Abstract: This volume represents an attempt to draw up an exhaustive bibliographical list regarding (directly and not) all the species of the three genera belonging to Xylocopini tribe (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Xylocopinae): Xylocopa Latreille, 1802; Lestis Lepeletier & Serville, 1828; Proxylocopa Hedicke, 1938. Foundamental references are reported also for the most important species associated with Xylocopini species, as Chaetodactylidae mites (Acari) and Horiini Meloidae (Coleoptera). The aim of this wide bibliographical list is to make available and/or to accede easily to anyone who is interested in biology, systematics, biogeography about these species, to all bibliographical references dealing to this tribe, from those more recent to the old. The division in disciplines results particularly useful because every researcher is usually interested in a few and exact research field. So, the main purpose is to supply a necessary and sufficient information in order to find a possible bibliographical reference and then, to have right informations in order to know the main contents of reference itself, if the complete title is not available. This list is certainly incomplete, but the absent bibliographical references in this contribution are: 1) very difficult to find; 2) not yet published on examined data bases; 3) not included for my negligence; 4) they received scant ot nothing scientific spreading; 5) I have not been way of consulting them yet. Since this list is surely lacking in some references, so I reserve for me to publish at least a second part, to complete this list. To get bibliographical references on the genera Xylocopa, Lestis, Proxylocopa, the data bases listed in Table I were consulted. The only data base consulted incompletely was (6), of wich the volumes I-XV are absent in the specialized libraries consulted on this subject: University of Bari, Bologna, Naples, Pisa, Portici, Rome (I, II, III); Apiculture Institute of Milan, Rome, Turin. But this is not remarkable because references in (6) relative to Xylocopini species are decreasing considerably since 1970 and under. All the papers, notes, contributions, messages, abstracts, symposia, seminars, congress, books, guide, etc., wich comprise informations about at least one Xylocopini species or about the tribe in general (also very short quotations) were reported in this list. Moreover the bibliography reported behind every bibliographical reference directly consulted, was reported too. Some theses regarding Xylocopini species or including informations about them were reported. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, natural history and entomology which comprise informations about Xylocopini species were reported All bibliographical references were classified according to informative substance of their title, if they are not consulted directly; otherwise, if they are consulted directly, they are classified on the ground of the principal contents of the text. For every biological discipline in wich the bibliographical references were classified, the organization was carried out alphanumerically. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, entomology, hymenopterology and natural history ones, were all placed in the section: general books. In this bibliographical list is also reported the bibliography of C. G. Dalla Torre (1896) - Catalogus Hymenopterorum X - regarding different Xylocopini species; these references are lacking in title and in contents; they just report the species quoted or examined in the paper; for this reason, all bibliographical references of wich it was not possible to find their complete title, were placed in a special section: historical bibliography cited in Dalla Torre C.G. (1896). The complete bibliographical references are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name; date of publication; complete title of reference; magazine; volume number; first and last page of the reference. The books are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial of his name; date of publication; complete title of the book; publisher; publisher town; total pages; in some cases it make a reference to the exact pages in which the informations about species of Xylocopini are reported, enclosing within brackets genus and pages. The bibliographical references of which the complete title is not available, but the exact bibliographical position is known, are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name if it is known; date of publication; brief contents of the informations about species subject of the text or quoted; magazine; volume number; pages and/or figure and/or tables where the informations of Xylocopini species are reported.
Abstract: In this didactic note we have recorded Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Col.: Curculionidae) in Nocera Superiore (Campania, Salerno Province). This note is an application of didactic experience of P.O.N. 2007/2008 âCompetenze per lo Sviluppoâ.
Abstract: Phyto-extracts of Artemisia species (Asteraceae) are employed as natural bio-cides (anti-insects, anti-helminthes, and anti-biotics) from many century.
The main aim of this review was to summarized the toxic effects of chemical extracts from Artemisia on not human targets. Toxic effects was reported for the taxa as follows.
Virus species. - human flou virus, DEN/2, FIV, HBV, HCMV, HIV, HPV, HSV/1, HSV/2, JUNV, ToMV. Quercetin have antiviral effects on the following viruses: bird-myeloblastosis; encephalo-myocardites (Col, SK, MM, Mengo-M/L); HSV/1; Murine-leukemia of Maloney; human polio-virus; Rous-virus associate/II; stomovesciculite-virus.
Procariote genera. - Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Beneckea, Bordetella, Brevibacterium, Bronchotrix, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Cryptococcus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria, Nocardia, Oersokovia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Salmonella, Sarcinea, Serratia, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, other Mycobacteria.
Mycote genera. - Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Candida, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Epidermophyton, Erysiphe, Fonsecaea, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Geotrichum, Gerlachia, Gibberella, Helminthosporum, Malassezia, Microsporum, Mucora, Nannizzia, Penicillium, Phialophora, Phytophtora, Piedraia, Pleurotus, Pneumocystis, Puccinia, Pyricularia, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotinia, Sporotrichum, Tiarosporella, Trichoderma, Trichophyton, Trichosporon, Verticillium, Zygorrynchus).
Other not-autotrophic Protista genera. - Acanthamoeba, Babesia (caballi, equii, microti), Balantidium, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria (acervulina, tenella; limited effects also versus maxima, necatrix), Entamoeba, Giardia, Haemoproteus, Leishmania (amazonensis, braziliensis, donovani, infantum, major, mexicana, tropica), Naegleria, Neospora, Plasmodium (berghei, chabaudi, cynomolgi, falciparum, inui, knowlesi, nigeriensis, ovale, petteri, vinckei, vivax, yoelii), Theileria, Toxoplasma, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma (brucei, cruzi, evansi, rhodesiense). Toxic effects were due also to quercetin versus Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma.
Human tumoral cells. - bone; brain; breast; cervice, colorectal; Ehrlich ascites tumor; endometre, fibrosarcoma; gastric, glioma; hepatoma; Kaposi sarcome; laryngeoma; leukemia; lung; multiple myeloma; myelo-leukemia; nasopharyngeal; neck, neuvous system; oral; ovarian; pancreas, pituitary-macroadenoma; promyelocytic-leukemia; prostate; renal; thyroid, uveal-melanoma, via several effects as cyto-toxicity, apoptosys, anti-angiogenesys, anti-metastatic and inhibition of nuclear KB-factor for the carcinocyte progression.
Anti-helminth effects on the following Platyzoa genera. - Clonorchis, Dipylidium, Echinostoma, Fasciola, Moniezia, Opisthorchis, Schistosoma, Taenia.
Anti-helminth effects on the following Nematoda genera. - Ascaridia, Ascaris, Bunostomum, Caenorhabditis, Dictyocaulus, Dirofilaria, Ditylenchus, Enterobius, Gnathostoma, Haemonchus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Nematodirus, Neoascaris, Pratylenchus, Protostrongylus, Rotylenchulus, Strongyloides, Toxocara, Trichinella, Trichostrongylus.
Mollusca taxa. - Deroceras (Agriolimacidae); Biomphalaria, Planorbella (Planorbidae); Pomacea (Ampullariidae).
Anellida Clitellata. - Pheretima (Megascolecidae).
Mammals Marsupiales. - Trichosurus.
Arthropoda belonging to the following taxa:
- Acari (Psoroptidae; Sarcoptidae, Tetranychidae; Ixodidae);
- Anoplura (Pediculidae);
- Coleoptera (Bostrichidae, Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Tenebrionidae);
- Diptera (Culicidae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Muscidae, Tephritidae);
- Dyctioptera (Blattellidae, Blattidae);
- Heteroptera (Pyrrhocoridae);
- Homoptera (Aleurodidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Delphacidae, Pseudococcidae);
- Hymenoptera (Formicidae);
- Isoptera (Rhinotermitidae);
- Lepidoptera (Noctuidae, Pieridae, Plutellidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae, Tortricidae);
- Orthoptera (Acrididae);
- Siphonaptera (Pulicidae);
- Thisanoptera (Thripidae).
Allelopathy Artemisia-induced has been showed in 15 species (A. annua most interesting ones) on about 56 plant genera, as follows: Amaranthaceae 3 genera; Apiaceae 3; Asteraceae 8; Brassicaeceae 4; Graminaceae 3; Papilionaceae 5; Poaceae 17; Solanaceae 2; 1 genus per Araceae, Cistaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Pinaceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Violaceae. Allelopathic effects Artemisia-induced have due to aqueous or alcoholic extracts, epigeal or ipogeal plant organs or from soil. Allelopathic effects influence seed germination and plant productivity. Main allelochemicals recognized are absinthine, arteannuine-B, arteannuate, artemine, artemisinin and 9 semi-sinthetics derivatives, arteannuate, arteannuine-B, artesunate, arteether, dehidro-artemisinin, deoxy-artemisinin, tauremisine, taurine (sesquiterpens), capillene (alchin-idrocarbure), and some essential oil components, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, canfor, 1,8-cineol, CH3-jasmoate, eucalyptol.
The Artemisia species used for bio-essay were as follows: A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. afra, A. annua, A. anomala, A. arborescens, A. argyi, A. asiatica, A. aucheri, A. austriaca, A. biennis, A. borealis, A. brevifolia, A. caerulescens, A. californica, A. capillaris, A. caruifolia, A. changaica, A. cana, A. cina, A. copa, A. diffusa, A. douglasiana, A. dracunculus, A. feddei, A. filifolia, A. frigida, A. gilvescens, A. giraldi, A. glutinosa, A. herba-alba, A. inculta, A. indica, A. iwayomogi, A. japonica, A. judaica, A. kopetdaghensis, A. kurrmensis, A. lavandulaefolia, A. lerchiana, A. lobelii, A. longifolia, A. ludoviciana, A. maritima, A. mexicana, A. molinieri, A. mongolica, A. monogyna, A. monosperma, A. montana, A. moorcroftiana, A. nilagirica, A. nova, A. pallens, A. parviflorum, A. pectinata, A. persica, A. pontica, A. princeps, A. saissanica, A. santonicum, A. scoparia, selengenesis, A. sieberi, A. sieversiana, A. spicigera, A. stolonifera, A. sublessingiana, A. sylvatica, A. transiliensis, A. tridentata, A. verlotorum, A. vestita, A. vulgaris.
Bio-actives chemicals recognized from bio-assay, were as follows: 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes-monospiro, 1,2,4-trioxolanes-dispiro, 1,2,4,5,7-pentoxocanes, 1,2,4,5,7,8-exaoxocanes, 1-2-6-7-tetraxaspiro[7.11]-nonadecane, 1,8-cineol, 1-Alpha-4-Alpha-dihydroxybishopsolicepolide, 1-desoxy-1-Alpha-peroxy-rupicolin-A-8-O-acetate, 1-phenil-2-4-hexadiyne (= capillene), 1-phenil-2-4-pentadiyne, 2-6-dimethoxiphenol, 3-4-dimetoxy-benzan-ol, 3-butylisocoumarins, 3alpha-4alpha-epoxirupicoline-C, 3alpha-4alpha-epoxirupicoline-D, 3alpha-4alpha-epoxirupicoline-E, 3-CH3-3-phenil-1,4-pentadyne, 3-methoxi-tanapartolide, 4,6,7-trihidroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-flavone, 5,5-dihidroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxy-flavone, 5,6,3,5-tetrametoxy-7,4-OH-flavone, 5-phenil-1,3-pentadyne, 7-methoxyacacetin, Absinthine, Acacetin, Acetophenone, AIP1-polysaccharide complex, Alpha-artether, Alpha-copene, Alpha-phellandrene, Alpha-pinene, Alpha-terpinene, Alpha-terpineol, Alpha-terpinol, Alpha-thujone, Alkyl-deoxoartemisinin, Anhidro-dihidro-artemisinine, Ar-curcumene, Arteannuina-B, Arteflene, Arteinculton, Artelinic acid, Artemether (alpha and beta), Artemifone, Artemine, Artemisia-ketone, Artemisinate, Artemisinin (artemisinin-dimers, trioxan-dimers, ethylsulfon-artemisinin-dimers, ethylsulfid-artemisinin-dimers, artemisinin-trimers, deoxy-artemisinin-trimers, artemisinin-tetramers), Artemisinine-CH3-ether, Artemisinin-1-propyl-ether, Artemisinin-1-buthyl-ether, Artemisinin-cyanoarylmethyle, Artemisolide, arteminolide-B, arteminolide-D, Artemisitene (epoxy-artemisitene, deoxy-artemisitene, ethyl-peroxy-artemisitene, hydro-peroxy-artemisitene), Artesunate and Glicosyl-artesunate, Artether, Ascaridol, B-arteannuine, Beta-artether, Belencamidin, Beta-Artelinate, Beta-carophyllene, Beta-isobornil-acetate, Beta-phellandrene, Beta-pinene, Beta-sitosterol, Beta-thujone, Borneol, Bornil-acetato, Buthyl-azide-artemisinin, Caffeic-acid, Canphor, Capillin, Capillarin, Capillarisin, Cariophyllene-oxide, Casticin, CH3-artemisinin, CH3-diperoxy-artemisinin, CH3-eugenol, Chamazulene, Chrysanthenil, Chrysosplenol-D, Chrysoplenetin, Cineol, Cinnamyl-aldeid, Cis-o-cymene, Clorogenic-acid, Colletotric acid, Coumarin, Cyano-artemisinin, Davanone, deacetyl-laurenobiolide, Dehidro-leucodin, Deoxy-artelinate, Difluoro-methylen-artemisinin, Dihydro-arteannuin, Dis-piro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, Epi-deoxy-dihidroartemisinine, Eugenol, Eupatilin, Exiguaflavone-A, Exiguaflavone-B, Fenozan50F, Friedelin, Genkwanin, Geranil-acetate, Germacrene-D, Hexene-1-ol, Hispidulin, Iso-borneol, Jaceosidin, Konokiol, Limonene, Linalol, Linalooloxide, Magnolol, Menthol, Myrcene, moxartenolide, Myrtenil-acetate, N-N-N-3p-coumaroil-spermidina, Nonanone-3, OH-artemisinin, Paracymene, Peroxy-homoditerpenes, Pinitol, Piperitone, Quebrachitol, Quercetin and derivatives, Ridentin, Rupicolin-A-8-O-acetate, Sabinene, Santonin, Santolynol, Scopoletin, Seco-tanapartholide-A, Seco-tanapartholide-B, Selin-11-en-4alpha-ol, Spinacetin, Steroidal-tetraoxanes, Stigmasterol, Tauremisine, Taurin, Terpinene-4-olo, Thiocarbamate-artemisinin, Thujenol, Thujilol, Thymol, Tehranolide, Trans-ethyl-cinnamate, Trifluoromethyl-idroartemisinin, Trioxaquines, Trioxaquines-DU1302, Triquinanes (7alpha-silphiperfol-5-ene, silphiperfol-5-ene, pethybrene, alpha-isocomene, beta-isocomene), Umbelliferone, Vulgarone-B, Z-hepoxy-o-cimene, and 3 endo-peroxydes without name.
Ethnobotanic use of Artemisia species in Campania (A. absinthium, A. alba, A. annua, A. arborescens, A. campestris, A. variabilis, A. verlotum, A. vulgaris) were reported for A. absinthium only, and were as follows: anti-pyretic (Caserta Province); anti-hypercolesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, biliar calculosis, dyspepsia, hepatic stimulating, parotitis, skin-cicatrizing (Napoli-Salerno Province).
The main molecular-cellular mechanisms recognized in Artemisia phytoextracts cyto-toxicity were as follows:
alkylation with heme and protein with heme as prostetic group (hemoglobin; cytochrome; mithocondrial complexes I-IV; mithocondrial ABC cassettes) forming a carbo-centric radical highly reactive versus proteins;
extensive damages and loss of mithocondrial membranes physiology;
alkylation of endo-membrane proteins (SERCA pump; TCTP), with disruption of Ca cyto-homeostasis/metabolism and cytoskeletal disorders;
alkylation of proteins with Fe prostetic group (NADH-dehydrogenase; transferrins) with disruption of mithocondrial membrane functions;
alkylation of IKK at CYS/179 and of NF-KB at CYS/38, with inhibition of NF-KB pro-inflammatory sequence;
alkylation of bacterial efflux pumps, with disruption of detoxificant functions of procariote in presence of antibiotic chemicals.
Data on biological functions of Artemisia extracts are very interesting for a potential widespread use in bio-medicine and agro-ecology. Artemisinin is the new molecular platform for the development of a complete molecular library with potential application as follows:
-) cancer chemotherapy and inflammatory-immunological disorders;
-) inflammatory pathology and immunological disorders;
-) biological control of Arthropoda, Gastropoda, Nematoda, Mycota in agro-environments;
-) treatment of helminth (Platyzoa and Nematoda) and micro-parasites (Virus, Bacteria, Protista) of bio-medical and economic interest for humans and animals.
Notes: PUBLIC FOLDER - http://cid-6d45258bc7541dec.skydrive.live.com/self.aspx/ARTEMIS%20-%20Propriet%c3%a0%20Alternative%20Fitoestratti%202008
Abstract: A review of bibliography on Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) has carried out about temperature and egg, larva and crisalid duration and on letal temperature per instar. Relative humidity and larval head capsule data were reported also.
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to summarize licterature data about anti-protozoa activity
of Artemisia (Asteraceae) phytoextracts.
The following Artemisia species have been for bioessay: abrotanum, absinthium, annua, aucheri, herba-alba, indica, japonica, ludoviciana, maritima, nilagirica, persica, sieberi, tridentata.
The following molecules have been recognized as active versus protozoa: 1,8-cineol, 1-butyl-ether-artemisinin, 1-propyl-ether-artemisinin, 4-Fl-phenyl-artemisinin, alfa-artether, artelinate, artemether, artemetin, artemisinin, artemisone, artesunate, artether, ascaridol, beta-artethere, canfor, CH3-ether-artemisinin, chrysoplenetin, chrysosplenol-D, cirsillineol, davanone, dehydro-artemisinin, deoxy-artelinate, 49 synthetic-derived from artemisinin; 4Br-phenyl- artemisinin-derived; epy-deoxy-dihydro-artemisinin, friedeline, scopoletine.
The protozoa taxa recognized are as follows: Babesia, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Neospora, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, (Apicomplexa); Leishmania, Trypanosoma (Euglenozoa); Acanthamoeba, Entamoeba (Amoebozoa); Trichomonas (Metamonada); Naegleria (Percolozoa); Giardia (Diplomonadida). Consideration about multilevel actions on eatiological agents and dipter vectors, of Artemisia phytoextracts, were carried out on malaria, leishmania pathology and African trypanosomiasis.
Abstract: Myrtus communis has been selected as alternative to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy for floral composition within CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE2182/02). An alternative use to floral composition and liquor extract of M. communis was outlined in this paper. A review of main phytoextracts and ther biological activity, was the main aims of this contribute. Main activity of M. communis phytoextracts were cited below. a) Antiviral. - aviarian mieloblastosis, encephalo-myocardites, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex-1, HIV, human poliovirus, murine Maloney leukemia, Rous-associated-II, stomovesciculite virus; main antiviral molecules were myrtucommulones, grandinol, quercetin.
b) Antimicrobic. - Bacteria (Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Bordetella, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Listeria, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Sarcina, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). - Eucarya (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium, Cryptococcus, Cryptosporidium, Curvularia, Encephalitozoon, Fusarium, Kluyveromyces, Leishmania, Penicillium, Plasmodium, Pythium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Toxoplasma, Trichoderma, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma); the active principles identified were: 1,8-cineol, arjunolic acid, corosolic acid, oleanolic acid, alfa-pinene, alfa-terpineol, betulline, cearoine, cineol, erithrodiol, gallo-myrtucommulones, geranil-acetate, grandinol, jensenone, limonene, linalol, myrtenil-acetate, myrtenol, myrtucommulones and semisinthetic derivatives, usnone-A.
c) Allelopatic. - Antirrhinum, Cheiranthus, Gaillardia, Lathyrus, Linum, Lolium, Petunia, Tagetes, Viola, Zinnia.
d) Zoo-toxic. - Marsupials (Mammalia), jensenone; Biomphalaria (Basommatophora: Planorbidae), quercetin-3-galloyl-glucoside; Pediculus (Anoplura: Pediculidae), 1,8-cineol, alfa-pinene, linalol; Culex (Diptera: Culicidae), alfa-pinene, 1,8-cineol, linalol, terpineol; Meloidogyne javanica (Nematoda: Tylenchida).
e) Biomedical. - anti genotoxic and anti free-radicals of myrtucommulone-A, quercetin, semi-myrtucommulone, versus 1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazile, aflatoxin-B1, asbestosis, EDTA, Fe-Cl3, ferric-triacetate-nitrile, hidroperoxyde, nifuroxazide, TBH. Antihyperglycaemic effect. Anti-atropine and anti-propanole effects. Arterial ipotension. Antiflogistic effects (prostaglandin and leucotrien suppression; inhibition of leucocitary elastase; anti-peroxydation; IgE functions suppression; nitic-oxide and cycloxygenase-II suppression; C-reactive protein inhibition). Anti-ulcera effects. Antitumoral effects. Neurotropic effects on CNS. The active principles identified were: kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin.
f) Ethnobotanical phytotherapy. - Myrtus communis is particularly used in ethnobotany and folk-medicine in Cyprus, Ethiopia, Italy, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Maroc, Palestine, Tunisia, Turkya, Yemen.
The following molecules were very important: 1,8-cineol, grandinol, kaempferol, linalol, myricetin, myrtucommulones, quercetin.
Abstract: Artemisia-induced allelopathy has been showed in 15 species (A. annua most interesting ones) on about 52 plant genera, as follows: Amaranthaceae 3 genera; Apiaceae 2; Asteraceae 8; Brassicaeceae 4; Graminaceae 3; Papilionaceae 5; Poaceae 16; Solanaceae 2; 1 genus per Araceae, Cistaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Linaceae, Onagraceae, Pinaceae, Plantaginaceae, Portulacaceae, Violaceae. Allelopathic effects have due to aqueous or alcoolic extracts, epigeal or ipogeal plant organs or from soil. Allelopathic effects affect seed germination and plant productivity. Main allelochemicals recognized are absinthine, arteannuine-B, arteannuate, artemine, artemisinin and 9 semi-sinthetics derived, arteannuate, arteannuine-B, artesunate, arteether, dehidro-artemisinin, deoxy-artemisinin, tauremisine, taurine (sesquiterpens), capillene (alchin-idrocarbure), and some essential oil components, alfa-pinene, beta-pinene, canfor, 1,8-cineol, CH3-jasmoate, eucalyptol.
Abstract: An attack of Aphis frangulae gossypii Glover on Cynara scolimus was reported in Scafati (SA: Campania). A didactic key of Cynara scolimus Aphididae has been updated for Campania region.
Abstract: Chrysomelidae attacks on Lamiaceae in Salerno Provincie (Campania) were the aim of this contribute. The following species have been recognized: Chrysolina americana on Rosmarinum officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris; C. lutea, C. grossa on R. officinalis, Mentha piperita, Thymus vulgaris, Hyssopus officinalis, Origanum majorana, O. vulgare, Melissa officinalis, Ruta graveolens.
Abstract: In this note was reported an unusual Papaver rhoeas aberrant chromatic variety from Scafati (SA: Campania) during may 2007, with a complete set of photo of specimen.
Abstract: In this note was reported the correct identification of a Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieillot, 1822) specimen captured in Roccadaspide (Cilento & Vallo di Diano National Park, Salerno Province, Campania). The correct specie was Accipiter gentilis (L., 1758) I-II year juvenile and not H. fasciatus.
Abstract: Lucanidae (Coleoptera) specimens of Naturalist Museum of Corleto Monforte (SA) are as follows: Dorcus parallelepipedus (L., 1758); Lucanus tetraodon Thunberg, 1806; Platycerus caprea (Degeer, 1774); Sinodendron cylindricum (L., 1758). All specimens are collected from Campania, particularly from Salerno Province.
Abstract: A female of Osmoderma italicum Sparacio 2000 (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) was recorded in continental Campania after one century near locus typicus.
Abstract: Aucuba species have been selected as alternative to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy for floral composition. An alternative use of Aucuba species was outlined in this paper dealing some phytoextracts. A review of biological activity of iridoid glucoside (aucubine) extracts from Aucuba was the main aim of this contribute.
Abstract: A Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) (Tettigonidae: Saginae) specimen and relative photo recorded in 2006 on Monti Alburni (SA: Campania) was the aim of this note.
Abstract: In this note was recorded the first specimen of European larval parasitoid of Cacyreus marshalli (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): Aplomya confinis (Fallen) (Diptera Tachinidae).
Abstract: In this note have recorded an attack of Otiorhynchus sulcatus on Aralia sieboldii in Naples Provincie (Campania), with a review on antagonist species of Aralia.
Abstract: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) has been selected as alternative to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy, within CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE2182/02). Kenaf alternative properties were outlined and a review of main phytoextracts and ther biological activity were the main aims of this contribute. Main activity of kenaf phytoextracts were as follows.
a) Cyto-toxic effects versus Colletotrichum, acutatum, C. fragariae, C. gloeosporioides (Ascomycota: Phyllachorales), Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), Oscillatoria perornata (Cyanobacteria: Oscillatoriales), Verticillium dahliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales); main cyto-toxic molecules identified were 5-CH3-furfural, benzen-acetaldeide, n-nonanal, hibiscanal, O-hibiscanone, and defensin peptide.
b) Anti-tumoral properties versus HeLa, Hep-2, A549; main carcino-cyto-toxic molecules were boehmenan-H, grosamine-K, pinoresinol, threo-carolignan-K.
c) Allelopatic, versus Agrostis stolonifera (Poaceae), Amaranthus retroflexus (Amaranthaceae), Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae), Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae), Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae), Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae), Phaseolus vulgaris (Papilionaceaee)
d) Zoo-toxic, with the only bioessay dealing pinoresinol versus Hemipteran Oncopeltus (Lygaeidae)e Rhodnius (Reduvidae).
e) Hibiscus cannabinus have important anti-anemic properties, hepato-protective effects on liver and immunomodulatory effect on macrophage functions (pro-inflammatory suppression). Also anti-Dracunculus properties was reported (Nematoda). Kenaf has used in ethnobotany and folk-medicine in Gambia, Zaire and Camerun.
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to summarize licterature data about anti-microbic activity of Artemisia (Asteraceae) phytoextracts.
The following 12 virus species have been recognized, both DNA-virus and RNAvirus, both phyto-virus and zoo-virus: BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus; COPV, canine papilloma virus; DEN/2, dengue virus 1; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; HBV, human hepatitis B virus; HCMV, human cito-megalo virus; HFLUV, human influentia virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV/1, human herpes virus 1; HSV/2, human herpes virus 2; JUNV, junin virus; TMV, tobacco mosaic virus.
The following 37 genera of Procariota (22 Gram-; 15 Gram+) have been recognized, both aerobic-genera and anaerobic-genera, belongin to 15 orders of 5 higher taxa (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria): Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Beneckea, Bifidobacterium, Bordetella, Brevibacterium, Bronchothrix, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Diplococcus, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Erwinia, Escherichia, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Listeria, Microcoleus, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Oersokovia, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Salmonella, Sarcina, Serratia, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.
The following genera of Eucarya Micota have been recognized: 29 genera of Ascomycota belonging to 14 orders (Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Bipolaris, Botryotinia, Candida, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Epidermophyton, Erysiphe, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Geotrichum, Gerlachia, Gibberella, Helminthosporum, Madurella, Microsporum, Nannizzia, Penicillium, Pneumocystis, Pyricularia, Saccharomyces, Sclerotinia, Tiarosporella, Trichoderma, Trichophyton, Verticillium); 6 genera of Basidiomycota belonging to 6 orders (Cryptococcus, Pleurotus, Puccinia, Rhizoctonia, Rhodotorula, Sporotrichum); 3 genera of Zygomycota Mucorales (Mucora, Rhizopus, Zygorrhynchus); and Phytophtora (Oomycota: Peronosporales). More of 11 plant myco-pathology have been recognized.
The following molecules have been recognized, involved in anti-microbic-antiviral effects, extracted from about 50 Artemisia species: 3-butyl-isocoumarine, 4,6,7,trihydroxy- 3,5-dimethoxy-flavone, 5,5,dihydroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxy-flavone, 5-phenil-1,3-pentadyne, aesculetine, aglicone, alfa-artether, alfa-terpineol, anhydro-dihydro-artemisinin, arcapilline, arteannuin-B, artemether, artemine, artemisiniate, artemisinin, artesunate, belencamidine, beta-artether, beta-sitosterol, capillarin, capillin, CH3-artemisinin, CH3-diperoxyartemisinin, CH3-eugenol, cis-ocimenealfa-phellandrene, colletotric acid, chrysanthenyl, davanone, dehydro-artemisinin, deoxy-artemisinin, eupatilin, germacranolide sesquiterpenes, hispidulin, isorhamnetine, menthol, N-N-N-3p-coumaroil-spermidine, paracymene, pinitol, ridentin, santolinol, seco-tanapartholide-A, seco-tanapartholide-B, selin-11-en-4alfa-ol, stigmasterol, tauremisin, taurine, terpinen-4-ol, umbelliferone, Zepoxyocimene.
Abstract: Aspidistra elatior has been selected as alternative crop to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy for floral composition, within CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE2182/02). An alternative use of A. elatior was outlined in this paper, dealing some phytoextracts, as betasitosterol, diosgenin, aspidistrin. A review of biological activity of these molecules, and aspidistrin anti-micotic activity, were the main aims of this contribute.
Abstract: The main Coccidae (Homoptera) pest-species of Myrtus communnis was the following: Ceroplastes rusci, Coccus hesperidum, Filippia follicularis, Lichtensia viburni, Parthenolecanium corni, Saissetia oleae. A descritpion of Lichtensia viburni attak on M. communnis was reported (Caserta Provincie: Campania).
Abstract: The following Artemisia species were used for anti-Diptera bioessay: A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. borealis, A. cana, A. cinae, A. kurramensis, A. maritima, A. monosperma, A. nilagirica, A. vulgaris. The following molecules were identified as toxic versus Diptera species: 3-CH3-3-phenil-1,4-pentadyne, thymol (Musca); caffeic acid, clorogenic acid, alfa-terpinene, alfa-tujone, beta-isobornyl-acetate, beta-pinene, beta-tujone, borneol, bornyl-acetate, canfor, cineol, coumarin, eugenol, iso-borneol, limonene, linalol, myrcene, nonanone-3, terpinene-4-ol (Aedes); alfa-terpinene, capillin (Culex). The genera identified as sensible to Artemisia phytoextracts are as follows: Chrysomia (Calliphoridae), Daucus (Tephritidae), Drosophila (Drosophilidae), Musca (Muscidae); Aedes, Anopheles, Culex (Culicidae). Artemisia phytoextracts may control malaria adult-vector (repellent function) larval-vector (toxic and teratogenic function) and aetiological agent (anti- Plasmodium and anti-Apicomplexa functions).
Abstract: An attack of Aphis frangulae gossypii Glover on Aralia sieboldii was reported in Sternatia (july-august 2006) and Monteroni (july-august 2007) (LE: Puglia: South Italy), in experimental crops of CoAlTa project (Reg.CEE 2182/02). Aralia young leaves attacked by A. f. gossypii was deformed and without commercial value. Other species of sucking-insect of A. sieboldii in Southern Italy are: Phytonemus pallidus, Tetranychus urticae (Acari), Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci (Thisanoptera), Metcalfa pruinosa, Planococcus citri, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Homoptera).
Abstract: This paper is a review on the ethnobotanical properties of vegetal taxa used in the Co.Al.Ta. project (Alternative Croops to Tobacco: Reg.CEE2182/02), in order to increase the intrinsic value of taxa proposed as tobacco alternative. This study has considered only bibliographical data regarding Campania region (Southern Italy). Main results were as follows. In Co.Al.Ta. have been used 48 taxa, and in Campania ethnobotanical bibliography the following ones have been recognized: Asparagus acutifolius, Brassica oleracea, Chamomilla recutita, Cichorium intybus, Cynara scolimus, Daucus carota, Hyssopus officinalis, Lycopersicon esculentum, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Myrtus communis, Origanum majorana, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phyllirea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ruta graveolens, Salvia officinalis, Secale cereale, Sinapis alba, Solanum tuberosum, Thymus vulgaris, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays. The botanical families recognized were Asteraceae, Anacardiaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Papilionaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferaceae. About 50% of Co.Al.Ta. taxa have ethnobotanical properties; 107 ethnobotanical preparations have been recognized in the bibliography used. The most used folk-medical taxa were B. oleracea (7 ethnobotanical preparation = 6.5%), D. carota (7 = 6.5%), M. piperita (8 = 7.5%), R. graveolens (13 = 12.1%), R. officinalis (7 = 6.5%), S. officinalis (12 = 11.2%), S. tuberosum (7 = 6.5%). For Lamiaceae 34 ethnobotanical remedies have been recognized (31.8%). Main extractive methods recognized were in hot water (decoticon > infusion), and maceration in wine, ethanol, vinegar, oil (also fry), H3BO3. Mechanical methods for extractions and combustion, were also recognized. The following organs or organ-systems were recognized for ethno-ethno-remedy with plants: mouth (A. acutifolius roots; M. communis fruits; M. piperita, P. lentiscus, R. graveolens, S. officinalis leaves); circulatory and kidney (P. vulgaris pod; B. oleracea, C. scolimus, L. esculentum, S. officinalis leaves; M. communis fruits; A. acutifolius, C. intybus, D. carota roots; S. cereale seeds; Z. mays reproductive styles); epidermal (M. officinalis sprouts; L. esculentum fruits; B. oleracea, M. communis, M. piperita leaves; R. graveolens, O. majorana plant; D. carota, S. tuberosum roots; T. aestivum seeds); gastro-enteric (M. officinalis sprouts; L. esculentum, M. communis fruits; B. oleracea, C. scolimus, M. piperita, R. officinalis, S. officinalis, M. communis leaves; C. recutita, S. officinalis flowers; R. graveolens epigeal organs; A. acutifolius, D. carota, S. tuberosum roots; Z. mays reproductive styles); bones (R. officinalis leaves; M. communis fruits; R. graveolens epigeal organs; S. tuberosum roots); respiratory system (R. officinalis sprouts; C. recutita, H. officinalis flowers; B. oleracea, M. piperita, S. officinalis leaves; T. vulgaris plant; D. carota roots).
Abstract: The Xylocopini (Apoidea) fauna of Etna Volcano Park (Sicilia: Italy) was the aim of this contribute, based on specimens conserved in some Italian entomological collections. X. iris was recorded in 9 sites with some captures at 1100 m a.s.l. X. valga was recorded in 5 sites with one exceptional capture at 3150 m a.s.l. X. violacea was recorded in 15 sites with some captures at 1800 m a.l.m. Also S. cerambycina (Acari) was recorded on Etna Volcano Park (2 sites).
Abstract: Record of Cladius pectinicornis (Hym.: Tenthredinidae) attacks on Rosa sp. in Nocera Inferiore and Portici (Campania: Southern Italy) was the aim of this contribute. Photos of developmental instars were carried out, as egg, new born larva, mature larva, cocoon, imagine female. A overview on life cycle and morphology were also carried out, with a comparative didactic key with other Tenthredinidae Rosa pests.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (Apoidea: Xylocopini) pollen collection behaviour on Hemerocallis hybrida (Liliaceae) was the aim of this short note. The behaviour involved galeae and mid-anterior legs. Only females visits H. hybrida during june-july in botanical garden of Federico II University (Naples). Pollen has probably served for ingestion and pollen paste elaboration.
Abstract: Bombini (Apoidea) specimens collected in Southern Italy by Corleto Monforte Naturalistic Museum was the aim of this short note. The species recognized were as follows: Bombus hortorum (L., 1761), province of Salerno (Campania); Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763), province of Napoli, Avellino, Salerno (Campania), Cosenza (Calabria); Bombus ruderarius (Muller, 1776), province of Napoli, Salerno (Campania), Potenza (Basilicata); Bombus ruderatus (Fabricius, 1775), Napoli province; Bombus terrestris (L., 1758), province of Napoli, Salerno.
Abstract: Two Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) record of Greece were reported in this note: Proxylocopa olivieri (Naxos Island: Genova Museum); Xylocopa valga (Parnassos: Genova Museum).
Abstract: Xylocopini (Hym.: Apidae) of Lazio and Campania Archipelags are represented by Xylocopa violacea (L.) only, in the Italian collections revised. X. violacea specimens have been collected on the following islands: Capri, Ischia, Vivara (Campania: Napoli province); Gavi, Ponza, Santo Stefano, Ventotene, Zannone (Lazio: Latina province).
Abstract: A bibliographical review of Xylocopini faunistic data in Greece was the aim of this contribute. Authors with data on Xylocopini distribution were as follows: Coghlan & Langman (2003), Ghigi (1901), Grandi (1931), Grandi (1962), Hammer, (1938/1939), Kettner (1957), Lucas (1915), Matheson et al. (1996), Paulus & Gack (1990), Petanidou (see list), Priore (1989), Roewer (1928), Schultess (1929), Strand (1915), Zavattari (1913).
Abstract: This paper is a mini-review on the ethnobotanical properties of vegetal taxa used in the Co.Al.Ta. project (Alternative Croops to Tobacco: Reg.CEE2182/02), in order to increase the intrinsic value of taxa proposed as tobacco alternative. This study has considered only bibliographical data regarding Stevia rebaudiana. Main results were as follows: a) leaves (decoticon in water) used as oral hipoglycemic in diabetics; b) leaves (infusion in water) used as anti-pregnant.
Abstract: The economic value of cut foliage has mainly due to aesthetic traits of leaves and/or flowers. All damaged leaves have not value (economic loss). It is very important to recognize and decrease the biotic factors that cause aesthetic damage to cut foliage. In this paper have been reported associations, attacks and economic damages on cut foliage by some terrestrial Gastropoda species in Puglia region (Racale and Sternatia: LE province) and Campania region (Benevento: BN province). The cut foliage and Gastropoda species recognized in Puglia were as follows: Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis damaged by Cochlicella barbara (L.) (Hygromiidae), C. conoidea (Draparnaud, 1801) (Hygromiidae) juveniles, Theba pisana (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Helicidae); Eucalyptus pulverulenta cv babyblue damaged by E. vermiculata, T. pisana; Aspidistra elatior damaged by T. pisana; Aralia sieboldi associated with Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Helicidae) and T. pisana. The cut foliage and Gastropoda species recognized in Campania were as follows: Aralia sieboldii, Aspidistra elatior associated with Arion intermedius Normand, 1852 (Arionidae).
Abstract: In Co.Al.Ta. project (Reg.Cee2182/02) Myrtus communis has been used as alternative crop to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy, but it was ignored the cultivar characterization of specimens proposed in place of tobacco. This paper carried out a preliminary recognition of M. communis cultivars used in Co.Al.Ta. in Campania (Salerno and Caserta provinces). M. communis cultivars recognized were: acutifolia, italica, microphylla, nana?, tarentina, variegata-microphylla, variegata-communis, variegata-tarentina. Also specimens with a mixture of characters have been recognized (tarentina-communis, tarentina-variegate/tarentina-tipicus, microphylla-communis; microphylla-communistarentina). It is possible to draw the conclusion that Co.Al.Ta. agronomic data of M. communis are, really, a mean of the cultivars recognized.
Abstract: Pittosporum (Pittosporum tenuifolium) (Pittosporaceae) has been selected as alternative crop to Nicotiana tabacum in Southern Italy, within Co.Al.Ta. project (Reg.CEE2182/02). Alternative properties of Pittosporum species were outlined and a review of main phytoextracts and ther biological activity were the main aims of this paper. Pittosporum species reported in bibliography and used in bio-essay were P. eugenoides, P. lanatum, P. moluccanum, P. neelgherrense, P. pancheri, P. pentandrum, P. phylliraeoides, P. resiniferum, P. tobira, P. undulatum, P. viridiflorum. Main activity of Pittosporum phytoextracts were as follows.
a) Anti-viral effects versus RRV (Togaviridae: Alphavirus: ssRNA) and FeHV1 (Herpesviridae: Varicellovirus: dsDNA).
b) Cyto-toxic effects versus Candida (Ascomycota: Saccharomycetales), Enterococcus (Firmicutes: Lactobacillales: G+), Plasmodium (Haemosporida: Apicomplexa).
c) Anti-tumoral properties versus tumor as KB, SA180, LLC, colon and breast adeno-carcinome, melanome, pancreas carcinome, neuroblastome, medulloblastome, ovary cancer.
d) Zoo-toxic properties versus Artemia salina (Crustacea: Artemidae).
Also anti-oxidant, anti-thrombin, hepato-protective properties and biosensor activities on trace pollutant elements, have been reported in licterature.
Abstract: In 2004 a new Chrysolina (Col.: Chrysomelidae) specie was described from Southern Italy (Lazio: RM; Abruzzo AQ, CH; Campania: AV): C. bourdonei D'Accordi & Ruffo, 2004. During CoAlTa project four new specimens of this specie were recorded in Campania: 1 specimen from Frigento (BN) 2007; 1 Nocera Inferiore (SA) 2007; 1 Scafati (SA) 2007; 1 Portici (NA) (in Portici collection with no data on label). Thanks to these new data it is possible conclude that C. bourdonnei is present in the Campanian provinces of Salerno, Avellino, Benevento, Napoli.
Abstract: In this short note we have recorded Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Col.: Curculionidae) attacks on Phoenix canariensis in the following cities of Northern Salerno province (august-october 2007): Angri, Castel San Giorgio, Mercato San Severino, Nocera Inferiore, Nocera Superiore, Pagani, San Valentino Torio, Sarno.
Abstract: The record of 3 specimens (may/2006) of Rumina decollata (L.) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Subulinidae) in Scafati (Salerno province: Campania) was the aim of this short note.
Abstract: Rosalia alpina (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) specimens contained in the entomological collection of Naturalistic Museum of Corleto Monforte (Campania) were as follows: 3 specimens from Corleto Monforte (SA) (1993, 1999, 2005); 1 from Avellino (AV) (1997).
Abstract: Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Heteroptera: Coreidae) new Southern Italian record, has reported: Nocera Inferiore, Salerno Province, Campania, X/2007. This specie has present also in the following Italian regions: Emilia Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Liguria, Piemonte, Toscana, Trentino Alto Adige (Norther Italy); Abruzzo (Central Italy); Campania, Sardegna, Sicilia (Southern and Insular Italy).
Abstract: A minireview of the Asphodelus (Liliaceae) phyto-extracts and their functions, was the main aim of this paper. The Asphodelus species reported in licterature for this topic were: A. acaulis, A. albus, A. cerasiferus, A. fistulosus, A. lutea, A. luteus, A. mauritii, A. microcarpus, A. tenuifolius. The principal molecules extracted from Asphodelus sp. listed in the licterature consulted were as follows: (OH)4-(CH3)2-10-C-xylopiranosyl-4,7-bianthracene-9,9,10-trione; (OH)5-(CH3)2-10,7-bianthracene-9,9,10-trione; (OH)6-(CH3)2-10-C-(glucopiranosil)2-10,7-biantracene-9,9-dione; 1,8-di-OH-anthraqinone; 1,8-di-OH-3-CH3-10-Cglucopyranosyl-9-anthracenone; 1,8-di-OH-3-CH3-9,10-anthracenone; 1,8-dimetoxynaftalene; 10,7-bi-chrysophanol; 2-acetil-1,8-dimetoxy-3-CH3-naftalene; 2-acetyl-8-metoxy-3-CH3-1-naftol; 3-CH3-anthralin; 3-O-glucopyranosyl-ederagenin; 6-O-(S-3-OH-3-CH3-glutaroyl)-iso-orientin; 6-O-malonil-iso-orientin; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-alfa-arabinopyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-il)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-alfa-ramnopyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-alfaxylopyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-betaantiaropyranosyl; 7-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10-anthrone-10-C-betaquinovopyranosyl; clorogenic acid; aloe-emodin; aloe-emodin-acetate; apigenin; asphodelin; asphodelin-A; asphodelin-A-4-O-beta-D-glucoside; beta-sitosterol; bichrysophanol; CH3-docosanoate; CH3-eicosanoate; CH3-linoleate; CH3-myristeate; CH3- oleate; CH3-palmitate; CH3-stearate; CH3-tetracosanoate; chrysophanol; chrysophanol-1-Ogentiobioside; chrysophanol-8-mono-beta-D-glicoside; iso-orientin; iso-orientin-4-O-Betaglucopyranoside; iso-vitexin; luteolin; ramosin; stigmasterol.
Antimicrobic effects were exhibited versus following species: (A. microcarpus: asphodeline-A), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Proteobacteria); (A. microcarpus roots, A. tenuis whole plant: phytoextracts) Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. violaceus (Ascomycota); (A. microcarpus whole plant), Candida parapsilosis (Ascomicota); (A. tenuifolius), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Actinobacteria). Asphodelus phytoextracts were toxic versus following taxa: on Artemia salina (Crustacea) with A. microcarpus; on Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera) as phago-deterrent and toxic by contact, with A. fistulosus.
Main bio-medical activity of Asphodelus phytoextracts were: anti-psoriasis; antiulcer; sheep lipofuscinosis agent.
Main ethnobotanical use of Asphodelus phytoextracts were: anti-inflammatory; antiparasite; bio-glue ingredient; bread addivite; dermatitis; efelid decoloration; foot disease; laxative; local cheese additive; sunburn.
Abstract: INDEX
1. INTRODUZIONE
2. DISTRIBUZIONE, BIOLOGIA, ETOLOGIA
2.1 Diffusione in Italia del cinghiale
2.2 Caratteristiche morfologiche
2.3. Biologia ed etologia
2.4. Alimentazione
3. PARAMETRI DI POPOLAZIONE
3.1. Distribuzione
3.2. Consistenza
3.3. DensitÃ
3.4. Struttura e dinamica di popolazione
3.5. Incremento utile annuo
3.6. Modello strutturale della popolazione di cinghiali
4. DANNI
4.1. Cause dei danni
4.2. Tipologie di danno
5. GESTIONE
5.1. Aspetti generali
5.2. Quadro normativo
5.3. Misure di gestione del cinghiale
5.4. Gestione del cinghiale in aree protette
5.5. Prevenzione dei danni da cinghiale
6. DISCIPLINARE PER IL RISARCIMENTO DEI DANNI
6.1. Segnalazione danni
6.2. Accertamento danni
6.3. Modalità di liquidazione
7. CONCLUSIONI
8. BIBLIOGRAFIA
8.1. SITI CONSULTATI
Abstract: An occasional attack of Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner, 1799) (Lep.: Tortricidae) on Pittosporum tenuifolium was reported in Caserta provincie (Campania) in june 2007. A short check-list of pathogens and parasites of Pittosporum was outlined.
Abstract: Phyto-extracts of Artemisia species (Asteraceae) are employed as natural biocides (anti-insects, anti-helmints, and anti-biotics) from many century ago. The main aim of this review was to summarized the toxic effects of chemical extracts from Artemisia on Platyzoa species. Toxic effects was reported for the taxa as follows: Clonorchis, Dipylidium, Echinostoma, Fasciola, Moniezia, Opisthorchis, Schistosoma, Taenia. Artemisia phyto-extracts used were as follows: A. annua, A. inculta, A. maritima, A. pallens, A. vulgaris. Artemisia phyto-extracts may control Schistosoma-vector (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) and aetiological agent of schistosomiasis (Schistosoma: haematobium, japonicum, mansoni, mekongi).
Abstract: This volume represents an attempt to draw up an exhaustive bibliographical list regarding (directly and not) all the species of the three genera belonging to Xylocopini tribe (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Xylocopinae): Xylocopa Latreille, 1802; Lestis Lepeletier & Serville, 1828; Proxylocopa Hedicke, 1938. Foundamental references are reported also for the most important species associated with Xylocopini species, as Chaetodactylidae mites (Acari) and Horiini Meloidae (Coleoptera). The aim of this wide bibliographical list is to make available and/or to accede easily to anyone who is interested in biology, systematics, biogeography about these species, to all bibliographical references dealing to this tribe, from those more recent to the old. The division in disciplines results particularly useful because every researcher is usually interested in a few and exact research field. So, the main purpose is to supply a necessary and sufficient information in order to find a possible bibliographical reference and then, to have right informations in order to know the main contents of reference itself, if the complete title is not available. This list is certainly incomplete, but the absent bibliographical references in this contribution are: 1) very difficult to find; 2) not yet published on examined data bases; 3) not included for my negligence; 4) they received scant ot nothing scientific spreading; 5) I have not been way of consulting them yet. Since this list is surely lacking in some references, so I reserve for me to publish at least a second part, to complete this list.
To get bibliographical references on the genera Xylocopa, Lestis, Proxylocopa, the data bases listed in Table I were consulted. The only data base consulted incompletely was (6), of wich the volumes I-XV are absent in the specialized libraries consulted on this subject: University of Bari, Bologna, Naples, Pisa, Portici, Rome (I, II, III); Apiculture Institute of Milan, Rome, Turin. But this is not remarkable because references in (6) relative to Xylocopini species are decreasing considerably since 1970 and under. All the papers, notes, contributions, messages, abstracts, symposia, seminars, congress, books, guide, etc., wich comprise informations about at least one Xylocopini species or about the tribe in general (also very short quotations) were reported in this list. Moreover the bibliography reported behind every bibliographical reference directly consulted, was reported too. Some theses regarding Xylocopini species or including informations about them were reported. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, natural history and entomology which comprise informations about Xylocopini species were reported All bibliographical references were classified according to informative substance of their title, if they are not consulted directly; otherwise, if they are consulted directly, they are classified on the ground of the principal contents of the text. For every biological discipline in wich the bibliographical references were classified, the organization was carried out alphanumerically. General texts of zoology, ecology, biology, botany, entomology, hymenopterology and natural history ones, were all placed in the section: general books. In this bibliographical list is also reported the bibliography of C. G. Dalla Torre (1896) - Catalogus Hymenopterorum X - regarding different Xylocopini species; these references are lacking in title and in contents; they just report the species quoted or examined in the paper; for this reason, all bibliographical references of wich it was not possible to find their complete title, were placed in a special section: historical bibliography cited in Dalla Torre C.G. (1896).
The complete bibliographical references are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name; date of publication; complete title of reference; magazine; volume number; first and last page of the reference. The books are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial of his name; date of publication; complete title of the book; publisher; publisher town; total pages; in some cases it make a reference to the exact pages in which the informations about species of Xylocopini are reported, enclosing within brackets genus and pages. The bibliographical references of which the complete title is not available, but the exact bibliographical position is known, are quoted as follows: author's surname and initial letters of his name if it is known; date of publication; brief contents of the informations about species subject of the text or quoted; magazine; volume number; pages and/or figure and/or tables where the informations of Xylocopini species are reported.
Abstract: This note dealing the taxonomic status of O.G. Costa (1871) specie Saga italica (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae: Saginae). A conclusive sinonimization was proposed for Locusta gigantea Costa G., Saga italica Costa O.G., Saga pedo (Pallas).
Abstract: The specimens of Xylocopini tribe (Apidae) contained in the small collection of C.R.A. - I.S.T. of Scafati (Campania: SA) are as follows: 69 specimens belonging to Xylocopa violacea, and 14 ones to X. valga.
Abstract: In this study are reported a Strepsipteran specimens endo-parasite of Polistes gallicus captured in Benevento provincie (Italy: Campania: Paduli) in june 2005.
Abstract: Scolini (Hym.: Scolidae) of Campania: record in Salerno provincie of Megascolia flavifrons haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.) and Scolia erythrocephala Fabr. - The aim of this note was to record Megascolia flavifrons haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.) and Scolia erythrocephala Fabr. in Campania, Salerno provincie.
Abstract: A review of pubescence color pattern in X. caffra (1 new variety), X. scioensis (2 new variety), X. nigrita, X. asaccula, X. cloti, X. oudemansi, X. praeusta, was carried out, with new sinonimization in Afroxylocopa group. A discussion of preliminary role of "variety status" in Xylocopini species taxonomical revision is provided.
Abstract: In this study are reviewed the observations on Xylocopa violacea nest biology in Southern Italy (Campania) from nest foundation to offspring nest abandoning.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae) is the most widespread Xylocopini species of Italy and Europe. In this study all the licterature and observational data on flower species visited by this apid in Europe are summarized. X. violacea forages on 742 species and varieties of plants belonging to 85 families. The possible economic role of X. violacea is outlined for some cultivated plant species.
Abstract: In order to evaluate lethal and sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai on Spodoptera littoralis, two different extended laboratory tests were carried out on two larval instars (I and V), with two different toxin concentrations. B. t. ssp. aizawai showed the same high lethal effect on the first larval instar as Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (about 100%). A lower lethal effect was recorded on the fifth larval instar for both subspecies. A sublethal effect was observed for B. t. ssp. aizawai which caused a lower pupal weight. No differences between the two B. t. ssp. aizawaii doses were recorded. Results suggest that B. t. ssp. aizawai may be a good alternative to B. t. ssp. kurstaki, even though both products showed a limited control of the fifth larval instar.
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apoidea) specimens of Doria Museum (Liguria: Genova) is the aim of this contribute. The following subgenera have been revised: Ctenoxylocopa, Mimoxylocopa, Nodula, Oxyxylocopa, Perixylocopa, Zonohirsuta.
Abstract: The Scolini (Hym.: Scolidae) contained in the entomological collection of Silvestri Institute of Entomology and Zoology of Portici was the aim of this contribute. The species recognized were as follows: Gen. Megascolia Betr. (M. bidens, M. flavifrons); Gen. Scolia Fabr. (S. hirta, S. insubrica, S. quadricincta, S. sexmaculata).
Abstract: The aim of this note was to record the color variety of addome in Scolia erythrocephala Fabr. in Campania (South Italy) and the specie distribution
Abstract: A bibliographical review of Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, Melittidae) distribution in Naples Provincie (Campania) was the main aim of this contribute.
Abstract: In this study are summarized both data of invasion in Europe and Italy of Cacyreus marshalli butterfly (Lycaenidae) and its occurrence in Campania.
Abstract: A bibliographical review of Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) distribution in Naples Province (Campania) was the main aim of this contribute.
Abstract: A bibliographical review of taxa reported on Seychelles shows Xylocopa caffra the only specie on this Archipelago, particularly on Mahe island, with the subspecies seychellensis.
Abstract: The description of social biology observed in a Xylocopa violacea Campanian population (Southern Italy) is the aim of this contribute; (it is also carried out) a qualitative comparison among Xylocopini species is also carried out. The main results are as follows. A) In offsprings pre-emersion phase, 20% of nests are attacked by a predator. B) The founding female (= FF) see the emersion of their offsprings and they live together for about 3 weeks. C) Offsprings live together in the parental nest, but after FF disappearance there is a rapid offspring number decrease in the nest. D) Offsprings live together at least until the reproductive period starts. E) FF feeds offsprings by trophallaxis. F) Daughters feed both daughters and sons by trophallaxis, but sons are never donors. G) Nest guarding, defence and grooming are mainly carried out by offsprings during post-emersion phase, particularly by sons. H) Offsprings nest guarding behaviour causes an increase of FF flight number and duration and eliminates nest predation. I) FF and offsprings feed on pollen paste and pollen stored in the nest. J) Co-nestlings are recognized respect to non conestlings. K) There are 43 Xylocopini species with available social biology bibliographical data, but in only 9 these data are (sufficient about). L) X. violacea is univoltin in Europe. M) X. violacea shows all the behavioural traits of the true social species, but its sociality is very degraded because of two factors: shortness of FF-offsprings social interactions; univoltin biological cycle; these two factors are directly affected both by climate and by trophic resorces availability.
Notes: A.R.C.A. 113 Ecologico â Onlus. Associazione per la Ricerca e Conservazione Ambientale, Gruppo Attivo Campano
Abstract: The Scolini (Hym.: Scolidae) contained in the entomological collection of Silvestri Institute of Entomology and Zoology of Portici was the aim of this contribute. The species recognized were as follows: Gen. Megascolia Betr. (M. bidens, M. flavifrons); Gen. Scolia Fabr. (S. hirta, S. insubrica, S. quadricincta, S. sexmaculata).
Abstract: Catalogue of Scolidae (Hymenoptera) of Alburni Naturalistic Museum (Corleto Monforte, SA, Campania) have been published, with some new colour-variety.
Abstract: The aim of this note was to record the color variety of abdomen and head in Megascolia flavifrons (Fabr.) in Campania (South Italy). The following variety have been recognized: M. f. var. clipeo-flava, M. f. var. m-frontalis, M. f. var. diademata. M. f. haemorrhoidalis is proposed as colour variety and not subspecie: M. f. var. haemorrhoidalis.
Abstract: The Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) specimens of 59 Italian entomological collections have been studied in order to obtain data on greek Xylocopini fauna. The following species have been recognized: Proxylocopa olivieri (5 specimens; Dodecanese), Xylocopa iris (14; Central Greece, Cyclades, Ionian Islands, Crete, Dodecanese), X. valga (6; Central Greece, Macedonia, Thessaly), X. violacea (60; Dodecanese, Ionian Islands, Crete, Epirus, Central Greece, Macedonia, Peloponnese, Thessaly).
Abstract: Two new Xylocopini (Apidae) species for the European fauna are recorded by means of four museum specimens of the second half of the 19th century: Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) nigrita and (Koptortosoma) caffra, on Zante (Greece) X. nigrita was also collected in Cádiz (Spain).
Abstract: This paper is a bibliographical review on toxic effects on molluscan species by phytoextracts of Artemisia species, particularly Vulgarone-B extract from A. douglasiana.
Abstract: In this study was reported the presence of Cacyreus marshalli (Lycaenidae) in Agro-Nocerino-Sarnese, with complete photo collection both of some traits of life history and on type of damages.
Abstract: This is a divulgative note on a particular Orthoptera specie contained in the entomological collections of Alburni Naturalistic Museum (Corleto Monforte: SA): Brachytrupes megacephalus.
Abstract: The aim of this note was to record Scolia hirta in Matera, Benevento, Pompei, Scafati, S. quadricincta in Firenze and S. sexmaculata in Portici.
Abstract: The sistematic position of Xylocopini inside Apoidea and subtribal classification are reviewed on the basis of bibliographical data (from morphology, genetics, ethology, biogeography), analized with differents approach (cladistic, phenetic, classic).
Abstract: In this note have listed the main antagonist species of Spodoptera littoralis and Helicoverpa armigera belonging to Diptera, Hymenoptera and Neuroptera cited in bibliography, particularly the italian species.
Abstract: A redescription of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) augusti Lepeletier, 1841 var. pterochloris Brethes 1916 (Apidae: Xylocopini) and an identification key for the several X. augusti morpho-variety are carried out. Sistematictaxonomic implications on pubescence variability in Xylocopini tribe are discussed.
Abstract: Occasional invasion of Sehirus luctuosus Mulsant & Rey, 1866 (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) in Salerno provincie (Campania). - Oggetto della nota è di riportare una infestazione di Sehirus luctuosus riscontrata nel 2005 ad Ascea e Palinuro (Campania: SA), una delle prime segnalazioni regionali ufficiali di tale specie.
Abstract: In the Civic Museum of Comiso there are 14 specimens belonging to Xylocopa violacea. In the collection of Animal Biology Department of Catania there are 179 specimens belonging to the following species: X. combusta, X. frontalis, X. iris, X. praeusta, X. senior, X. somalica, X. valga, X. valga.
Abstract: The distribution of Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Xylocopa) in regions of the Alps (Northern Italy, France, Slovenia) is presented, including records of the phoretic mite Sennertia cerambycina (Acari: Chaetodactylidae). Xylocopa iris (32 specimens: 9 % of the total catch) was recorded from 6 regions and 12 (of 23) provinces; faunistic data in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Slovenia and Côte dâAzur are particularly scattered. The distribution of X. valga (103 specimens: 29 %) is well known, it is recorded from 7 regions and 16 provinces, as is the distribution of X. violacea (220 specimens: 62 %), recorded from all the 9 regions and 21 provinces. X. valga and X. violacea were previously known from a low altitudinal belt (< 700 m) in the Alps, but present data show records of X. valga from 800 -900 m (Roncola S. Bernardo, Lombardia; Naturno, Alto Adige), and X. violacea from 1000 -1450 m (Frabosa Soprana, Piedicavallo, Sambuco, Piemonte; Monte Baldo, Veneto). Sennertia cerambycina was not found on X. iris but only on 16 specimens (4.5 %) of X. valga and X. violacea; it is recorded from 5 regions and 8 provinces; more females (62.5 %) than males were infested, and more specimens of X. valga (62.5 %) than of X. violacea.
Notes: LINK MUSEO. - http://www.naturmuseum.it/
LINK CONVEGNO. - http://www.naturmuseum.it/kale/kale_con_detail_it.asp?EVEN_ID=24000
Abstract: The aim of this note was to list the Xylocopini nomina nuda, incorrect name, and unused name, from bibliographical data and from entomological collections of Italy.
Abstract: In this study are reviewed the observation on Xylocopa violacea nest biology in Southern Italy (Campania), from nest foundation to offspring nest abandoning.
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apoidea) specimens of Doria Museum (Liguria: Genova) is the aim of this contribute. The following species have been revised: Proxylocopa nitidiventris (1 specimen); P. olivieri (7); X. amedaei (1); X. cantabrita (9); X. iris (45); X. valga (85); X. violacea (283).
Abstract: Nella piana del fiume Sele, in comune di Battipaglia (Salerno: Campania) esiste una colonia di M. apiaster di 7 coppie (dati del 1995), la quale è stata in passato studiata da Mancuso (1995). Al fine di accertare se la popolazione del Sele preda X. violacea è stato analizzato il fondo di un nido contenente alcune centinaia di resti di imenotteri aculeati (e.g.: Megascolia flavifrons, Bombus terrestris, Apis mellifera, Vespa cabro) particolarmente ali, somiti dorsali metasomali e qualche raro capo. Dopo un'attenta ricerca sono stati individuati i resti di alcuni esemplari di X. violacea, tra cui: capo (2 resti), ali (6 resti) e probabilmente alcuni somiti metasomali. La discriminazione tra X. violacea e X. valga, anch'essa presente in Campania (Vicidomini, 2001) è stata eseguita in base alle caratteristiche del capo e delle ali (e.g.: Pagliano & Nobile, 1993). In base a questi risultati si può confermare che la predazione viene esercitata anche in Campania da M. apiaster. Questo inoltre risulta essere l'unico predatore noto per l'italia, dell'adulto di X. violacea e la presente segnalazione si aggiunge ad una desunta dai dati di cartellino di due reperti conservati nel Museo G. Doria di Genova e da me determinati nel 1987, riportanti i seguenti dati: 2 maschi, Toscana, Isola d'Elba, 1980, Baccetti leg., Capra F. det. 1980, catturati da Merops apiaster.
Abstract: A quantitative study of head sexual dimorphism (= F-M%) in a Campanian (South Italy) pupae population of Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae: Xylocopini) is the aim of this contribute. Sexual dimorphism is significant for all the measured characters (F-M% > 1). For two characters the male mean is major than female mean [F-M% < 0; FT, FX(XI)] mainly because of males additional flagellomere. Little significant (1 < F-M% < 5 ) is the sexual dimorphism of OCMIN, LGSC1/2, FI, FX(XI) characters, but highly significant (F-M% > 30) for OVP-MPC, OVP-OC, LGMB, LGM1/2 characters. Normal significant (5 < F-M% < 30) for the others 19 characters. Antennae characters shows a not significant sexual dimorphism (F-M% = 0.42) because of their important functions in two sex. Compound eye (12.71) and toruli (13.95) characters are only affected by different size of two sex because shows the same sexual dimorphism of pupa total lenght. Visual ocelli (32.61) and mandible (31.18) characters shows a significant major sexual dimorphism respect to pupa total lenght, mainly due to nest digging carried out by females only.
Abstract: The quantitative pattern of carbohydrates contained in pollen paste of Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Italy is the aim of this contribute. The identified carbohydrates are as follows (% on fresh weight): monosaccarides (fructose 23.70%; glucose 20.45%); disaccarides (saccarose 0.74%); tetrasaccarides (stachiose = lupeose 1.50%).
Abstract: The distribution of Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: genus Xylocopa) species in Padano-Veneta valley (Northern Italy) is the aim of this contribute, whith also faunistic records on associate phoretic Acari Sennertia cerambycina (Acari: Chaetodactylidae).
Abstract: In this second part of Xylocopini (Apoidea) revision of Verona Natural History Museum have been recognized the following species: Proxylocopa olivieri, Xylocopa aestuans, X. amauroptera, X. amedei, X. appendiculata, X. artifex, X. augusti, X. brasilianorum, X. caerulea, X. caribea, X. chinensis, X. ciliata, X. dejeani, X. flavonigrescens, X. frontalis, Xylocopa iris, X. latipes, X. nogueirai, X. splendidula, X. ustulata, X. valga, X. violacea tipical variety, X. violacea funereipennis, and two not-recognized species belonging to Koptortosoma subgenus. A revision of X. chinensis and its subgenus Bomboixylocopa is due, with also a diagnostic key of species.
Abstract: Reperti: Xylocopa (Xylocopa) valga Gerstaecker, 1872 â 1F, CALABRIA, Cosenza, VII 2003, (Dono: Entomol. Portici). (Reperto conservato nella collezione di Xylocopini dell'autore).
Solo le provincie di Vibo Valentia e Crotone risultano scoperte da segnalazioni documentate per X. valga in Calabria. Data la loro posizione geografica interna alle altre 3 provincie se ne può concludere che X. valga è presente su tutto il territorio regionale.
Abstract: The description of Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae: Xylocopini) pupal flagellomeres is the aim of this note. The main ressults are as follows. a) The ventral side of flagellomeres are crenulate. b) Only the adult males of Lestis species shows this character among Xylocopini. c) Lestis probably, must be included in Xylocopa as an ancestor taxon.
Abstract: The following Xylocopini (Apidae) faunistic records are reported: Xylocopa caffra (L.), extra-areal record East Indies; X. latipes (Drury), first record (historical: 1876) Australia (Cape York); X. sulcatipes Maa, first record Giordania (Qa Disi); X. torrida (Westwood), wrong extra-areal record India (Sikkim); X. violacea (L.), confirmed presence in China.
Abstract: The study of Xylocopa violacea foraging ethology on Vicia faba is the aim of this contribute. Two foraging tactics have been observed: from corolla, with pollination of flowers (3.4% of flowers), and nectar robbery, without pollination of flowers and fisical damage of flowers (96.6%). Females visit less flowers/min than males and they spent more time on a flower than males; males visit a double number of flowers/min in Gennuary than in March; they spent more time on a flower in March than in Gennuary and they spent more s/min of flight in March than in Gennuary (48% more s/min of Gennuary value). Male mating system in this area affect all these data: random search of females in flight in February-April on V. faba. A number of advantage are due to robbery tactic, in particular a more high number of fowers/min than from corolla tactic, like it happens also in Lamium purpureum. The widespread of the robbery tactic among Xylocopini species maybe explained with the following working hypothesis: the nectar robbery tactic, with or without pollination, will cause a more high number of flowers visited per min tha from corolla tactic, with an increase of energetic reward. X. violacea is a V. faba pollinator very inefficient; other V. faba visitors are: Macroglossum stellatarum, Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera), Epicometis irta e Oxythyrea funesta (Coleoptera), Anthophora acervoroum, Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Eucera longicornis, Xylocopa iris, and others 3 Apidae undetermined species. Others flower species on wich X. violacea robber the nectar are: Antirrhinum majus, Canna indica, Cordia mixa, Linaria vulgaris, Mirabilis jalapa, Symphytum tuberosum, Trapeolum lobbianum, Salvia eriocalyx, S. menthaefolia, S. mexicana, Saponaria officinalis, Petunia hybrida, Corydalis sp., Fumaria sp., Jasminun nudiflorum, Lonicera etrusca, Petrocoptis grandiflora, Narcissus cantabricus, N. tazetta, Vicia sativa. The hypothesis that X. violacea adult feeds also on V. faba pollen is supposed.
Abstract: Sistematic and distribution of Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae): new and rare records for Africa (Part III) and description of two new taxa. - In this contribute the African distribution of 26 Xylocopa species have been updated, particularly for Guinea Bissau with 7 new records. Two new taxa are described: X. nigrita vertexalbula (Guinea Bissau); Xylocopa capitata kahuzibiegensis (Zaire) are described.
Abstract: The Xylocopini tribe (Apidae) collection (European section) of Trieste Civici Museum of Natural History is the aim of this contribute. There are 77 specimens in the collection, as follows: Xylocopa violacea 47 (5 Croazia; 3 Slovenia; 21 Friuli Venezia Giulia; 6 Toscana; 4 Puglia; 1 Calabria; 7 Sicilia); X. valga 24 (2 Croazia; 2 Slovenia; 1 Albania; 8 Friuli Venezia Giulia; 11 Sicilia); X. iris 6 (2 Croazia; 1 Friuli Venezia Giulia; 3 Sicilia).
Abstract: Oggetto di questo contributo è lo studio del comportamento della larva di Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae: Xylocopini) all'interno della cella. I principali risultati sono di seguito riassunti. a) la larva di X. violacea foraggia sulla pasta pollinica alla velocità di 99.36 prelievi/min (= 1.656/s); b) una larva di X. violacea spende l'85.7% del proprio tempo a foraggiare sulla pasta pollinica mentre nel restante tempo è quiescente; c) il substadio larva defecante esegue un maggior numero di prelievi/min rispetto al substadio larva non defecante; d) maschi e femmine prelevano la pasta pollinica alla stessa velocità ma le femmine ne prelevano una quantità maggiore per ogni prelievo; e) la velocità di foraggiamento non segue un ritmo giornaliero; f) il substadio larva prepupa impiega il 91.3% del tempo in quiescenza.
Abstract: The revision of the second part (extra-European section) of Xylocopini (Apidae) of Milano Civic Museum of Natural History (167 specimens belonging to 34 species-variety) and the thirth part of La Specola Zoological Museum (124 specimens belonging to 32 species-variety) are the aims of this contribute. A new Xylocopa violacea (L.) abnormal-type is described.
Abstract: The aim of this contribute is to catalogue the Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) collection contained in the Faenza Civic Museum of Natural History.
Abstract: The type of paedotrofic cell provisioning (random or not) in Xylocopa violacea was the aim of this contribution. The color and position of pollen paste from 37 nests were recorded. Average numbers of interruptions in the pollen paste colors was 1.811 (mode: 1; 0.240 per cell) 44% lower than random provisioning theoretical value (3.243). Two nests out of 37 (5.4%) shows an interruption numbers equal to theoretical maximum ones. There are not sex differences in the pollen paste color frequences. Results shows that X. violacea was not random in cell provisioning behaviour.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (L.) (Apidae) feeding biology plasticity was studied; 130 flower species have been recognized, belonging to 35 genera and to 26 family.
Abstract: Several morphological characters have been studied in 5 Lestis specimens (Apidae: Xylocopini) contained in the Napoli Zoological Museum (2 L. bombylans females; 1 L. aeratus male) and in the Trieste Civic Museum of Natural History (2 L. bombylans females); then these data have been compared with same data reported in bibliography for Xylocopini subgenera. The main results are as follows. The carino-tuberculate prominence between posterior ocelli of L. bombylans females is reported, morphologically similar, also in Ctenoxylocopa, Xylocopoides, Xylocospila subgenera. The basitibial plate of females appear concave and iridescent as in the only Xylocopoides subgenus. The I-IV tergal metasomal graduli pattern of females is similar to that showed by only Xylocopoides subgenera. Hard integument iridescence is showed also in Calloxylocopa, Copoxyla, Cyphoxylocopa, Lieftinckella, Shoenherria, Xylocopoides subgenera. L. bombylans females shows an inter-orbital distance variable between EF1-EF2, as observed also in Neoxylocopa, Stenoxylocopa, Xylocopoides, Xylomelissa subgenera. The absence of inner mandibular tubercle is reported also in 19 Old World subgenera and three New World ones (Calloxylocopa, Monoxylocopa, Xylocopoides). L. aeratus male shows an atipic inter-orbital distance, not codified by Hurd & Moure (1963). These data refuted the hypotheses of Lestis-Shoenherria phylogenetic relationship, and confirm the inclusion of Lestis in Xylocopa as subgenus; moreover it is probable that there is a phylogenetic relationship between Lestis-Xylocopoides: Xylocopoides as the modern Xylocopa subgenus most proximate to Lestis.
Abstract: The systematic revision of Xylocopini (Apidae) contained in the Roma Zoological Museum is the aim of this contribute. The revision has regarded the collections Lepri, Luigioni, Vita and the miscellaneous section. The following species have been recognized: X. combusta, X. frontalis, X. iris, X. valga, X. violacea, X (Koptortosoma) sp, X. (Shoenherria) sp. Cosenza (Calabria) and Siena (Toscana) are two new provincial faunistic records for X. valga.
Abstract: The new variety Xylocopa (Copoxyla) iris (Christ, 1791) var. n. atra (Italy, Toscana -GR- Burano) (Apidae: Xylocopini) is described. This new variety is more similar to X. (C.) i. cupripennis Smith 1874 and to X. (C.) i. uclesiensis Perez 1901, than X. (C.) i. iris, showing a combination of characters of the former two subspecies.
Abstract: The revision of the Xylocopini specimens of Camillo Rondani entomological collection ("La Specola" Museum, Florence) is aim of this contribute. The species are the following: Xylocopa iris, 3 specimens; X. valga, 8; X. violacea, 4. The synonimy X. ramulorum lectotypus = X. valga male has been confirmed. X. canuta Rondani 1874, is a mix of X. iris, X. valga and X. violacea, as is reinforced by the Rondani papers also.
Abstract: A review of faunistic records from bibliography dealing with Italian Xylocopini (Apoidea) is the aim of this contribute. The main results are as follows. a) Xylocopini are distributed in all the Italian regions with 847 records as follows: X. iris, 127 total records (15%) (north 33 records, center 40, south 21, island regions 33); X. valga 149 (17.6%) (north 81, center 32, south 19, island regions 17); X. violacea 571 (67.4%) (north 195, center 135, south 81, island regions 160). b) From north to south Italy there is a decrease of 22.2% of faunistic records; in Sicily+Sardinia the faunistic records are 24.8% of total, more than both south and center Italy. c) The regions with more records are Sicily, Lazio and Sardinia; the regions with negligible records (% < 1) are Valle d'Aosta, Marche e Molise. d) In all the regions, except Marche, the faunistic records dealing with X. violacea is more than 50%. e) X. iris is recorded in 17 regions out of 20 (not recorded in Valle d'Aosta, Umbria, Molise); X. valga is recorded in 18 regions out of 20 (not recorded in Valle d'Aosta, Sardinia). f) X. valga appear as the more northern Xylocopini species in Italy. g) Some records show sinthopy among two-three Xylocopini species. h) Xylocopini are recorded on the main Italian archipelagos, particularly with X. violacea. i) From the only regions with sufficient data (Campania, Emilia Romagna, Lazio, Sicily, Tuscany: 386 total records, 45.6% of total) it has been obtained that X. iris is underestimate because of small size and recognition difficulty (percentage increase 5.2%); X. valga appears as correctly estimate and it is the more rare specie; X. violacea is a little overestimate. j) It is possible that X. valga never reached Sardinia; it maybe reached Italy later than the other two Xylocopini species.
Abstract: The Xylocopini (Apidae) of Franz von Biegeleben collection are the following 5 species: Xylocopa iris (4 specimens: Italy); X. valga (7: Italy); X. violacea (19: Italy; 1: Spain); X. cantabrita (1: Spain); X. virginica (3: N-America). The Xylocopini of Klaus Hellrigl collection are the following 6 species: X. iris (1 specimen: Italy); X. valga (2: Italy); X. violacea (7: Italy; 4: Istria); X. latipes (4: Asia), X. flavorufa (5: Africa: Kenya); X. aestuans (2: Africa: Egypt). The three Italian Xylocopini species are distributed in Bolzano Province (17 effective local records) and Trento Province (18 effective local records); X. iris and X. valga are more rare than X. violacea. Two new nest substrates used by X. violacea have been recognized: Alnus sp., Betula pendula (Fagales: Betulaceae).
Abstract: The revision of Xylocopini (Apidae) specimens of M. Perillo (San Nicola la Strada: CE) and P. & F. Parente (Guardiasanframondi: BN) private collections was the aim of this contribute. There are 18 Xylocopa specimens in the Perillo collection (X. valga 4 from Campania, Sicilia; X. violacea 14 from Lazio, Campania, Sicilia) and 5 ones in Parente collection (X. valga 3 and X. violacea 2, from Campania)
Abstract: The description of Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) flavicollis (Degeer, 1778) var. n. albertii is the aim of this contribute. Also a key for the X. flavicollis female variety is carried out.
Abstract: Total acidity and lipid content of Xylocopa violacea pollen paste are the aims of this contribute. Total acidity is 28 mEq/Kg; total lipid content is 1.45%. Total acidity is very similar to Apis honey; lipid content is less than reported for X. capitata pollen paste and Apis honey.
Abstract: All the ontogenetic deformations observed in Xylocopa violacea preimaginal instar are morphologically described, and eventually photographed (Southern Italy). Also the adult-deformed observed in the field are reported. Bibliographical comparative analysis for Xylocopa genus has been reported. The following deformed types have been recognized: 3 adult types observed in the field; 10 pupal types surviving and transformed in adult; 1 pupal and 1 prepupal type not surviving; 2 larval types not surviving. Larval and prepupal aberrant are ever death. Two dwarf types are recognized: the first is due to lower efficience of food intake; the second is due to lower efficience of food assimilation. The deformed observed were 25 out of 183 (13.7%) of total specimens ontogenetically studied. The deformed specimens surviving were 15 out of 183 (8.2% of total; 60% of deformed). Sex ratio in deformed were about 1:1. Bibliographical data shows that females in the brood, are numerically twice as much the number of males; for this reason males are more subject to ontogenetic errors because of their aploidy. In 1986-1989, 1992-1993 years, the deformed-frequence were 0.5/year. In 1990-1991, 1994 years, the deformed-frequence were 4.5/year. In 1995 the deformed number were very high: 11 specimens. The most rich deformed-years are coupled. In four nests the deformed-frequence were more high than other nests (1/nest). The only pupa-deformed-type that can be recognized at the larval instar level was the dwarf.
Abstract: Xylocopa violacea (L.) male defence behaviours are the aims of this contribute. Buzzing behaviour is instinctive and it is little temperature-dependent; experimenter do not affect the exhibition of buzzing behaviour; oscillatory defence behaviour in flight is exhybited only versus men. The X. violacea male defence behaviours are a case of behavioural batesian mimicry.
Abstract: In the entomological collections of the Regional Fitosanitary Services of Bologna, Cagliari, Genova, Napoli, Perugia, Sanremo, Ravenna, Trieste, and of Regional Agency for Agricultural and Industrial Development of Firenze, there are two Xylocopini species: Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872 (6 specimens); X. violacea (L.) (36 specimens).
