ciliata, X. dejeani, X. flavonigrescens, X. frontalis, Xylocopa iris, X. latipes, X. nogueirai, X. splendidula, X. ustulata, X. valga, X. violacea tipical variety, X. violacea funereipennis, and two not-recognized species belonging to Koptortosoma subgenus. A revision of X. chinensis and its subgenus Bomboixylocopa is due, with also a diagnostic key of species.
Abstract: The study of Xylocopa violacea foraging ethology on Vicia faba is the aim of this contribute. Two foraging tactics have been observed: from corolla, with pollination of flowers (3.4% of flowers), and nectar robbery, without pollination of flowers and fisical damage of flowers (96.6%). Females visit less flowers/min than males and they spent more time on a flower than males; males visit a double number of flowers/min in Gennuary than in March; they spent more time on a flower in March than in Gennuary and they spent more s/min of flight in March than in Gennuary (48% more s/min of Gennuary value). Male mating system in this area affect all these data: random search of females in flight in February-April on V. faba. A number of advantage are due to robbery tactic, in particular a more high number of fowers/min than from corolla tactic, like it happens also in Lamium purpureum. The widespread of the robbery tactic among Xylocopini species maybe explained with the following working hypothesis: the nectar robbery tactic, with or without pollination, will cause a more high number of flowers visited per min tha from corolla tactic, with an increase of energetic reward. X. violacea is a V. faba pollinator very inefficient; other V. faba visitors are: Macroglossum stellatarum, Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera), Epicometis irta e Oxythyrea funesta (Coleoptera), Anthophora acervoroum, Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Eucera longicornis, Xylocopa iris, and others 3 Apidae undetermined species. Others flower species on wich X. violacea robber the nectar are: Antirrhinum majus, Canna indica, Cordia mixa, Linaria vulgaris, Mirabilis jalapa, Symphytum tuberosum, Trapeolum lobbianum, Salvia eriocalyx, S. menthaefolia, S. mexicana, Saponaria officinalis, Petunia hybrida, Corydalis sp., Fumaria sp., Jasminun nudiflorum, Lonicera etrusca, Petrocoptis grandiflora, Narcissus cantabricus, N. tazetta, Vicia sativa. The hypothesis that X. violacea adult feeds also on V. faba pollen is supposed.
Abstract: The following Xylocopini (Apidae) faunistic records are reported: Xylocopa caffra (L.), extra-areal record East Indies; X. latipes (Drury), first record (historical: 1876) Australia (Cape York); X. sulcatipes Maa, first record Giordania (Qa Disi); X. torrida (Westwood), wrong extra-areal record India (Sikkim); X. violacea (L.), confirmed presence in China.
Abstract: The description of Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae: Xylocopini) pupal flagellomeres is the aim of this note. The main ressults are as follows. a) The ventral side of flagellomeres are crenulate. b) Only the adult males of Lestis species shows this character among Xylocopini. c) Lestis probably, must be included in Xylocopa as an ancestor taxon.
Abstract: The Xylocopini tribe (Apidae) collection (European section) of Trieste Civici Museum of Natural History is the aim of this contribute. There are 77 specimens in the collection, as follows: Xylocopa violacea 47 (5 Croazia; 3 Slovenia; 21 Friuli Venezia Giulia; 6 Toscana; 4 Puglia; 1 Calabria; 7 Sicilia); X. valga 24 (2 Croazia; 2 Slovenia; 1 Albania; 8 Friuli Venezia Giulia; 11 Sicilia); X. iris 6 (2 Croazia; 1 Friuli Venezia Giulia; 3 Sicilia).
Abstract: The revision of the second part (extra-European section) of Xylocopini (Apidae) of Milano Civic Museum of Natural History (167 specimens belonging to 34 species-variety) and the thirth part of La Specola Zoological Museum (124 specimens belonging to 32 species-variety) are the aims of this contribute. A new Xylocopa violacea (L.) abnormal-type is described.
Abstract: The aim of this contribute is to catalogue the Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) collection contained in the Faenza Civic Museum of Natural History.
Abstract: Oggetto di questo contributo è lo studio del comportamento della larva di Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae: Xylocopini) all'interno della cella. I principali risultati sono di seguito riassunti. a) la larva di X. violacea foraggia sulla pasta pollinica alla velocità di 99.36 prelievi/min (= 1.656/s); b) una larva di X. violacea spende l'85.7% del proprio tempo a foraggiare sulla pasta pollinica mentre nel restante tempo è quiescente; c) il substadio larva defecante esegue un maggior numero di prelievi/min rispetto al substadio larva non defecante; d) maschi e femmine prelevano la pasta pollinica alla stessa velocità ma le femmine ne prelevano una quantità maggiore per ogni prelievo; e) la velocità di foraggiamento non segue un ritmo giornaliero; f) il substadio larva prepupa impiega il 91.3% del tempo in quiescenza.
Abstract: Sistematic and distribution of Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae): new and rare records for Africa (Part III) and description of two new taxa. - In this contribute the African distribution of 26 Xylocopa species have been updated, particularly for Guinea Bissau with 7 new records. Two new taxa are described: X. nigrita vertexalbula (Guinea Bissau); Xylocopa capitata kahuzibiegensis (Zaire) are described.
Abstract: The systematic revision of Xylocopini (Apidae) contained in the Roma Zoological Museum is the aim of this contribute. The revision has regarded the collections Lepri, Luigioni, Vita and the miscellaneous section. The following species have been recognized: X. combusta, X. frontalis, X. iris, X. valga, X. violacea, X (Koptortosoma) sp, X. (Shoenherria) sp. Cosenza (Calabria) and Siena (Toscana) are two new provincial faunistic records for X. valga.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae) feeding biology plasticity was studied; 130 flower species have been recognized, belonging to 35 genera and to 26 family.
Abstract: Several morphological characters have been studied in 5 Lestis specimens (Apidae: Xylocopini) contained in the Napoli Zoological Museum (2 L. bombylans females; 1 L. aeratus male) and in the Trieste Civic Museum of Natural History (2 L. bombylans females); then these data have been compared with same data reported in bibliography for Xylocopini subgenera. The main results are as follows. The carino-tuberculate prominence between posterior ocelli of L. bombylans females is reported, morphologically similar, also in Ctenoxylocopa, Xylocopoides, Xylocospila subgenera. The basitibial plate of females appear concave and iridescent as in the only Xylocopoides subgenus. The I-IV tergal metasomal graduli pattern of females is similar to that showed by only Xylocopoides subgenera. Hard integument iridescence is showed also in Calloxylocopa, Copoxyla, Cyphoxylocopa, Lieftinckella, Shoenherria, Xylocopoides subgenera. L. bombylans females shows an inter-orbital distance variable between EF1-EF2, as observed also in Neoxylocopa, Stenoxylocopa, Xylocopoides, Xylomelissa subgenera. The absence of inner mandibular tubercle is reported also in 19 Old World subgenera and three New World ones (Calloxylocopa, Monoxylocopa, Xylocopoides). L. aeratus male shows an atipic inter-orbital distance, not codified by Hurd & Moure (1963). These data refuted the hypotheses of Lestis-Shoenherria phylogenetic relationship, and confirm the inclusion of Lestis in Xylocopa as subgenus; moreover it is probable that there is a phylogenetic relationship between Lestis-Xylocopoides: Xylocopoides as the modern Xylocopa subgenus most proximate to Lestis.
Abstract: The type of paedotrofic cell provisioning (random or not) in Xylocopa violacea was the aim of this contribution. The color and position of pollen paste from 37 nests were recorded. Average numbers of interruptions in the pollen paste colors was 1.811 (mode: 1; 0.240 per cell) 44% lower than random provisioning theoretical value (3.243). Two nests out of 37 (5.4%) shows an interruption numbers equal to theoretical maximum ones. There are not sex differences in the pollen paste color frequences. Results shows that X. violacea was not random in cell provisioning behaviour.
Abstract: The new variety Xylocopa (Copoxyla) iris (Christ, 1791) var. n. atra (Italy, Toscana -GR- Burano) (Apidae: Xylocopini) is described. This new variety is more similar to X. (C.) i. cupripennis Smith 1874 and to X. (C.) i. uclesiensis Perez 1901, than X. (C.) i. iris, showing a combination of characters of the former two subspecies.
Abstract: The Xylocopini (Apidae) of Franz von Biegeleben collection are the following 5 species: Xylocopa iris (4 specimens: Italy); X. valga (7: Italy); X. violacea (19: Italy; 1: Spain); X. cantabrita (1: Spain); X. virginica (3: N-America). The Xylocopini of Klaus Hellrigl collection are the following 6 species: X. iris (1 specimen: Italy); X. valga (2: Italy); X. violacea (7: Italy; 4: Istria); X. latipes (4: Asia), X. flavorufa (5: Africa: Kenya); X. aestuans (2: Africa: Egypt). The three Italian Xylocopini species are distributed in Bolzano Province (17 effective local records) and Trento Province (18 effective local records); X. iris and X. valga are more rare than X. violacea. Two new nest substrates used by X. violacea have been recognized: Alnus sp., Betula pendula (Fagales: Betulaceae).
Abstract: A review of faunistic records from bibliography dealing with Italian Xylocopini (Apoidea) is the aim of this contribute. The main results are as follows. a) Xylocopini are distributed in all the Italian regions with 847 records as follows: X. iris, 127 total records (15%) (north 33 records, center 40, south 21, island regions 33); X. valga 149 (17.6%) (north 81, center 32, south 19, island regions 17); X. violacea 571 (67.4%) (north 195, center 135, south 81, island regions 160). b) From north to south Italy there is a decrease of 22.2% of faunistic records; in Sicily+Sardinia the faunistic records are 24.8% of total, more than both south and center Italy. c) The regions with more records are Sicily, Lazio and Sardinia; the regions with negligible records (% < 1) are Valle d'Aosta, Marche e Molise. d) In all the regions, except Marche, the faunistic records dealing with X. violacea is more than 50%. e) X. iris is recorded in 17 regions out of 20 (not recorded in Valle d'Aosta, Umbria, Molise); X. valga is recorded in 18 regions out of 20 (not recorded in Valle d'Aosta, Sardinia). f) X. valga appear as the more northern Xylocopini species in Italy. g) Some records show sinthopy among two-three Xylocopini species. h) Xylocopini are recorded on the main Italian archipelagos, particularly with X. violacea. i) From the only regions with sufficient data (Campania, Emilia Romagna, Lazio, Sicily, Tuscany: 386 total records, 45.6% of total) it has been obtained that X. iris is underestimate because of small size and recognition difficulty (percentage increase 5.2%); X. valga appears as correctly estimate and it is the more rare specie; X. violacea is a little overestimate. j) It is possible that X. valga never reached Sardinia; it maybe reached Italy later than the other two Xylocopini species.
Abstract: The revision of the Xylocopini specimens of Camillo Rondani entomological collection ("La Specola" Museum, Florence) is aim of this contribute. The species are the following: Xylocopa iris, 3 specimens; X. valga, 8; X. violacea, 4. The synonimy X. ramulorum lectotypus = X. valga male has been confirmed. X. canuta Rondani 1874, is a mix of X. iris, X. valga and X. violacea, as is reinforced by the Rondani papers also.
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apidae) specimens of M. Perillo (San Nicola la Strada: CE) and P. & F. Parente (Guardiasanframondi: BN) private collections was the aim of this contribute. There are 18 Xylocopa specimens in the Perillo collection (X. valga 4 from Campania, Sicilia; X. violacea 14 from Lazio, Campania, Sicilia) and 5 ones in Parente collection (X. valga 3 and X. violacea 2, from Campania)
Abstract: Total acidity and lipid content of Xylocopa violacea pollen paste are the aims of this contribute. Total acidity is 28 mEq/Kg; total lipid content is 1.45%. Total acidity is very similar to Apis honey; lipid content is less than reported for X. capitata pollen paste and Apis honey.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (L.) male defence behaviours are the aims of this contribute. Buzzing behaviour is instinctive and it is little temperature-dependent; experimenter do not affect the exhibition of buzzing behaviour; oscillatory defence behaviour in flight is exhybited only versus men. The X. violacea male defence behaviours are a case of behavioural batesian mimicry.
Abstract: The [K+], [Na+] and [ash] of Xylocopa violacea pollen paste is the aim of this contribute, comparing the data with licterature. [Na+] = 85 ppm = 0.0085 g/100g = 0.1163 mg/(1 PP) = 5.0578 µMol/(1 PP). [K+] = 1765 ppm = 0.1765 g/100g = 2.4145 mg/(1 PP) = 617556 µMol/(1 PP). [ash] = 1.45%. K+ is 12.17% of total ash; Na+ is 0.59% of total ash. These results confirm the hypothesis of cAMP-dihuretic-ormon. in Southafrican X. capitata.
Abstract: Gli Sphecidae rivestono un notevole ruolo nell'origine evolutiva delle api comuni (Apoidea) in quanto costituirebbero il gruppo a partire dal quale le api propriamente dette si sarebbero originate. Essi offrono quindi numerosi punti di interesse per lo studio comparato dell'ecologia, del comportamento e della classificazione; purtroppo però le conoscenze relative sia la biologia che la distribuzione faunistica in Italia, in generale di tutti gli Apoidea, sono molto limitate ed ancora più carenti lo sono per la Campania. In particolare le conoscenze del sulla sfecido-fauna campana sono dovute quasi esclusivamente allo studio di Achille sul finire del secolo scorso, alle sue collezioni imenotterologiche (Beaumont, 1936 in Vicidomini, 2000) ed all'insostituibile lavoro di sintesi realizzato da Guido Pagliano (Vicidomini, 2000).
In questa breve nota scientifica viene segnalata per la prima volta per la Provincia di Salerno una specie di Sphecidae catturata all'interno del Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano.
Specie: Podalonia hirsuta (Scopoli, 1763)
Comune di Cattura: Corleto Monforte
Località Rape (700 m s.l.m.)
Data di cattura, raccoglitore e determinatore: 9 VIII 1999, Pignataro C.
La specie è già stata segnalata per la Campania ed in particolare per le provincie di Caserta, Napoli ed Avellino, mentre per Salerno nessuna segnalazione è stata mai riportata in bibliografia (Vicidomini, 2000).
Pertanto tale specie si aggiunge alla ricca lista di specie del Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano, incrementandone la biodiversità .
Abstract: In the entomological collections of the Regional Fitosanitary Services of Bologna, Cagliari, Genova, Napoli, Perugia, Sanremo, Ravenna, Trieste, and of Regional Agency for Agricultural and Industrial Development of Firenze, there are two Xylocopini species: Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872 (6 specimens); X. violacea (L.) (36 specimens).
Abstract: All the ontogenetic deformations observed in Xylocopa violacea preimaginal instar are morphologically described, and eventually photographed (Southern Italy). Also the adult-deformed observed in the field are reported. Bibliographical comparative analysis for Xylocopa genus has been reported. The following deformed types have been recognized: 3 adult types observed in the field; 10 pupal types surviving and transformed in adult; 1 pupal and 1 prepupal type not surviving; 2 larval types not surviving. Larval and prepupal aberrant are ever death. Two dwarf types are recognized: the first is due to lower efficience of food intake; the second is due to lower efficience of food assimilation. The deformed observed were 25 out of 183 (13.7%) of total specimens ontogenetically studied. The deformed specimens surviving were 15 out of 183 (8.2% of total; 60% of deformed). Sex ratio in deformed were about 1:1. Bibliographical data shows that females in the brood, are numerically twice as much the number of males; for this reason males are more subject to ontogenetic errors because of their aploidy. In 1986-1989, 1992-1993 years, the deformed-frequence were 0.5/year. In 1990-1991, 1994 years, the deformed-frequence were 4.5/year. In 1995 the deformed number were very high: 11 specimens. The most rich deformed-years are coupled. In four nests the deformed-frequence were more high than other nests (1/nest). The only pupa-deformed-type that can be recognized at the larval instar level was the dwarf.
Abstract: The description of Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) flavicollis (Degeer, 1778) var. n. albertii is the aim of this contribute. Also a key for the X. flavicollis female variety is carried out.
Abstract: Scopo di questo contributo è quello di riassumere tutte le informazioni bibliografiche riguardanti gli Apoidea della famiglia Sphecidae (Hexapoda: Hymenoptera) della Campania. Sono segnalate in Campania 138 specie di Sphecidae appartenenti ai seguenti generi: Alysson, Ammophila, Astata, Bembecinus, Bembix, Cerceris, Chalybion, Crabro, Crossocerus, Dinetus, Diodontus, Dolichurus, Ectemnius, Entomognathus, Gorytes, Harpactus, Hoplammophila, Hoplisoides, Isodontia, Larra, Lestica, Lestiphorus, Lindenius, Liris, Mellinus, Mimesa, Mimumesa, Miscophus, Nitela, Nysson, Oxybelus, Palarus, Passaloecus, Pemphredon, Philanthus, Podalonia, Prionyx, Psammaecius, Psen, Psenulus, Rhopalum, Sceliphron, Soleriella, Sphex, Spilomena, Stigmus, Stizoides, Synnevrus, Tracheliodes, Tachyspex, Tachytes, Trypoxylon). La provincia meno nota faunisticamente è Benevento, mentre la più nota è Napoli.
Abstract: Si riportata la prima segnalazione di due specie di Xylocopini (Apidae) per il Molise (Italia Centrale). Provincia di Campobasso: Xylocopa valga (Roccamandolfi); X. violacea (Campobasso, Riccia, San Biase, Sigliature). Provincia di Isernia: X. violacea (Montenero Valcocchiara).
Abstract: Viene riportata la prima segnalazione di Lsius alienus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) quale specie depredatrice dei nidi in canne di Xylocopa violacea (Hymenoptera: Apidae): San Marzano sul Sarno (SA: Campania), giugno 1998.
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apidae) specimens belonging to Koptortosoma and Mesotrichia subgenera contained in the La Specola Zoological Museum of Florence is the aim of this contribute. The specimens listed are 155 and belong to the following species: Xylocopa aestuans, X. albiceps, X. caffra and X. caffra var. mossambica, X. calens, X. dolosa, X. flavicollis, X. hafizii, X. imitator, X. lateritia, X. lepeletieri, X. modesta, X. schoana, X. senior (subgenus Koptortosoma); X. combusta, X. flavorufa, X. torrida (subgenus Mesotrichia).
Abstract: Oggetto di tale contributo è quello di riunire tutti i riferimenti bibliografici relativi gli Hymenoptera (Hexapoda) della famiglia Formicidae presenti in Campania. Sono segnalate in Campania 68 specie di Formicidae appartenenti ai seguenti generi: Amblyopone, Aphaenogaster, Bothriomyrmex, Camponotus, Cardiocondyla, Cremastogaster, Cryptopone, Dolichoderus, Epitritus, Formica, Hypoponera, Lasius, Lepisiota, Leptothorax, Linepithema, Liometopum, Messor, Monomorium, Myrmecina, Myrmica, Pheidole, Plagiolepis, Ponera, Smithistruma, Solenopsis, Stenamma, Tapinoma, Temnothorax, Tetramorium, Trichoscapa. La provincia più nota è Napoli mentre per le altre i dati sono molto scarsi.
Abstract: Biology of Xylocopa (Xylocopa) violacea (Linnè, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae): quantitative analysis of some pollen paste metals and minerals. - The concentration of 11 metals and minerals has been analysed in the pollen paste of a Campanian population of X. violacea (L.) by atomic absorption spectrofotometer. The results are as follows (µMol/Kg pollen paste): Al = 1315.72; Ca = 10004.99; Cr = 18.08; Cu = 127.47; Fe = 1024.23; K = 51153.12; Mg = 21559.35; Na = 2675.10; Pb = 4.20; Sn = 0.0; Zn = 781.58. Metals and minerals are more concentrated in X. violacea pollen paste than in Apis honey, particolarly for Zn; moreover Al is absent in honey. Also caffeine trace has been found (HPLC).
Abstract: The entomological collection of the Goulandris Natural History Museum possessers 76 specimens of Xylocopini tribe (Apidae), belonging to Proxylocopa olivieri (7 Grece), Xylocopa iris (4 Grece), X. valga (8 Grece), X. violacea (52 Grece; 4 Bulgary), X. aestuans (1 Egypt). Xylocopini occur in the main Greek regions; Xylocopa violacea is most widespread species.
Abstract: In the Institute of Evolutionary and Sperimental Biology of Boulogne the following Xylocopini (Apidae) species have been recognized: X. aestuans, 5 specimens (Sudan); X. aurulenta, 1 (French Guyana); X. caffra var. mossambica, holotype (Mozambic); X. inconstans, 10 (Sudan); X. iris, 2 (Italy); X. lateritia, 1 (Camerun); X. latipes, 1 (Philippine); X. myops, 9 (Malaysia); X. scioensis, 8 (Sudan); X. torrida, 2 (Camerun); X. valga, 3 (Italy); X. violacea, 16 (Italy). X. myops is recorded for the first time in Sabah region (Borneo NE).
Abstract: The Xylocopini of Entomological Institute of Piacenza University are 41 specimens from Italy, belonging to two species; those of the Entomological Institute of Padova University are 34 specimens belonging to 3 species with new faunistic records for Veneto. The Xylocopini of Animal Biology Institute of Modena are 6 specimens belonging to 4 species, with Xylocopa (Xylocopa) valga as the first faunistic record for Modena Province. The Xylocopini of Guido Campadelli private collection are 109 specimens belonging to 8 species, including a specimens of Xylocopa (Nyctomelitta) tranquebarica, previously known from only one Italian collection, in the Natural History Museum of Genova.
Abstract: The foraging biology of the main Apidae visitor species on Melilotus albus and M. officinalis is the aim of this contribute. X. violacea visits M. albus in genuary-february and M. officinalis in may; it lands on racem and the visit last less than 1 s; less than 30% of tongue and 50% of galee penetrate into the flower. Deambulation is not used for visit the neighbouring flowers. Apis mellifera visits these species during all their flowering period; the tongue only penetrate into the flower; ventral side of head rub on flower carena and wings. Deambulation is regularly used for visits the neighbouring flowers; visit last less than 1 s. Other visitators are the follows: Syrphidae (Diptera); Macroglossum stellatarum (Lepidoptera). Similar foraging behaviours are exhybited by X. violacea on the following plants with small and numerous flowers organized in large racems: Lavandula spica, L. vera, L. officinalis, L. dentata, Vitex agnus-castus.
Abstract: The revision of the first part of Xylocopini (Apidae) of Milano Civic Museum of Natural History is the aim of this contribute. Three species have been recognized: Xylocopa (Copoxyla) iris, 12 specimens (Grece, Italy); X. (Xylocopa) valga, 36 (France, Grece, Macedonia, Italy); X. (X.) violacea, 78 (Croatia, France, Grece, Romanie, Italy).
Abstract: Scopo di questo contributo è quello di riassumere tutte le informazioni bibliografiche riguardanti gli Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) della Campania. Sono segnalate in Campania 259 specie di Apoidea appartenenti a 40 generi riuniti in 6 famiglie: Andrenidae (Andrena, Panurgus), Apidae (Amegilla, Ammobates, Anthophora, Apis, Bombus, Ceratina, Eucera, Eupavlovskia, Habropoda, Melecta, Nomada, Psythyrus, Tetralonia, Thyreus, Xylocopa), Colletidae (Colletes, Hyaleus), Halictidae (Halictus, Lasioglossum, Nomioides, Sphecodes, Pseudapis), Megachilidae (Anthidiellum, Anthidium, Anthocopa, Chalicodoma, Chelostoma, Coelioxys, Creightonella, Dioxys, Hoplitis, Icteranthidium, Lithurge, Megachile, Osmia, Rhodanthidium, Stelis), Melittidae (Dasypoda). Le provincie meno note faunisticamente sono Caserta e Benevento, mentre la più nota è Napoli.
Abstract: In this note a new nest parasitoid of Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae Xylocopini) is recorded: Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae), Nocera Inferiore (Campania: Southern Italy).
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea foraging behaviour on Narcissus cantabricus (Naples Botanical Garden) and N. tazetta (Agro-Nocerino-Sarnese valley and Naples Botanical Garden) is the aim of this contribute. X. violacea males visits N. tazetta from December to Febbruary, and females in Febbruary only; on N. cantabricus visits are clustered in Febbruary only. X. violacea visits Narcissus spp. between 10.30-13.30. Two foraging tactics have bees observed: nectar robbery by calyx piercing with galee; nectar consumption from corolla. The robbery tectic has been adopted on 94.6% of N. cantabricus flowers and on 93.2% of N. tazetta flowers, with negligible sexual differences. The flowers visited with robbery tactic are not pollinated and are damaged; this tactic is adaptive because of very long Narcissus calyx tube. Also immature flowers are pierced (closed flowers). Nectar robbery is widespread in the Xylocopa genus. A comparative analysis of foraging pattern, on N. tazetta, of Proxylocopa olivieri and X. violacea, is carried out.
Abstract: This research documents the behaviours exibited by the Xylocopa violacea (L., 1758) female in collecting pollen and nectar for the elaboration of pollen paste inside the nest, in cut dried canes derived from Arundo donax, used by farmers in agriculture. Provisioning trips was observed in 20 nests. Females took from 4.5 to 7.5 hours (mean 5.77), distributed in one-two days, to provision a single cell. May was the main nesting month. Pollen was carried with hindlegs and metasoma. The average number of trips per cell was 23.3. The average time spent inside nest is 8.45 min. The average time spent outside the nest is 3.55 min.
Abstract: The nectar deihydration behaviour of Xylocopa violacea is the aim of this contribute. This behaviour is showed (both sexes) inside nest/shelter and it can be divided in three different technics by means of buccal pieces mouvements. The nectar dehydration is showed by following Xylocopa subgenera: Euro-Afro-Oriental, Acroxylocopa, Afroxylocopa, Apoxylocopa, Ctenoxylocopa, Epixylocopa, Gnathoxylocopa, Koptortosoma, Mesotrichia, Perixylocopa, Xenoxylocopa, Xylocopa, Xylomelissa; Neartic-Neotropical, Megaxylocopa, Neoxylocopa, Notoxylocopa, Shoenherria. This behaviour is important both in pre-flight preparation (particularly in males) and in pollen paste preparation (female only).
Abstract: The new head-character emi-biluna of Xylocopa dejanii male (subgenus Zonohirsuta) has been described and compared with same characters of X. auripennis, X. nasalis, X. tranquebarorum (subgenus Biluna), X. rufipes (subgenus Mimoxylocopa). With these new data a reevaluation of phylogenetic relationships among Zonohirsuta, Biluna, Nodula and Mimoxylocopa is needed.
Abstract: In this contribute are reported two records of two Southafrican rare species of Xylocopini (Apidae): Xylocopa imitator Smith, 1854; Xylocopa varipes Smith, 1854.
Abstract: The following first records on Chaetodactilidae-Xylocopini phoresy-host interactions are reported, based on 85 examined Xylocopini specimens: a) Sennertia cerambycina (Scopoli, 1763) distributed in Sicily [6 provincies; hosts: Xylocopa valga Gerst., 1 specimens; X. violacea (L.), 19 specimens, 3 locality] and in Sardinia (2 provincies; hosts: X. violacea, 10 specimens, 6 locality); b) X. valga as abitual Italian host-specie of S. cerambycina (12 regions, 24 provincies, 37 locality in total). A new work-hypotheses is proposed for Xylocopini-Sennertia interaction-type.
Abstract: The aim of this contribution was to determine the ralationships among sex ratio-maternal investment-sex allocation-offsping size-development/mortality (part I) and for experimental alteration of larval food (= PP) mass, immagine size, offsprings pre-immaginal survival and some specific taxonomical characters (part II) in a Xylocopa violacea (L.) population of Southern Italy (Campania) are the aims of this contribute. The main results are the following. 1) Observed sex ratio 0.684 (59.39% of females); expected sex ratio based on pollen paste weight 1.264, on imagine weight 1.339, on cell lenght 1.134; sexual cost ratio based on pollen paste weight 0.791, on imagine weight 0.747, on cell lenght 0.882. 2). With respect to males, females are larger, are allocated after position III in the paedotrophic cell (males in outer cells), have a longer total developmental time, consume pollen paste more rapidly, have a larger cells and have a havier PP. 3) Founding females provision outer cells with less pollen paste than inner cells for both sex; both males and females grow large in inner cells compared to outer ones. 4) X. violacea shows a high energetic conversion value (46%), without sexual differences. 5) Egg developmental time is higly variable, but pupal developmental time varies little. 6) Offsping size and sex ratio per nest are directly related to nest cell numbers (= nest size). 7) The by-cell variation pattern observed for observed-espected sex ratio, PP, cell lenght and in part egg+larva instar duration and total development duration, can be summarized in one pattern with the position III simmetric center position; the following position groups are recognizable: I-II; III; IV-V; VI-VIII; IX-XIV. 8) Pre-imaginal death rate is different in two sex. 9) Results do not confirm the Fisherian theory of sex ratio nor Local Resource Enhancement theory. 10) Larvae can survive until the immaginal instar with about 50% of normal PP mass, creating live dwarves. 11) The prepupa larvae with mass < 0.4 g shows a very high pre-immaginal mortality rate. 12) Larva experimentally provisioned with low PP, exhibits the feeding behaviour for many hour after PP is completely consumed. 13) The production of giant individuals is less efficient than dwarf ones. 14) Larvae experimentally provisioned with ad libitum PP did not consume the entire food reserve. 15) Larval feeding behaviour is unmodified by PP presence/absence, but is controlled by a biological clock. 16) In several cases an instantaneous mechanical reproductive barrier has been obtained because of great difference between giant and dwarf individuals. 17) Dwarf individuals have a modified clypeal shape compared with average size individuals. The following two work-hypotheses are proposed. A) Xylocopini species larger than X. violacea have an "extended" biological clock that increases PP consumption in larvae, resulting in larger individuals; it is possible that during speciation events in Xylocopini in which there is size variation mother and daughter species, the regulation of larval biological clock happens during the speciation event. B) In species with a wide distribution such as X. violacea, dwarf offsprings could be favourable in xerophilic environments results in two possible effects: B1) speciation, if two populations become reproductively isolated; B2) intraspecific increase of variation for size, without reproductive isolation, could be incorrectly interpretated as interspecific variation. Published data on these two effects are discussed.
Indice
Introduzione
Parte I
Metodi (Sito, materiali & periodo dell'anno; Problematica I; Problematica II-III; Parametri per l'allocazione sessuale)
Risultati
Discussione & conclusioni (Allocazione sessuale, sex ratio e mortalità differenziale; Allocazione sessuale: un modello
Parte II
Metodi (Sito e materiali; Alterazione dell'ambito di variazione; Effetti sui caratteri diagnostici)
Risultati (Alterazione dell'ambito di variazione; Effetti sui caratteri diagnostici
Discussione
Considerazioni evolutive e sistematiche
Ringraziamenti
Bibliografia
Appendice
Abstract: Biology of Xylocopa (Xylocopa) violacea (Linnè, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae): interesting observations and records in Emerald Coast and neighbouring areas (Sassari: Sardinia). The foraging behaviour on four flower species is described for Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae) in Emerald Coast (Sassari: Sardinia). Only females forage on Gazania splendens and G. longiscapa (Asteraceae) in August, they collect pollen by "buzzing-pollination". Aptenia cordyfolia (Aizoaceae) is visited mainly by females, but on Polygala vulgaris (Polygalaceae) both sex have been observed. From the specimens sampled it can be pointed out that X. violacea is present in all the Emerald Coast and 10locality records are news.
Abstract: The contribute aims were to know some morphometrical inter- intra-sexual defferences in egg and larva instars in order to obtain informations about linear nest sexual (and intrasexual) allocation.
Abstract: The aim of this contribution was the knowledge of the Xylocopini (Apidae) specimens in the Civic Museum of Bra, Alba, Carmagnola, Stazzano, Don Bosco of Torino, Villa d'Almè and in the C. Cavour Tecnic Institute of Vercelli.
Abstract: The sex ratio of Xylocopa violacea L. was investigated and studied through the analysis of 37 nests, in different years. In total 93 male pupae and 136 female pupae (sex ratio: 0.68 = 1 male per 1.47 females) were obtained. Sex ratio was female biased in 23 nests (62.2%) and male biased in 8 nests (21.6%); in 3 nests sex ratio was 1:1 (8.1%), instead in 2 nests (5.4%) the offspring was totally female and in 1 was male only (2.7%). In 1994 sex ratio was 0.35 (1 male per 2.86 females in 8 nests); in 1995 sex ratio was 0.32 (1 male per 3.13 females in 6 nests); in 1996 sex ratio was 0.84 (1 male per 1.19 females in 10 nests). Data show that in X. violacea sex ratio was always female biased and this is in accordance with Xylocopini sex ratio. Within Xylocopinae, Ceratinini and Allodapini show the most female biased sex ratio. This life history trait is opposite to that known for Bombini and Anthophorini (sex ratio male biased).
Abstract: Xylocopa (Xylocopa) violacea pupal morphology, behavioural activity, transformation and pigmentation were the aims of this contribute. Developmental duration of pupal instar and subinstar were studied particularly.
Abstract: Il presente contributo ha lo scopo di chiarire il modello di allocazione sessuale in Xylocopa violacea in base allo studio delle differenze intra- inter-sessuali. I principali risultati ottenuti sono i seguenti: 1) le femmine sono più grandi dei maschi; 2) le celle che ospitano le femmine sono più grandi di quelle che ospitano i maschi; 3) le celle interne ospitano progenie più grande rispetto alle celle esterne. Tali risultati sono espressione sia dell'allocazione delle femmine nelle celle più interne che del tipo di nido lineare di X. violacea.
Abstract: Foraging biology on Wisteria sinensis (Papilionaceae) by Xylocopa violacea (L., 1758) and X. iris (Christ, 1791) is the main aim of this contribute. W. sinensis shows two blooms: in April (1st) and June (2nd). X. violacea visit period is in agreement with two bloom periods. X. iris (females only) instead has been observed during 2nd bloom only. Perforation of flowers has not been observed. On W. sinensis, X. violacea males, during the 1st bloom, spent 2.547 s/flower on average, and 1.943 s/flower during the 2nd one; females during the 1st bloom, spent 3.961 s/flower on average, and 1.768 s/flower during 2nd one. X. iris during the 2nd bloom spent 1.699 s/flower. Both these differences and those observed for Lamium purpureum (visit months: genuary-march) and those observed for Vicia faba (genuary-april) maybe explained as follows: in post-overwintering phase males and females must recovery energy; during mating period, males must maximize the probability of mating, increasing the flyght activity. Females during mating period must accumulate energy in order to beginning nesting phase. In June the nest must be quickly completed because of exhausting of local pollen-nectar resouces and, moreover, decreasing the probability of nest predation during female absences.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (L., 1758) pre-imaginal mortality (total and per instar), not due to recognizable predation-parasitism factors, was the aim of this contribute (45 nests; 327 cells; 321 eggs). Six cells without egg or egg traces (1.8% of cells), belonging to three different types, have been observed. Mortality per instar was as follow: 24 eggs (7.4% of total eggs) 17 of which were one-day-eggs; 23 larvae (7.2%), 15 at predefecating larvae subinstar (7 deformed), 5 defecating larvae (4 deformed) and 3 prepupae (2 deformed); 5 pupae (1.6%; 1 deformed); 6 at imagine instar (1.9%), all deformed. Total mortality was 18.1% of eggs (19.6% of cells). Total deformed observed were 35, 15 of which survived over the imagine instar (4.7% of eggs; 42.9% of deformed), and 20 (6.2%; 57.1%) not survived. Positions I+II shows a very high mortality, probably because of different sex mortality (males in the former cells, females in distal ones). Results were compared with those obtained by South-African cotribal species.
Abstract: The study aims to contribute to the knowledge of sexual dimorphism in Xylocopa violacea (L.). 16 characters have been used, indicating the following results: A) females are larger than males, for all ontogenetic instar; B) mothers give female progeny a greater mass of pollen paste than they do to male progeny; C) sexual dimorphism is more evident in characters which consider mass than in characters of dimension, and increases as the progeny pass fromm the egg to the larval to the imaginal stages. Differential allocation of pollen paste by mothers to offspring is the main cause of size sexual dimorphism between the sexes.
Abstract: The Xylocopini (Apidae) of the G. Grandi Entomological Institute of Bologna belong to following three species: Xylocopa iris, 14 specimens (5 new faunistic records); X. valga, 13 (males only; 1 new record); X. violacea, 13 (females only).
Abstract: La collezione del Museo Pietro Zangheri per lo Studio Naturalistico della Romagna è così costituita:
Xylocopa (Xylocopa) violacea (Linnè, 1758) â 1M, Emilia Romagna, Forlì (FO), 5 III 1950 (B. Pittioni det.), catturato in volo (n.° catalogo 27926; n.° cattura 51026). - 1M, Balze (FO), 10 VIII 1946 (B. Pittioni det.), in volo (n.° cat. 27927; n.° catt. 48210). - 1F, Forlì (FO), 5 X 1960 (P. Zangheri det.), in volo (n.° cat. 35689; n.° catt. 63252). - 1F, Campigna (FO), 16 VIII 1926 (P. Zangheri det.), in volo (n.° cat. 14943; n.° catt. 29570).
Xylocopa (Xylocopa) valga Gerstaecker, 1872 â 1F, Monte dei Cappuccini Bertinori (FO), 22 V 1913 (P. Zangheri err. det., X. violacea), catturato tra arbusti ed erbe (n.° cat. 11694; n.° catt. 1570.
Poichè Zangheri determinò X. valga come X. violacea, le segnalazioni relative X. violacea rinvenute in catalogo sono inattendibili [Passo del Muraglione (PS: Marche) VIII. - Cantoniera di Carpegna (PS) VI. - Scardavilla (FO) VI. - Ladino (FO) VI].
Abstract: Five species of Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 were recorded for the first time in two countries of Central - East Africa: X. flavicollis in Malawi; X. flavorufa, X. imitator, X. lepeletieri and X. olivacea in Uganda.
Abstract: The revision of a first part of Xylocopini (Apidae) specimens of Verona Civic Museum of Natural History is the aim of this contribute. There are 210 specimens from 4 European nations [France (Corse), Grece, Italy, Turkey] belonging to following species: Xylocopa (Xylocopa) valga (22 specimens), X. (Xylocopa) violacea (172), X. (Copoxyla) iris (16).
Abstract: In this note is reported a Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae) predatory-like behaviours on three species of Apoidea Megachilidae nests in Campania (Southern Italy): Osmia sp.; Megachile sp; Anthidium manicatum (L.).
Abstract: Presence of 41 free amino acid forms (HPLC) and 11 metals and minerals (atomic absorption spettrofotometer) has been analysed in the pollen paste of a Campanian population (Southern Italy) of Xylocopa violacea (L.). The free amino acids in pollen paste are 21, as follows: Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Beta-Ala, Gaba, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, P-Ser, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Val. The free amino acids absent in pollen paste but present in honey are: Cis, Met-Solf., Orn, Trp; the only free amino acid present in the pollen paste but absent in honey is Asn. Also caffeine trace has been found (HPLC). The following metals and minerals have been obtained: Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Pb, Zn; the only element absent has been Sn. The differences with Apis honey are as follows: Sn present in honey only; Al present in pollen paste but absent in honey.
Abstract: A survey on the Xylocopini (Apoidea) housed in the entomological collections of Emilia Romagna is the aim of this contribution. The exanimed Xylocopini specimens are contained in the following collections: Civic Museums of Natural History of Ferrara and Faenza (RA); Natural History Museum of Romagna, Cesena; Museum of Nature of Frigiano, Paullo (RE); Ecology and Natural History Museum, Marano sul Panaro (MO); personal collections of Adriano Lorenzo Cazzuoli, Mirandola (MO), Giorgio Pezzi, Bagnacavallo (RA), Rinaldo Nicoli-Aldini, Piacenza. In these collections 14 Xylocopini species belonging to 8 subgenera have been identified with the following zoogeographical repartition: Paleartic (Xylocopa iris, X. valga, X. violacea); Neartic (X. tabaniformis, X. micans, X. virginica); Neotropical (Xylocopa sp.); Afrotropical (= Etiopic) (X. albiceps, X. caffra, X. inconstans, X. lateritia, X. lepeletieri, X. modesta, X. senior).
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini specimens of the Paolo Luigioni collection was the aim of this contribute. In the P. Luigioni collection there are 17 specimens (14 from Lazio; 3 from Abruzzo), as follows: Xylocopa violacea 15, X. iris 2.
Abstract: Self-grooming ethology can lasted few tens seconds or 6-7 minutes. Two sel-grooming type can be recognized in X. violacea. A) - self-grooming not interrupting, exhibited by nesting females only, is the manipulation of pollen sampled and the preparation for a next trip; this self-grooming type do not interrupt an activity but it is a foundamental part. Hindlegs (basitarsi+tibiae) are the most important body part for pollen transport. Hindleg inner-sides are groomed by counterlateral hindtarsi; hindleg outer-sides and metasoma are groomed with midlegs. After pollen manipulation, founder female go to the center of cane internode and groomed self body. B) - self-grooming interrupting, in which the previous activity is ever interrupted and the grooming do not is a foundamental part; (B) happens ever on the perch. Forelegs scraping the head (basitarsi+tibiae). Antennae and galeae are groomed by basitarsi-tibial zone. Foretarsi are groomed by reciprocal robbing. Thoracic region of mesosoma and wing bases are groomed by midlegs (basitarsi+tibiae). Forewings are groomed, unilaterally, by synchronous activity of omolateral hindleg and lateral-side of metasoma; two (three?) forewing grooming type can be recognized. Metasoma are groomed by hindlegs. The ventral zone of mesosoma-metasoma articulation and the fore-central zone of metasomal ventre are groomed with the midlegs; in this behaviour the carpenter bee is hanging from a leaf. The fore-central zone of matasomal notum and the propodeum notum, do not are groomed. The observed pattern is in according with Apoidea licterature data; grooming activity are homologous to pollen manipulation behaviours. The hilltopping ia a characteristic present also in the grooming-perch-choice.
Abstract: External larval morphology, larva-pupa trasformation and larval subinstar duration in Xylocopa violacea were the aims of this contribute. The larval body is as follows: small head+14 segments of wich only 10 with stigmata (diameter: 0.2-0.3 mm). At hatching the larval head is 1.5x1.5 mm, and in LPP is 2.8x2.6; mandibles are 0.8 mm lenght. The pollen paste consumption is the main larval activity. The larval body during larva-pupa transformation is divided in 2 regions: anterior one (head+mesosoma of pupa) and posterior one (metasoma of pupa). Eggs+larva (E+L) lasts 20.13 days (53.28% of total development); in females E+L last 1.68 days more than in males. Larval instar = 13.69 days (38.03% total development); there is not sex differences in this case; the most important larval subinstar is defecating larva (9.02 days). It is probable that sexual allocation and development times are strongly related. A comparative analysis with other studied Xylocopini species shows a strong convergence of results for percentage developmental time of instars and subinstars considered.
Abstract: The natural history of the development of a Xylopoca violacea (L., 1758) nest is here reported for the first time. No papers have been published on this subject matter. Our observations showed that founder females do not die when nest building is over, but they keep watch over the nest for at least seven days. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that a high percentage of founder females are still alive when their brood emerge from the nest. In the only nest studied, a clear mother-brood interaction, which can be recognized as trophallaxis, was observed. This single observation, however, does not allow us either to consider this case as an aberration, or to draw general conclusions. Therefore, only further investigations will be able to elucidate to what extent trophallaxis is widespread in X.violacea and the possible mother-brood interactions.
Abstract: 204 references, classified in topics, on the biology of italian species of Xylocopini tribe, Xylocopa (Xylocopa) violacea (L., 1758); Xylocopa (Xylocopa) valga Gerstaecker, 1872; Xylocopa (Copoxyla) iris (Christ, 1791), collected from 11 data base, have been reported.
Abstract: The morphological description of metasomal apex of Xylocopa violacea (L.) pupae is the aim of this contribute. The metasomal apex is a membranaceous rectangle (4.333x2.118 mm), is white-color during all pupal instar, and it is lost during pupa-imagine transformations. On the ventral side of metasomal apex there are the sexual structures, stipae and sagittae, in males, and the poison apparatus structures in females. Metasomal apex of females is bigger than males one. On the posterior margin of metasomal apex there is a spine-like structure of 0.824 mm (= telson). The metasomal apex characters are dimorphic between two sex. A qualitative comparative analyses is carried out with these species, as follows: Lestis bombylans (Fabricius), X. californica arizonensis Cresson, X. imitator Smith, X. iris (Christ), X. nigrita (Fabricius), X. scioensis flavobicincta Gribodo, X. valga Gerstaecker.
Abstract: The list of Xylocopini tribe specimens (Apidae) contained in the Sardinian (Italy) collections is the aim of this contribute. There are 123 specimens distributed in 5 collections: 97 specimens in the Entomology institute of Agronomy Faculty of Sassari, 18 in the private collection of Carlo Meloni (Cagliari), 5 in the private collection of Francesco Rattu (Cagliari), 2 in the Zoology Institute of Cagliari University, 1 in the private collection of Sechi (Cagliari). The following three species have been recognized: Xylocopa violacea (L.), X. iris (Christ), X. combusta Smith; 42 new faunistic records are reported for Sardinia and one for Toscan Islands.
Abstract: The dimensional and qualitative characteristics of paedotrophic cell diaphragms and their construction by Xylocopa violacea are the aims of this contribute; moreover a review of data about this nesting activity has given for other Xylocopinae species. X. violacea build the diaphragms with spiral movements of metasomal apex and hindlegs, mixing shavings with saliva. Two diaphragm types has been recognized: end-nest diaphragm (1 per nest); separatory diaphragms of paedotrophic cells (1 per cell). Separatory diaphragms consisted of a thick corona (4.733 mm) and a thin spiral central portion (1.985 mm). The inside wall was always rough and flat, whereas the side facing the entrance was always smooth and concave; its weight was 0.1-0.3 g. The orientation of diaphragm spiral (2-4 per diafragms) was clockwise direction in 111 cases (44.7%), and anticlockwise direction in 83 cases (33.5%); in 54 cases (21.8%) the spiral direction was not recognizable. In the end-nest diaphragm was not recognizable the spiral direction and the distinction between corona and central portion was rarely recognized; its mean thickness was 9.45 mm. The female obtained the shavings by scraping the inner surface of the nest with her jaws. The thread-like shavings are stored under the head of the female and then brought close to the pollen paste; here the female build the corona and then the spiral central portion by spiral movements. Scraping is not continuous. Comparative and cladistic data shows that the ancestral structure of diaphragm is that of Xylocopini (uniconcave); Manuelini and Ceratinini shows some derived characters: biconcave diafragms, secondary diafragm destructions, pregressive feeding and communal rearing of larvae-pupae; all Allodapini species do not build diaphragm. A new diaphragm types is showed by Xylocopini subgenera Stenoxylocopa (Neotropical) and Biluna (Oriental).
Abstract: The Xylocopini present in the entomological collections of the Museum of Natural History of Morbegno are listed: 8 specimens belong to Xylocopa valga, and 3 to X. violacea. Both species are recorded for the first time for the province of Sondrio
Abstract: The ethological patterns involved in male-male interactions, interspecific interactions and wrong attempts at mating in males of Xylocopa violacea are described. Male-male interactions are involved (except wrong attempts to mating) in the sexual recognition. In wrong attemps at homosexual mating (14 cases; 6.7% of all catches performed by males) a patroller male catches a second male and the homosexual couple alighted on a perch; the patrolling males attempts copulation rubbing his hind legs against the metasomal sides, and his foretarsi against the head apex of caught male, buzzing continuously; moreover the catcher male try to bring into contact the two metasomal apex. Homosexual attempts at mating are explained by following hypotheses: a) changed secretion in the male intercepted; b) gynandromorphic individuals; c) alteration in the development of the behaviour of the male intercepted; d) traumatic insemination of the male intercepted; e) alteration in the sensorial systems of catcher male. The interferences by a male in a couple flight (7.6% of all catches performed by males) is explained in function of the sperm competition within females involved in a polygamous mating system.
Abstract: The Xylocopa violacea mating system was studied; in particular, the various female-searching tactics used by males and male mating choice. Males differ from females both in their smaller size and in the color and number of the antennal flagella segments. They have the same searching-female behaviour shown by other Xylocopa species: that is random patrolling in flight and two types of territoriality. Interception of females occurs in the air; they appear to be identified first visually and then chemically. The mating period lasts from February until the end of April, but search for females starts in January and finishes in May-June. Females feed on cultivated species of Prunus, Wisteria sinensis, Vicia faba and Coronilla emerus. X. violacea male shows a behaviour like a mating choice. Random patrolling flight is the most female searching tactic by males. Local ecology and physiological constraints are invoked to explain the prevalence of this tactic on territoriality, the most widely distributed one in the Xylocopa species.
Abstract: Copulation in Xylocopa violacea is described, followed by a review of copulatory ethology of Xylocopini species. A total of 659 male-female interactions in X. violacea were observed, of which 147 resulted in matings. The catching of females takes place in the air; they are located by sight and perhaps, at close quarters, also chemically. Copulation happens on a perch and lasts 19 s. During copulation the male stimulates the females tactically (antennae) and acoustically (wings). Matings mostly occur in March (83.3%) and between 11.01-13.00 h (70.1%), at an average temperature of 17.44-17.62 °C. Females often (68.7%) reject males. Comparison of the copulatory behaviour among Xylocopini species reveal the following shared characteristics: female and (rare) male precopulatory choice (on unknown bases); cryptic female choice; copulatory male courtship; sperm competition.
Abstract: The Xylocopini specimens conserved in the Provincial Museum of Natural History of Livorno are the aim of this contribute. It has been also carried out a complete bibliographical review of Tuscany faunistic records of Xylocopini. Xylocopa valga is recorded for the first time in Tuscany.
Abstract: The specimens of Xylocopini contained in the collection of Institute of Entomology of Milan are 27, belonging to 3 subgenera of Xylocopa: Afroxylocopa, Koptortosoma, Xylocopa. From bibliography it can conclude that the faunistic records reported for X. violacea and X. valga are new, except those from Milan and Elba Island.
Abstract: The specimens of Xylocopini tribe (Apidae) contained in the collection of Entomological Institute of Bari University are 54 as follows: 41 specimens belonging to Xylocopa violacea, 9 ones to X. iris, 3 ones to X. valga and 1 belonging to X. aestuans. For X. violacea the following faunistic records for Apulia are new: Bari, Altamura (BA), Bitetto (BA), Bosco di Acquatetta of Minervino Murge (BA), Mola di Bari (BA), Rutigliano (BA), Ostuni (BR), Otranto (LE), S. Domino, Tremiti Islands (FG), Carpino (FG), Lecce, Castellaneta (TA); for X. iris instead are, Bosco di Acquatetta of Minervino Murge (BA) only. There is none faunistic record for X. valga in Apulia.
Abstract: The aim of this contribution was to study the foraging behaviour and pollination biology of Xylocopa violacea on some flowers in the Royal Botanical Garden of Naples.
Abstract: Nell'Agro-Nocerino-Sarnese, tre sono i fenotipi aberranti degli adulti di Xylocopa violacea (L., 1758) osservati in 11 anni di studi (1986-1996): individui nani; individui con i peli del noto mesosomale rameici; asse metasomale maggiore (peduncolo-ano) deviato al lato.
Gli individui osservati coi peli rameici sono due e sono stati osservati uno nel 1989 e l'altro nel 1996, ambedue maschi. Tutti i peli del mesosoma erano di colore rosso rame. Ad un'indagine ravvicinata, non aveva ne polline rosso sul mesosoma ne altre aberrazioni cromatiche o morfologiche; anche la sua etologia era esente da aberrazioni o comportamenti inusuali.
Sono stati osservati invece ben 6 individui presentanti il metasoma deviato al lato: 4 maschi e due femmine. Il metasoma non è allineato con l'asse maggiore del corpo dell'ape carpentiera, ma forma un angolo di 40-50° circa, risultandone spostato visibilmente di lato. Sia in volo che a terra o su un substrato il metasoma di questi 6 individui era sempre deviato di lato. Questa anomalia posturale non sembrava però impedire il volo dell'individuo; però questi 6 individui presentavano tutti l'ala posteriore, controlaterale alla deviazione dell'addome, completamente atrofica; essa infatti era ridotta ad un moncherino di circa 10 mm di lunghezza e 1 mm di spessore. Per questo motivo gli individui con metasoma deviati a destra avevano l'ala posteriore sinistra atrofica e viceversa. L'assenza di una delle ali posteriori determina una maggiore lentezza nel volo rispetto agli altri individui, ed una lieve difficoltà negli atterraggi. Evidentemente la deviazione del metasoma determinava un miglioramento dell'equilibrio aereo, inficiato dall'anomalia all'ala posteriore controlaterale, dovuta certamente ad errori ontogenetici, in quanto in nessun tipo di interazione eggressiva, le ali vengono ridotte in quel modo.
Abstract: Competition for nesting in cane was studied among Xylocopa violacea, Forficula auricularia, Megachile sp., Osmia sp. Also the intraspecific parasitism between X. violacea females, X. violacea nest predation by Podarcis sicula and Cremastogaster scutellaris and Sennertia cerambycina parasitism was studied. X. violacea females, in nesting activities or not, are an occasional predator of Osmia sp. The intraspecific parassitism pressure is the principal cause of pre-imaginal mortality (6 nests; 7.7% of total nests; 0.6 nests per year) and 37 parasitized cells (6.2% of total cells; 3.7 cells per year; 0.47 per nest). The nests predated by P. sicula was 4 (26 cells). The nests predated by C. scutellaris were 2 (20 cells). The nests infested by S. cerambycina were 4 (18 cells). Nests in cane are most exposed to intraspecific parasitism; nests in poles are most exposed to predation. Total pre-imaginal mortality was 16.7%. Nest crowding was the mainly cause in intraspecific parasitism. Females differences was observed in the exhibition of entrance behaviour in unguarded nests. A review of intraspecific parasitism and predation pressure is reported for Xylocopini tribe.
Abstract: A new technique to study the nests in cane in Xylocopini species is the aim of this contribute. Nest monitoring is carry out by introducing a stick inside nest, marking with a mark-sign on the point were the stick coincide with nest entrance. If the stick lenght is less than internode lenght, the first cell has been builded, achieving its date and position inside nest. Temporal mapping of all eggs and number and spatial mapping of cells inside nest can be easily achieved with this technique. Moreover, the daily monitoring technique characteristics are compared and discussed with soft-X-ray technique.
Abstract: The aim of this contribute are: recording of Sennertia cerambycina (Acari) in Campania, hypopi-X. violacea interactions and some life cycle traits of this mite. Hypopi (deuthoninphs with dorsal shield and catching organs) live on Xylocopa violacea adults (phoretic interaction), mainly on mesosomal metanotum and epinotum and on the first metasomal segment; all these points are not groomed by carpenter bee. The percentage of female infested is 74.1%; infestation in females do not decrease mating and nesting performances. Four nests in canes (5.1% of total nests; 0.4 nest/year) was infested, (18 cells; 3.0%; 0.23 per nest; 1.8 per year). The mortality due to S. cerambycina is very low. Adults within the 4 X. violacea nests caused the death of eggs and larvae infested; adults feeds on pollen and pollen paste stored by X. violacea female; for these reasons S. cerambycina adults must be considered a parasites-commensales. Also for hypopi-X. violacea adult interactions, there are damages for the host, but only in the case of physio-energetical deficit of the host. The transmission of mites happens with the following modality: a) during copula; b) during flower visits; c) during recovery in winter or temporary shelters; d) inside nest heredity.
Abstract: The present paper aims to find an explanation for the presence of exceptionally long and branched nests in the Xylocopini species. Two giant nests of Xylocopa violacea (L., 1758), excavated in a Prunus persica trunk, were found in 1994: M94/1 and M94/2. The former was formed by seven tunnels, four of which were ascending and 111 mm in average length, and 3 were descending and 108 mm in average length; the total length of the nest was 795 mm. M94/2 showed 9 tunnels, 7 of them were ascending and 98 mm in average length, and 2 were descending and 66 mm in average length; the total length of the nest was 856 mm. Nests of similar or slightly larger sizes have been reported for X. frontalis (social and multivoltine), X. hirsutissima (social and multivoltine), X. subvirescens and Lestis bombylans (communal nesting and multivoltine). Giant nests are common in both social and multivoltine species, since the founder female is helped by the daughters of the 1st generation in the construction of the cells of the 2nd generation, nest lengthening, and even oviposition. Moreover, the nest can be reused for several years and therefore subjected to further lengthening. The explanation for these two giant nests is not simple for the following reasons: 1) X. violacea is considered by all the authors as univoltine and solitary without any mother-daughters interaction; 2) the M94 nests were excavated in 1994, and therefore cannot be the result of lengthening due to its reuse; 3) the M94 nests had an entrance each, and therefore cannot be the fortuitous, or otherwise, result of the mergence of two or more nests. Therefore, five hypotheses are here formulated, based on my 10-year observations and literature data on this and other co-generic species. The main conclusion is that it is necessary to reconsider the whole life cycle of X. violacea, by carrying out further investigations on the life of the founder female after the nest has been completed, as well as on the fecundity of the Xylocopini species from the evolutionary standpoint.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea egg is a big sack dull, bent and layed on pollen paste, with the posterior end puffed up. Egg lenght is 11.29 mm. Its size is intermediate between other Xylocopini species. Egg total duration is 4.5 days (13% of ovodeposition-immagine emersion duration). Male eggs are more short and more tick than female eggs, and their duration is less than female eggs. It do not is possible to discriminate, between eggs that surviving and eggs not surviving. From most prossimal cell at the nest entrance to most distal one, the egg duration, increase of 1.5 days (5% of ovodeposition-immagine emersion duration). The E.L./T.D. ratios is the lowerest among Xylocopini tribe. E.L./T.W. > 1 is found only among Halictinae, Ceratinini, Allodapini, and Xylocopini. E.L./I.L. ratio is intermediate between Ceratinini max value and Xylocopini min value. Two new ratios are proposed. These results reput in evidence that the giant eggs are a Xylocopinae characteristic (it due to simplesiomorphism and/or life history similarity). A critic discussion on ratios used in licterature and egg duration without temperature parameter, are provided.
Abstract: X. violacea was observed for 1200 h in 9 years in Southern Italy. Experiment was carried out in order to study the nest defence ethology. The females used for the experiments were the following: 60 females with nest (F); 30 females without nest (*F); 45 18h-imagine-females. The nest defence was exhibited versus following causes: conspecifics, insect intruders, man. Man evoke a particular and unique defence behaviour. The presence of experimenter do not influence the intimidatory buzzing. (F) and (*F) exhibited a buzzing behaviour with a frequency very similar. Repeated tasks do not decrease the buzzing behaviour. Temperature is not important in buzzing exhibition but influences the intensity and the behaviour duration; a exhibited cloudy phase appear more important to decrease buzzing behaviour. Buzzing is innate. Intimidatory buzzing was also observed in: X. fenestrata, combusta, flavorufa, imitator, torrida, pubescens, sulcatipes and in Lestis bombylans e L. aeratus. In X. violacea was not observed the rectal ejection of yellow liquid, observed in: X. combusta, fenestrata, flavorufa, imitator, torrida, ciliata, virginica, Lestis bombylans. The metasomal notum occlusion of nest entrance was frequently observed and also reported in: X. appendiculata, augusti, auripennis, ciliata, tranquebarorum, virginica, combusta, flavorufa, imitator, torrida, pubescens, sulcatipes, Lestis bombylans, L. aeratus. Results shows that acoustic stimuli are very important. Buzzing behaviours are used in intraspecific and interspecific (other insect orders) interactions; for this reason the acoustie sense appear very important in aggressive interactions. Nest-defence behaviour can be considered as a part of the shelter-defence strategy. Two new behaviours are described.
Abstract: Monosaccandes carbohydrate conposition of Xylocopa violacea pollen paste (glucose and fructose: column chromatography) is the aime of this contribute. Glucose content is 17.56%; fructose content is 25.95%. These values are less than those reported in licterature for X. violacea and X. capitata.
Abstract: Nest-building behavior was studied in Xylocopa violacea. In particular, that exhibited in the construction of each cell was followed, from the formation of the pollen paste to the construction of the diaphragm. Seven inside characteristics of 28 nests excavated in dried Arundo donax canes were determined. The cell length ranged from 14 to 20 mm. The diaphragms separating the cells were 2 mm thick in the middle, and 4-5 mm at the edge. In 37 additional nests, only data on some characteristics were taken: a) color of the pollen paste; b) cane internode used for nesting; the most used cane internode was the first. X. violacea is univoltine and solitary, and as in all the other Xylocopa species female average fecundity is very low (7.43 eggs per nest), despite the considerable maternal investment. Univoltine Xylocopa species are less fertile than multivoltine Xylocopa species because of the supplementary generation per year (1-3)
Abstract: The pre-mating Xylocopa violacea female sexual ethology is described and discuted based on 659 male female interactions and 453 female refusals. Females shows the following behaviour in order to make a mating choice of male partners (cases numbers and the percentage on total refusal): threatening buzzing on the flower (39; 8.6%); rounds whitout aerial attacking (78; 17.2%); rounds with aerial attacking (59; 13.0%); rounds with or whitout aerial attacking with ascending flight (36; 7.9%); female escape (134; 29.6%); catch without copulation and without landing (33; 7.3%); catch without copulation and with landing (5; 1.1%); consecutive catching and uncatching (2; 0.4%); catching and fall of the couple (21; 4.6%); threatening buzzing and/or attacking from inside cane (41; 9.0%); woodpecker-like Behaviour (5; 1.1%). With these behaviours a female refuse 69% of male approach, but the trait involved in this choice are unknown.
Abstract: The quantitative pattern of free amino acids in Xylocopa violacea pollen paste is the aime of this contribute. The free amino acids in pollen paste are 21 out of 41 searched (1.36% of total mass). Two foundamental amin acids are absents: CYS, TRP. The principal amino acids are the following: PRO (50%), ASN (18%), GABA e ALA (5%), SER (3%). Moreover, the amino acids presents in negligible quantity (< 3%) are the following: BETA-ALA, ILE, TYR, MET, ARG, PHE, GLY, LEU, P-SER, VAL, GLN, ASP, HIS, GLU, LYS, THR. In Apis mellifera the most present free amino acids in honey are: PRO, PHE, GLU, SER, LYS, ASP; the amino acids absent in pollen paste but present in honey are: CIS, MET-SOLF., ORN, TRP; the only amino acid present in the pollen paste but absent in honey is ASN. For these reasons the pattern of free amino acids is different between pollen pasta and honey.
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apidae: Xylocopinae) specimens of the Giuseppe Lepri collection was the aim of this contribute. In the G. Lepri collection there are 43 specimens (all sampled in Lazio) as follows: Xylocopa violacea 22 (new records: Acquatraversa, Farnesina); X. iris 19 (new records: Pantano, Tolfa, Cessati Spiriti di Roma, Maccarese); X. valga 2.
Abstract: Nel corso di oltre un decennio (oltre 1300 ore di osservazioni) di studi mi è capitato di osservare solo in 4 casi un particolarissimo comportamento di pulizia in Xylocopa violacea; lo stesso comportamento non l'avevo mai osservato in Bombus terrestris, nonostante la sua massiccia presenza nell'area di studio (secondo come densità solo ad Apis mellifera). Nel 1996/II/17, nel corso di uno studio sul foraggiamento di varie colture agrarie da parte di queste due specie, osservo lo stesso comportamento in una grossa femmina di B. terrestris; le modalità ed i tratti salienti di tale attività di grooming vengono quì di seguito riportate.
Questo comportamento è stato esibito alla fine di un lungo processo di pulizia generale di tutto il corpo, si è verificato su una foglia di Vicia faba, ed è durato più di 3 minuti. L'individuo dopo aver pulito tutto il corpo, si appende con le zampe anteriori alla foglia e rimane sospeso con il resto del corpo. A questo punto solleva il metasoma, avvicinandone il ventre verso il ventre del torace; con le zampe mediane (tarsi e tibie) inizia a pulire il centro del ventre metasomale, nonchè la regione ventrale articolare mesosoma-metasoma. Tale operazione si ripete per 4 volte. In questo modo è stata pulita la parte ventrale della zona articolare mesosoma-metasoma nonchè la parte antero-centrale del ventre metasomale.
Abstract: A list of italian Xylocopa violacea macro-predators-parasites is reported; moreover a new X. violacea nest-predator is reported: Pheidole pallidula (Nylander, 1848) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
Abstract: The identification of foraging flowers of Xylocopa violacea adult male is the aim of this contribute; 29 species have been identified. The fovourite male flowers are very conditioned by females: Vicia faba, Prunus sp., Wisteria sinensis. Only Ocymum basilicum is not-female-dependent. Leguminosae and Rosaceae are the two principal families. The flower color usually is white or pink or yellow. Only males forages on Crassula arborescens because of bloom period, rarity and very scattered plant distribution in this area; moreover, the female favourite flowers are numerous in February. The following conclusion can be drawn, from a comparative analysis of this and other two similar study: a) X. violacea feeding biology is very plastic; b) X. violacea can be usefull in order to enhance the agronomic culture pollination ; c) the total specie numbers (96) is greatly incomplete; d) Leguminosae are the most important family for feeding in X. violacea and Xylocopa genus; e) withe is the favourite flower color.
Abstract: Xylocopa (Copoxyla) iris (Christ, 1791) è una delle tre specie di Xylocopini presenti sul nostro territorio nazionale (Pagliano, 1994). Nel corso di 10 anni di studi sul campo (1986-1995) sulla biologia di X. violacea non ho mai osservato X. iris nell'Agro-Nocerino-Sarnese. I riferimenti bibliografici riguardanti le segnalazioni di X. iris in Campania sono inoltre molto esigui: Battipaglia e Portici (Priore, 1989); Marina di Camerota (Pagliano & Nobile, 1993).
Nel 2 aprile 1995 invece un avvistamento di tale specie è stato effettuato in una campagna di Nocera Superiore (SA); in quell'occasione è stata vista foraggiare su un gruppo di 6 piantine di Lamium purpureum (Lamiaceae), specie nuova per l'alimentazione dell'adulto di X. iris. Successivamente, nell'aprile del 1996, è stata per la prima volta osservata X. iris foraggiare su Vicia faba (Papilionaceae) in una campagna di Nocera Inferiore, in un sito distante solo 900 m dal sito del 1995. Ancora poi nell'aprile del 1996, su tre diverse piante in fiore di Wisteria sinensis (Papilionaceae), dislocate in vari punti all'interno di Nocera Inferiore, sono stati visti foraggiare tre diversi esemplari di X. iris.
In base a tali osservazioni, quindi si può concludere che X. iris è presente anche nell'Agro-Nocerino-Sarnese in Campania, e che inoltre L. purpureum, V. faba e W. sinensis (non menzionate prima d'ora in letteratura) fanno parte delle specie visitate da questa piccole specie di ape carpentiera.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea quantitative antennal grooming in Campania (Southern Italy) is the aim of this contribute. Two grooming behaviours have been observed: by foreleg antenna-cleaner organs; by basitarsi hairs. Mean numbers of times of antennal grooming for the populations is 3.9. Females show a mean (4.29) larger than males (3.193). No nesting females show a mean of antennal grooming of 2.8 while nesting females mean is 4.9. Lateral contemporaneousnes in antennal grooming happens in 26% of all antennal grooming acts (35% in males; 21% in females). Strong individual differences have been observed. Life cycle phases and level of antennal cleanliness affected the numbers of times of antennal grooming. An extension of grooming ethology data and a revision of quantitative grooming study in other species are necessary as these results shows.
Abstract: Habits exibited by Xylocopa violacea in the choice of the nesting substrate have been studied. For this purpose, more than 250 observations on females was performed during the springs-summer from 1986 to 1996. The antennae are very important for search and choice of suitable nesting substrates. It is the first time that this behavior has been described and estimated in a Xylocopini species. Females are particularly attracted by hollowed substrates. Almost all the explorations last less than 1.5 hours. Antennae appear to be involved in the search and choice of substrates for nesting. There is a competition for canes, as a nesting substrate, with Forficula auricularia.
Abstract: Detailed etological study of pollen paste (PP) preparation and biochemical analyses in Xylocopa violacea, are the aims of this contribute. Pollen and nectar are collected on Papaver rhoeas, P. hybridum, Actinidia sinensis, Calystegia sepium, Althaea rosea, Antirrhinum majus, Convolvulus arvensis, Jasmineae officinalis, Spartium junceum. From Phaseolus vulgaris and Poinciana gillesii only nectar is collected. Hindlegs (tibiae+femora) are the fondamental body part in pollen transport. In PP preparation, nectar dehydrated and pollen are mixed. During PP preparation, pollen undergo a first processing without allocation (not mature PP) and then to second double processing with double allocation (mature PP). During PP processing-maturation, antennae are frenetically mouved, to assay the state of PP maturation. The free amino acids total quantity is 1.36% of PP; more than 50% of them is PRO. Glucose+fructose is 43.5% of PP. Proteins are about 15%. Lipids are a negligible quantity. A complete provision of PP has an average mass of 1276 mg with an energetic content of 21 Kj/(g dry mass). Review and comparative analyses of the biochemical data on Xylocopini specie PP is presented and also compared with data on Apis honey.
Abstract: Forty-two species and varieties of flowers on which X. violacea usually forage were identified. The nectar and pollen of 10 of them are used for pollen past preparation (larval food). In February females come out of their winter shelters between 10:30 and 13:30 at T > 13°C; in March, instead, between 9:00 and 14:00, at T > 17°C. In April-July they emerge from the nests even before 8:00 and go back into the nests even one hour after sunset. In August-October they seldom come out, and in November-January they almost never leave their shelters. The most important flower species for X. violacea life cicle are: Lamium purpureum (pre-mating period); Vicia faba (mating period); Actinidia sinensis and Papaver rhoeas (nesting period); Ocimum basilicum (post-nesting period). Literature data shows that the Leguminosae are the most important family for the Xylocopa genus. Pollination of the "usual flowers" is performed by the ventral region of the carpenter bee. The colors of the "usual flowers" are in decreasing order of frequency, white, pink and yellow. The foraging biology of X. violacea appears remarkably plastic.
Abstract: Fifty-nine nests of Xylocopa violacea in dried canes and 11 in poles were analysed. Two branched nests in a dry and rotten trunk were also examined. Poles and canes were artificial substrata, as they were used as supports for fruit and vegetable farming. The poles were derived from Castanea sativa and, to a lesser extent, from Ficus carica, the canes from Arundo donax. Eight parameters related to the morphology and position of the canes, and 13 related to nests completed and abandoned in poles were considered. Furthermore, the digging behavior was followed up in 10 nests. In poles and branches, nest entrance was mainly in the N-S direction; the most frequent diameter was 11 mm; 52/61 (85.2%) entrances found were situated at a height exceeding 41% of the total length of the poles or branches. The canes used by females for nesting were at a minimum distance of 860 mm from the ground; the entrance was 9-14.5 mm in diameter. Nests in canes generally occupied the first internode. Damaged canes and poles or those at ground level were systematically avoided for nesting. These peculiarities can be considered as antipredatory measures against Cremastogaster scutellaris, Podarcis sicula and other females of X. violacea.
Abstract: The Xylocopa violacea foraging ethology on Lamium purpureum is the aim of this contribution. L. purpureum is the main flower for foraging in Jenuary-February. Two foraging tactics have been recognized: nectar robbery (R); from corolla (C). These tactics are irreversible for males and reversible for females. R-tactic do not cause pollination and damage to the flower. The inter-ocular hairy area is the pollen transporter. The foraging period is Jenuary-February for males and February-March for females. Foraging is higly progressive. The population efficiency is 10.5 flowers/min; males and R-individuals are more efficient than females and C-individuals. Efficiency is higher in February than in Gennuary, for males, owing to the rise in temperature, and higher in February than in March, for females, owing to the sexual harassement in March (main month for sexual interactions). Considerable individual differences in efficiency has been observed (5.00-37.17 flowers/min for males; 2.39-18.00 for females). The mean time spent on a flower was 3.09 s; 3.29 s with R-tactic, and 3.03 s with C-tactic; males spent 3.48 s on a flower; females spent 2.65 s. Females spent more timt in flight than males; the modal value for males is 3 s (40.2%) on a flower, 2 s (52.2%) for females. Males forage at T > 8°C, females at T > 11°C. The R-tactic is so widespread in the Xylocopini probably because R individuals are more efficient (work hypothesis). Other visitors to Lamium purpureum are: Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris (Apidae), Macroglossum stellatarum (Lepidoptera).
Abstract: This paper reports the natural history of a Xylopaca violacea nest constructed in a cane that was already occupied by a nest of Osmia sp. After three days of activity, the megachylid had already built two small cells in this cane. On the third day a X.violacea female entered the nest driving away the other female, which was still in. Unlike what usually happens during X.violacea- Osmia sp. interactions, the cells of the megachylid were not destroyed. The female of X.violacea built 7 additional cells, thus forming a composite nest. Literature data frequently report cases of several Xylopoca females nesting in the same substrate, as well as accidental merging of galleries; however, such a case as that described in this paper has never been reported. Moreover, intra- and inter-specific parasitism on nests is a widespread phenomenon in the genus Xylocopa and involves a low energetic cost. Considering that the internal and external characteristics of the nest and the ontogeny of tha larvae and the pupae are not different from those usually described, this phenomenon may be explained by two hypotheses which are not mutually exclusive: a) the X.violacea female observed had an imperfect chemosensorial system, and therefore was not able to perceive the presence of the Osmia sp. nest though coming into close contact with it. b) Though X.violacea perceived the presence of the nest, it was not endowed with a nest destruction and plundering behaviour due to ontogenetic and/or genetic errors
Abstract: Xylopoca violacea can fly at a temperature of 10°C. In this period, it mostly forages on Lamium purpureum. Out of the 33 overwintering individuals observed, three couples overwintered at the same site, and two of them were formed by a brother and a sister. The individuals present in this area every year after the nesting period was 28-48; however, the overwintering individuals were averagely 3.66 a year. Canes were much more frequently used as overwintering sites than poles. The individuals overwintering in their own nests in the same year were 12 out of 33, whereas those using a different site were 21. The direction of entrance to the nest was either north or south. The cane, instead, was directed perpendicularly to south. The percentage of canes containing a nest in the same year as that during which the canes were used as overwintering sites varied greatly between years; the total percentage of canes used for nesting over nine years was 13.1, which was always the same as the total percentage of nests used as wintering sites (15.2%). The percentage of nests in poles used as overwintering sites was 23.1. The sex ratio was 17 M to16 F. The males overwintering in their own nests were 6, i.e. as many as the females. Three individuals were found to overwinter together with colonies of Forficula auricularia. By night, hibernating individuals were often found with their metasome directed towards the cane entrance. In winter, by day, the number of individuals with their head directed towards the entrance increased remarkably. Low temperature and clouding favoured the âmetasome-towards-entranceâposition. All the species from the genus Xylopoca overwinter in their own nests or in abandoned nests. X.violacea individuals seem to preferably overwinter in sites other than their own nests.
Abstract: An attack of Oulema melanopus (Col.: Chrysomelidae), Dolerus gonager (Hym..: Tenthredinidae), Haplothrips tritici (This.: Phloeothripidae) was reported from Benevento provincie on Triticum.
Abstract: The main Aphididae species (Homoptera) of Cichorium intybus were described: Acyrthosiphon lactucae(Passerini), Aphis intybi Koch., Hyperomyzus lactucae(L.), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley). An attack of A. intybiand H. lactucaeon C. intybus in Benevento provincie was also reported.
Abstract: The main aim of this contribute was to review the biological activity of phyto-extracts of Artemisia against Viruses, Bacteria, Micota, Protista, helmints (Platyzoa and Nematoda) and Diptera (Culicidae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Muscidae). The main phyto-extracts recognized are as follows: aesculetine, arcapilline, artemisinine, artesunate, beta-arteannuine, beta-sitosterol, dehidro-artemisinine, deoxy-artemisinine, isorhamnetine, stigmasterol (antiviral); artemisinine, artesunate (cito-toxics and anti-helmintic); cineol (antimammal); alfa-terpinene, alfa-tujone and beta-tujone, beta-isobornil-acetate, beta-pinene, bornil-acetate, camphor, capillin, cineol, iso-borneol and borneol, limonene, linalol, mircene, nonanone-3, terpinene-4-ol (anti-Diptera).
Abstract: The main Aphididae species (Homoptera) of Triticum in Southern Italy are as follows: Diuraphis noxia (Mord.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Metopolophium festucae (Theob.), Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walk.), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosiphum padi L., Schizaphis graminum(Rond.), Sitobion avenae (Fab.). A didactic key was also due for the main Aphididae species.
Abstract: The main pest-species of Myrtus, Asparagus, Aralia and Aspidistra cultivation in Campania and Apulia recorded in 2005 and 2006 was the aim of this preliminary work. Results are as follows: Myrtus: Lichtensia; Asparagus: Tetranychus and Spodoptera; Aralia: Tetranychus, Metcalfa, Otiorhynchus and Spodoptera; Aspidistra: Metcalfa, Pinnaspis. For Pittosporum a particular association, with no damage, was observed with subterranean Agrotiscaterpillar.
Abstract: Within CoAlTa Project, in Benevento areas, a research concerning the environmental adaptability of some altoleic sunflower cultivars to obtain biodiesel was carried out. Ten cultivars grown in six different places were compared. The results showed the possibility to utilize the sunflower as an alternative culture to tobacco, even in marginal and without irrigation zones with good yields of prill and oil.
Abstract: Among the energetic biomass plants, sorghum can use even small amounts of water and nutrients of marginal soils, such as hills. Its introduction among the existing productions seems possible without specific agronomic problems. The object of the present experiment, in the area of hills and low mountains of the Benevento province, is to develop two sorghum hybrids chosen for their high production of energetic biomass, in a context of various agricultural technical inputs and looking at the economic convenience. The biomass sorghum hybrids tested, at the moment the only ones on the way to registration in Italy, have supplied an enormous amount of biomass in a short period of time. Such large yield have been reached even with modest contribution from agricultural technical inputs, particularly of irrigation water.
Abstract: In the context of CoAlTa project, bean cultivation tests for waxy condition consuption were carried out. Five cultivars, grown in three different zones, were employed, three of them were of borlotto type and two cannelino. The results, although leading to good yields, for some cultivars, expecially for the area of Calvi, will be subject to further analysis
Abstract: In order to reconvert the tobacco culture in Benevento areas, the possibility to introduce tomato as an alternative culture was considered. The experimentation carried out by two agronomic techniques, based on the presence or lack of irrigation, concerned six places selected on the basis of availability or not of water. For the selection of cultivars both characteristics of fruit in relation to the final destination and the adaptability or not to the lack of irrigation were considered. The compared cultivars showed a different behaviour in relation with the environ, pointing out that some areas are more fit than others for such a culture. In more qualified areas good productions with satisfactory quality characteristics were obtained.
Abstract: In the years 2005 and 2006 we have estimated the productive levels and local environmental adaptation of the following species: Eucalyptus pulverulenta var. "baby blue" in open field, Aralia sieboldii, Aspidistra elatior, Asparagus medeoloides and Asparagus pyramidalis under shading, in Apulia (Racale and Sternatia) and Campania (Benevento). Asparagus plumosus was not adapted to the cultivation in Benevento, because of the insufficient resistance to low temperatures, while A. elatior, A. medeoloides and A. sieboldii have showed interesting productive data. In Lecce province, all the species have shown a good adaptability; clay, silt and limestone concentration in the soil were the limitant factors for Aralia and Aspidistra.
Abstract: In Benevento areas the possibility of introducing Artemisia annua L. growing was considered. Four cultivars in three different places, by three levels of nitric manuring and two cultivation density were compared. Mass vegetable yield and artemisinin yield per hectare resulted determined mainly by the cultivation environment and density. Artemisinin percentage resulted influenced mainly by the cultivation zone, while no effect concerning nitric manuring and cultivation density was observed. Therefore, artemisia growing, in particular zones of Benevento, could be a valid alternative culture to tobacco.
Abstract: The CoAlTa project experimented cultivation of some officinal species in marginal soils of Benevento province (south Italy). Present work reports results of trials carried out on Mint and Majoran during the year 2005 and 2006.
Abstract: The largest insect eggs are those of carpenter bees (Xylocopini). The eggs of many species remain to be measured, but X. auripennis produced the largest egg reported thus far: 16.5 mm in length and 3.0 mm in diameter.
Abstract: The aim of this contribution was to determine the relationships among sex ratio, maternal investment, sex allocation, offspring size, development/mortality, and for experimental alteration of larval food (= PP) mass, imagine size, offsprings pre-imaginal survival and some specific taxonomical characters, in a Xylocopa violacea (L.) population of South Italy (Campania). The m ain results (37 nests; 186 PP), are the following. A) Observed sex ratio 0.684 (59.39% of females on 229 specimens); expected sex ratio based on pollen paste weight 1.264, on imagine weight 1.339, on cell length 1.134; sexual cost ratio based on pollen paste weight 0.791, on imagine weight 0.747, on cell length 0.882. B). With respect to males, females are larger, are allocated after position III (numbered from nest entrance) in the paedotrophic cell (males in outer cells), have a longer total developmental time, consum e pollen paste m ore rapidly, have a larger cells and have a heavier PP. C) Founding females provision outer cells with less pollen paste than inner cells for both sex; both males and females grow large in inner cells compared to outer ones. D) X. violacea shows a high energetic conversion value (46%), without sexual differences. E) Egg developmental time is highly variable, but pupal developmental time varies little. F) Offspring size and sex ratio per nest are directly related to nest cell numbers (= nest size). G) The by-cell variation pattern observed for observed-espected sex ratio, PP, cell lenght and in part egg+larva instar duration and total development duration, can be summarized in one pattern with the position III symmetric center position; the following position groups are recognizable: I-II; III; IV-V; V I-VIII; IX-XIV. H) Pre-imaginal death rate is different in two sex. I) Results do not confirm the Fisherian theory of sex ratio nor Local Resource Enhancement theory. J) Larvae can survive until the imaginal instar with about 50% of normal PP mass, creating live dwarves. K) The prepupa larvae with mass < 0.4 g shows a very high pre-imaginal mortality rate. L) Larva experimentally provisioned with low PP, exhibits the feeding behaviour for many hour after PP is completely consumed. M) The production of giant individuals is less efficient than dwarf ones. N) Larvae experimentally provisioned with ad libitum PP did not consume the entire food reserve. O) Larval feeding behaviour is unmodified by PP presence/absence, but is controlled by a biological clock. P) In several cases an instantaneous mechanical reproductive barrier has been obtained because of great difference between giant and dwarf individuals. Q) Dwarf individuals have a modified clypeal shape compared with normal size individuals. The following two workhypotheses are proposed. 1) Xylocopini species larger than X. violacea have an "extended" biological clock that increases PP consumption in larvae, resulting in larger individuals; it is possible that during speciation events in Xylocopini in which there is size variation between mother and daughter species, the regulation of larval biological clock happens during the speciation event. 2) In species with a wide distribution such as X. violacea, dwarf offsprings could be favourable in xerophilic environm ents results in two possible effects: 2a) speciation, if two populations become reproductively isolated; 2b) intraspecific increase of variation for size, without reproductive isolation, could be incorrectly interpreted as interspecific variation.
Abstract: The social interactions observed in a Xylocopa violacea (L.) Campanian population (1500 h of observations in 15 years in Southern Italy, Campania) were described and reported for the first time in this Xylocopini species; it is also carried out a qualitative review among Xylocopini in social ethological traits. The main results were the follows. A) In offsprings pre-emersion phase from nest, 20% of nests was attacked by a predator. B) The founding fem ale (= FF) see the emersion of their offsprings and they lives together for 3 weeks about. C) Offsprings lives together in the parental nest, but after FF disappearance there was a rapid decrease of offsping number cohabiting in the parental nest. D) Offsprings lives together at most untill the reproductive period start. E) Nest guarding, defence and grooming were mainly carried out by offspings during post-emersion phase, particularly by sons. F) Offspings nest guarding behaviour cause an increase of FF flight number and duration and eliminate nest predation. G) FF and offspings feeds on pollen paste and pollen stored in the nest. H) Co-nestlings are recognized respect to not conestlings. I) FF do not die when nest building is over, but they keep watch over the nest for all the remaining day of nest development; FF see the progeny nest emersion in 78% of nests. J) A clear mouth-m outh interactions or trophallaxis was observed in mother-brood (40 cases) and also in daughter-daughter and daughter-son interactions (16 cases), but sons never are donors; in these mouth-mouth (less than 10 sec. per interaction) interactions the antenna are directed with tips in contact on buccal pieces and a liquid drop is detectable; not udible buzzing was emitted during mouth-mouth interactions; the head of soon or daughter during trophallaxis was in continuos tremor. K) There are 43 Xylocopini species with available social biology bibliographical data, but in 9 only these data are sufficients about. L) X. violacea is univoltin in Europe and shows all the behavioural traits of the truth social species as X. pubescens and X. sulcatipes, but its sociality is very degradate because of two factors: shortness of FFoffsprings social interactions; univoltin biological cycle. These two factors are directly affected both by climate and by trophic resorces availability.
Abstract: Le specie di animali (Metazoa) secondo alcune recenti stime e proiezioni ammontano ad oltre 10 milioni tra specie note ed ancora non descritte. Particolarmente elevato è il numero di specie ancora da descrivere e relativo soprattutto agli animali invertebrati, termine oramai in disuso col quale ci si riferiva a tutti gli animali sprovvisti di ossa e quindi di colonna vertebrale o rachide. La varietà strutturale degli invertebrati è elevatissima e non meno di 30 piani architettonici corporei sono stati descritti. Didatticamente però diverse lacune e generalizzazioni ancora persistono. Una di queste è quella di affermare sovente che le strutture trituratrici boccali siano presenti solo negli Arthropoda ovvero insetti, crostacei, ragni e scorpioni. Scopo della presente trattazione è quello di mostrare invece lâelevata varietà delle strutture trituratrici presenti nel regno animale. Specifico riferimento in fine, verrà fatto agli apparati boccali principali degli insetti, che rappresentano uno splendido esempio di adattamento. Le principali illustrazioni saranno riunite in un unico web-poster liberamente consultabile on-line al sito http://utenti.lycos.it/zoology/. Per le caratteristiche anatomiche di ogni gruppo indicato si rimanda ovviamente ad un aggiornato texbook di zoologia.
Abstract: The aim of this didactic paper was to obtain biological and ecological data from the labels of Xylocopini specimens (Apoidea) conserved in some Italian entomological collections.
Abstract: In this didactic contribute are outlined the main traits of Baculoviridae, a virus family that cause mortal diseases in insects, particularly in Lepidoptera species.
Abstract: In this didactic contribute are outlined the main traits of Bacillus thuringiensis that cause mortal diseases in insects, particularly in Lepidoptera species.
Abstract: In questo studio si riassumono i dati di distribuzione di tre specie di api solitarie, gruppo Xylocopini, per la regione Veneto, con note sulla presenza dell'acaro Sennertia cerambycina ad esse associato. Xylocopa iris è presente solo in provincia di Verona e nel padovano tramite una segnalazione bibliografica; X. valga manca solo nelle provincie di Belluno e Rovigo, mentre X. violacea manca solo nel bellunese. L'acaro, assente sulla specie X. iris, è risultato assente solo nel bellunese.
Abstract: In questo studio si riassumono i dati di distribuzione di tre specie di api solitarie, gruppo Xylocopini, per la regione Marche. Xylocopa iris (Christ, 1791) è presente in 2 località (2 esemplari) nella sola provincia di Macerata; Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872 è presente in 5 località (14 esemplari) nelle provincie di Ancona, Ascoli Piceno e Macerata; Xylocopa violacea (L.) invece in 7 località (26 esemplari) nelle provincie di Ascoli Piceno e Macerata. Non risultano esemplari infestati dall'acaro foretico Sennertia cerambycina.
Abstract: A bibliogaphical check-list of Apoidea (Sphecidae included) and Formicidae of Salerno Province (Campania: Italy) was the main aim of this congress comunication, particularly the species of National Park of Cilento and Diano Valley. Also biological notes on the main venomous species were carried out, with a didactic key for their identifications. The species of Park cited in the licterature were as follows.
Andrenidae. - Andrena agnata, A. albopunctata, A. cinerea, A. clipeata, A. colletiformis, A. combinata, A. dorsata, A. flavipes, A. forsterella, A. humilis, A. labialis, A. livens, A. mucida, A. creata, A. ovatula, A. schulzi, A. senecionis, A. simontornyella, A. spreta, A. tarataci, A. tenuistriata, A. variabilis, A. ventricosa, A. wilkella.
Colletidae. - Colletes similes, Hylaeus angustatus, H. brevicornis, H. clypearis, H. communis, H. gibus, H. pictipes, H. punctatus, H. variegatus.
Halictidae. - Halictus brunnescens, H. cochlearitarsis, H. fulvipes, H. gemmeus, H. gruenwaldti, H. longobardicus, H. mediteranellus, H. patellatus, H. quadricinctus, H. scabiosae, H. smaragdulus, H. subauratus, Lasioglossum angusticeps, L. bimaculatum, L. brevicorne, L. corvinum, L. costulatum, L. crassepunctatum, L. discum, L. glabriusculum, L. interruptus, L. laticeps, L. leucozonium, L. limbellum, L. malachurum, L. mediterraneus, L. minutissimum, L. nitidiusculum, L. nitidulum, L. paurperatum, L. pauxillum, L. planulum, L. punctatissimum, L. puncticolle, L. pygmaeum, L. tricinctum, L. truncaticolle, L. villosulum, Nomiodes facilis, N. variegata, Sphecodes alternatus, S. marginatus, S. monilicornis, S. scabricollis, S. schencki, Pseudapis diversipes.
Megachilidae. - Anthidiellum strigatum, Anthidium cingulatum, A. manicatum, A. taeniatum, Chalicodoma parietina, Coelioxys afra, C. conoidea, C. rufocaudata, Creightonella albisecta, Dioxys cincta, Icteranthidium grohmanii, Lithurge chrysurus, M. maritime, M. pilidens, Rhodanthidium septemdentatum, Stelis nasuta.
Melittidae. - Dasypoda visnaga.
Apidae. - Amegilla albigena, A. garrula, A. quadrifasciata, A. aestivalis, A. bimaculata, A. crinipes, A. mucida, A. retusa, Apis mellifera, Bombus hortorum, B. humilis, B. lapidarius, B. pascuorum, B. ruderatus, B. subterraneus, B. sylvarum, B. terrestris, Ceratina callosa, C. chalcites, C. chalybea, C. cucurbitina, C. canea, E. clipeata, E. eucnemidea, E. euroa, E. nigrifacies, E. nigriscens, E. oraniensis, E. vulpes, Melecta albifrons, Nomada bifida, N. bluthgeni, N. distinguendo, N. femoralis, Tetralonia berlandi, T. malvae, Thyreus histrionicus, T. ramosus, Xylocopa iris, X. valga, X. violacea.
Sphecidae. - Astata boops, Bembix tarsata, Cerceris arenaria, C. bupresticida, C. sabulosa, Ectemnius lituratus, Gorytes laticinctus, G. quinquecinctus, Harpactus laevis, Isodontia splendidula, Lestica clypeata, Lestiphorus bicinctus, Passaloecus insignis, Philanthus triangulum, Podalonia irsuta, Sceliphron destillatorium, S. spirifex.
Formicidae. - Tetramorium semilaeve.
