SOPHIA RHIZOPOULOU

Abstract: � �γγλο� John Sibthorp, καθηγη�ή� �ο�ανική� ��ο Πανε�ι��ήμιο �η� �ξ���δη� -εμ�νε���ή� �η� Flora Graeca Sibthοrpiana- μαζί με �ον �����ιακ� καλλι�έ�νη Ferdinand Bauer �ε�ιηγήθηκαν ��α �έλη �ο� 18ο� αι�να ��ην ��οε�ανα��α�ική �λλάδα. �νει�ο ζ�ή�, �κο��� και α�ο�έλε�μα: η ��λλογή ����ν (�ο� ο Sibthorp γν��ιζε α�� �ο έ�γο �ο� �εο��ά��ο� και �ο� �ιο�κο��ίδη), οι εξαι�ε�ικέ� �δα�ογ�α�ίε� 966 ����ν και οι θα�μά�ιε� �ο�ιογ�α�ίε�. �λο �ο ��������ο �λικ� ��ν�η�εί�αι �ήμε�α ��η βιβλιοθήκη �ο� Τμήμα�ο� Plant Sciences, ��ο Πανε�ι��ημίο �η� �ξ���δη�, ��ο� �ο κοιν� δεν έ�ει ����βα�η. � John Sibthorp �έθανε νέο� και δεν είδε �ο�έ �ο έ�γο �ο� δημο�ιε�μένο. Σ�νάδελ�οι και �ίλοι �ο�, εκ�λη��νον�α� �η διαθήκη �ο�, ολοκλή���αν �ην ����η έκδο�η �ο� δεκά�ομο� έ�γο� (�ονδίνο 1806-1840) �ε 25 �ανάκ�ιβα αν�ί���α. Σ�ο βιβλίο �ο� Stephen Harris �ε�ιγ�ά�ον�αι οι �ε�ι�έ�ειε� �ο� οδήγη�αν ��η δημιο��γία �η� Flora Graeca Sibthorpiana και αναδεικν�ον�αι οι ��έ�ο�ε� �δα�ογ�α�ίε� �ο� Ferdinand Bauer.

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Abstract: �ι �ιζο��μοι ή�αν βο�ανο��λλέκ�ε�. Το Ριζο�ομικ� βο�ανολ�γιο �ο� ��α�ε�α (2ο� αι�να� �.Χ.) �άθηκε. Το ��������ο κείμενο �ο� �ιο�κο��ίδη Πε�ί �λη� ια��ική� ή De materia medica �ο� �ιο�κο��ίδη (1ο� αι�να� μ.Χ.) δεν ��ά��ει. �,�ι β�ί�κε�αι γ�αμμένο �ε κ�δικε� είναι ��ο��ν αν�ιγ�α�ή� α�� άγν���ο α��έ���ο. Το α��αι��ε�ο αν�ίγ�α�ο, ο �ε�ί�ημο� ελληνικ��, εικονογ�α�ημένο� κ�δικα� �ο� 6ο� αι�να, ��λά��ε�αι ��ην �θνική �ιβλιοθήκη �η� �����ία�, ��η �ιέννη, α�� �ον 16ο αι�να. Το κείμενο Πε�ί �λη� ια��ική� διαδ�θηκε, μελε�ήθηκε, με�α��ά��ηκε και �ε�ι�λανήθηκε, α�� ανάγκη, για �ην αναγν��ι�η �λη� ��ή�ιμη�, με ιδι��η�ε� θε�α�ε��ικέ�, �ο� είναι διαθέ�ιμη ��η ���η. Τα ����α �ει��γ�α�α έγιναν �ηγή �λη�ο�ο�ι�ν για δ�α��ικά ����α�ικά ��ν ����ν. Σ�ο έ�γο �ο� �ιο�κο��ίδη ��ά��ει γν��η �ο� �αίνε�αι ��� βα�ίζε�αι ��ην �α�άδο�η, η ο�οία ��οέ��ε�αι α�� θ��λικο�� �ιζο��μο��. � γν��η ���οδ��η�ε �ην ενα��� λη�η με �λικά �η� ���η�, �ε μια διαδικα�ία αέναη� αναζή�η�η�, με �κο�� �η βελ�ί��η ��ν ��νθηκ�ν ζ�ή� ��ν ανθ����ν. ���ή �ην �λη�ο�ο�ία μά� �ην �α�αδίδο�ν �ει��γ�α�οι κ�δικε� �ο� έ�γο� Πε�ί �λη� ια��ική�, �ο� ��νέ�ι�ε να διαδίδε�αι με �ην ���ογ�α�ία. ��θική γν��η, �α�α�ή�η�η, εμ�ει�ική ��ο�έγγι�η και ζ�γ�α�ική α�εικ�νι�η, �λα βοήθη�αν �ην έ�ε�να ε�ίμον�ν μελε�η��ν και �η διάδο�η �η� αξία� �ο� κ��βει η �οικιλ��η�α ��ν ����ν, έ�� �ι� μέ�ε� μα�. Σ�ο βιβλίο α��� �α�ο��ιάζε�αι η �ε�ι�λάνη�η �ο� έ�γο� �ο� �ιο�κο��ίδη και ανα�έ�ον�αι εκα�ον�άδε� ���ά, ���� �ο�οθε�ήθηκαν κα�ά αλ�αβη�ική �ει�ά (�ά�ιν ε�κολία�) �ε κ�δικε� με αξία γν���ική, �ολι�ι�μική και αν�αλλακ�ική.

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Abstract: ��� �ι� �κδ��ει� �ία�λο� κ�κλο�ο�ήθηκε, �ο 2006, �ο ενδια�έ�ον μελέ�ημα �η� Σο�ία� Ριζο�ο�λο�. Σ�ο βιβλίο �η� α��� εξε�άζει �ο �γ�� ��οι�είο κά�� α�� δια�ο�ε�ικά αλλά εξί�ο� ενδια�έ�ον�α ��ί�μα�α: βιολογικά, μ�θολογικά, λαογ�α�ικά. Π��λογο�: «Σ�ο νε�� ά��ι�ε η ζ�ή. �ιαμέ�ο� �ο� νε�ο� και �ο �έ�α�μα ��ην άλλη ��θη... �ι��έ� και δι������α�ο �ο νε��, έ�ει �η δ�ναμη �ο� δ��η�ή και �ο� �ιμ��ο� (άμε�α ή έμμε�α), ��θμίζει �ην ε�ικοιν�νία και �ο ���ι�μ�, �η ���η�ία και �ην α��λεια, �ημα�οδο�εί �ην αναγέννη�η, διε�θε�εί �ην κάθα��η και �ονεξαγνι�μ�, και με�ακινεί�αι ��ακο�ον�α� �ε �δα�ικέ� ��έ�ει�. Το νε�� ��ο��α�ε�ε�αι α�� �α�ο��ίε� θηλ�κέ� κι η ��έ�η �ο� με �η γη β�ί�κει γονιμο�οι� έκ��α�η ��η βλά��η�η (...). Σ�ο βιβλίο α��� �ε�ιγ�ά�ον�αι ��έ�ει� �ο� ά��ον�αι �η� μοί�α� �ο� αναλογεί ��ο νε��. Σ�έ�ει� ��βο�, ε�ιθ�μία�, εξαγνι�μο�. Υδα�ικέ� ��έ�ει� μ���ικέ�, κ���έ�, �ο� α�ε�θ�νον�αι �ε μ���ε�. Σ�έ�ει� �ο� διέ�ο�ν �ην κίνη�η �ο� νε�ο� α�� �α ���γεια �� �α ��έ�γεια �μήμα�α ��ν ����ν, ��ομην�ον�α� �ην α��α�η �οή �ο�. ��ο�ικέ� ��έ�ει� �ο� νε�ο� �ο� κ��βε�αι �ε ��λλ�μα�α θαλε�ά, �ε άνθη έγ���μα και �ε �ίζε� ανθεκ�ικέ�. Σ�έ�ει� �η� ζ�ή� �ο� νε�ο�». Σ�ο �ολ���ι�μα�ικ� α��� μελέ�ημα ε�ι�ά��ε�αι �λο��ια βιβλιογ�α�ία �ο� κα�α�ο�ίζει �ον αναγν���η για �ι� �ηγέ� �η� ��γγ�α�έ��, εν� �α�����ονα �ο� �α�έ�ει �η δ�να���η�α να ανα��έξει �ε εξειδικε�μένε� μελέ�ε� για ε�ιμέ�ο�� θέμα�α.

Abstract: Τα ���ά ή�αν εκεί. ��ο��ή��αν. Φ��ά μακ��βια. αεί��λλα. βαθ���ιζα. ανθεκ�ικά. ε�ο�μα. λε�κανθή. ��μβ�λιζαν αλληγο�ικά �α ιδε�δη. Φ��ά �ο� άγγιζαν. ���λιζαν. ζ�μ�ναν �ην καθημε�ιν��η�α ��ην ιε�ή Aλ�η. Φ��ά με αναγεννη�ικέ� δ�νάμει�. � ι����ή δ���. � λε�κα �η� θ��ία�. � λ�γα�ιά �η� αγν��η�α�. � μεθ���ική άμ�ελο�. � ��να���μενο� κι����. � ε���ική μ���ιά. � δοξα�μένο� �οίνικα�. � μαν�ική δά�νη. � ιε�ή ελιά... �ιαβάζον�α� �α Σ�μβολικά ���ά ��ν �λ�μ�ιακ�ν �γ�ν�ν θα ανακαλ��ε�ε ��α ��ε�ικά εί�ε γ�ά�ει ο �ε���α��ο� ��ιν α�� είκο�ι �έ��ε�ι� αι�νε� -αι �α�αδεδομέναι �ήμαι �α�ά ��ν μ�θολ�γ�ν· ελάαν μεν γα� λέγο��ι �ην �θήνη�ι. �οίνικα δε �ον εν �ήλ�. κ��ινον δε �ον εν �λ�μ�ία. α� ο� ο ��έ�ανο�- και θα μάθε�ε �ολλά για �η ��ή�η. �ο μ�θο. �ην ονομα�ία. �η ���ική ι��ο�ία. Τέλο�. θα α�ολα��ε�ε �ο εικονογ�α�ικ� �λικ� με �α ���ά �η� �λλάδα�. ���� α�ο����θηκαν �ον 18ο αι�να α�� έναν μεγάλο ζ�γ�ά�ο. Σ�ην α��αία �λ�μ�ία �.�ι α�έμεινε α�λ�νε�αι. δια�έε�αι κι έ��ε�αι α�� �ην ��θη �η� αθανα�ία� να αγγίξει �ο �α��ν και �ο μέλλον. Τα ���ά εξακολο�θο�ν ν ανα�����ον�αι εκεί. �� ανα����α��ο μέ�ο� �ο� ξακο���ο� �ο�ίο�.

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Abstract: The alien, seedless Oxalis pes-caprae has spread and colonized many areas of the Mediterranean Basin, relying on vegetative reproduction.The flowering of O. pes-caprae is greatly accelerated by its exposure to sunlight.When the sun is shining, both sides of the petals of the funnelshaped, open flowers of O. pes-caprae are exposed to the ambient conditions. In cloudy weather, only some portions of the abaxial petal surfaces of the trumpet-shaped, closed flowers of O. pes-caprae are exposed to the ambient conditions. The micromorphology of the petals of O. pes-caprae was imaged by using light, scanning and atomic force microscopy. In O. pes-caprae, conical cells are found only on the adaxial epidermis of the petals, which also consist of a narrow mesophyll with a loosely arranged parenchyma and convex cells on their abaxial epidermis. High-resolution imaging of the petal surfaces, using atomic force microscopy, revealed that the epidermal cells are further ornamented by submicron sculptures, indicating a different roughness, density, and arrangement of the folds between the adaxial and abaxial sides of the petals. Submicron sculpturing increases the surface area of the adaxial epidermal cells of the petals and the distances between the folds are almost equal to the visible waveband.On the abaxial epidermal cells, the distances between the folds are smaller than the subwavelength spectrum.The high and the negligible values of roughness that were obtained on the adaxial and the abaxial surfaces might facilitate the capture and the reflection of light, respectively.

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Abstract: In this study, we provide the first evidence of two pairs of petals of the rapidly expanded and short-lived nocturnal flowers of Capparis spinosa L. (caper) during the prolonged drought period in Eastern Mediterranean region. The corolla of the winter-deciduous, perennial C. spinosa consists of two pairs of petals: a pair of white distinct petals and a pair of connate variegated petals with green basal parts. The results indicated the presence of substantially different amounts of chlorophyll in the two pairs of petals, while their carbohydrates� content is comparable with that of the green sepals. High resolution imaging of petal surfaces of short-lived flowers of C. spinosa, obtained by using scanning electron microscopy, revealed stomata on the adaxial epidermis on both the white and the green parts of the variegated petals; while dense hairs were found on the surface of the abaxial green parts of the variegated petals. Adaxial, epidermal cells of the variegated petals, viewed using atomic force microscopy, possess a submicron, cuticular microfolding that differs between the white and the green parts of the petals. It appears that microridges on the adaxial, white parts of petals of C. spinosa compensate for an increase in cell surface area of the short lived petals, while the roughness of the green parts of petals was found to be higher than that of the white parts. Thus, the micromorphology of surfaces of epidermal cells is expected to affect optical properties and wettability of the floral tissues. These findings may be particularly important for understanding the performance of the short-lived petals of C. spinosa, which are exposed to dryland environments.

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Abstract: In the present study seasonal changes of chlorophyll content and storage substances related to the metabolic response of the widespread, evergreen plant oleander (Nerium oleander) to air pollution were investigated. Mature leaves of oleander shrubs, grown at five sites of differing levels of air pollution in the center and the suburbs of the Athens Metropolitan area, were examined during the course of a year. Soluble sugars, starch and total lipid content of the leaves showed a peak at the end of the cold season, while a decline was detected during the main growth period. Leaf chlorophyll content was increased during spring. It seems likely that the level of air pollution in Athens did not affect the concentration and the seasonal pattern of storage substances at the leaf level. Elevated chlorophyll content was estimated in the polluted with oxides of nitrogen sites. In contrast, leaf chlorophyll content declined in sites with ozone pollution.

Abstract: The visualization of the surface of biological samples using an atomic force microscope reveals features of the external relief and can resolve very fine and detailed features of the surface. We examined specimens from the skin of the amphibians Salamandra salamandra, Lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui and Mesotriton alpestris, and from the surface of pollen grains of the plant species Cyclamen graecum and Cistus salviifolius, which exhibit certain interesting features, imaged at the nanoscale level. It is likely that the relief influences the attributes of the interfaces between the tissues and the environment. We found that the microsculpture increases in size the surface of the examined tissues and this may be particularly important for their performance in the field. Microsculpturing of amphibians� skin may affect water regulation, dehydration and rehydration, and cutaneous gas exchange. While, pollen grain relief may affect the firmness of the contact between pollen surface and water droplets. High resolution imaging of the external relief showed that roughening may induce wetting and influence the water status of the specimens. Also, roughness affects the radius of water droplets retained in between the projections of the external relief. Roughness of the tissues was highly correlated with their vertical distance; while, surface distances were highly correlated with horizontal distances. By enabling a more detailed characterization of the external sculptures, via sophisticated techniques, a more comprehensive examination of the samples indicates similarities among different living tissues, originated from different kingdoms, which can be attributed to environmental conditions and physiological circumstances.

Abstract: Manufactured water-repellent and self-cleaning surfaces, which shed debris or contaminants when sprayed, have many potential uses in daily life, agriculture, and industry. Mimicking nature has been a central strategy in this field, since biological species have many extraordinary wetting properties. One example is the lotus plant, Nelumbo nucifera. Revered as a symbol of purity in several ancient cultures, its leaves stay clean even though it grows in muddy lakes and ponds. The leaf is so water repellent that a droplet touching its surface instantly acquires a spherical shape, and even slight tilting causes it to roll off the leaf. Artificial surfaces exhibiting the lotus effect1 could have many applications.

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Abstract: � ε�έ�ειο� ��ν 200 ���ν�ν α�� �η γέννη�η �ο� Kα��λο� �α�βίνο� �ο 2009 ��ο�καλεί μνήμε� και ��οκαλεί ανα�ο�έ� ��ο �α�ελθ�ν (Smocovitis 2002), αλλά και ��γκ�ί�ει� με ��γ��ονε� κα�α��ά�ει� και αν�ιλή�ει� (Browne 2008). Σ�η διά�κεια ��ν ε�ε�εί�ν, διά�ο�ε� δ�α��η�ι��η�ε� (�.�. ομιλίε�, ά�θ�α, εκδ��ει�, εκθέ�ει�, ημε�ίδε�, ��νέδ�ια) κινη�ο�οιο�ν �ην ε�ι��ημονική κοιν��η�α, η ο�οία ��μβάλει ��ην α�οκάλ��η, ��ην κοινο�οίη�η και �ην εκλα�κε��η ε�ι��ημονικ�ν ε�ι�ε�γμά��ν, ��� �ο �ά�μα εν�� ���ο���νο� �ο� �αν�άζει εν�����ιακά ξε��λλίζον�α� �ο�� αι�νε� (Smocovitis 1999). Φέ�ο�, ��ην �λλάδα, κινη�ο�οιήθηκαν ε�ι��ημονικοί �ο�εί�, ε�αι�είε� και εν��ει�, ιδ��μα�α (���, ��ε�νη�ικά �δ��μα�α, �ο��εία) και εκδο�ικοί ο�γανι�μοί. Χά�η �ε μια ��ο��άθεια �ο� �θνικο� �δ��μα�ο� ��ε�ν�ν και �ο� ��ε�ανικο� Σ�μβο�λίο�, ί�νη και ��ει� (κ��ιολεκ�ικά) α�� �ι� α���ει� �ο� �α�βίνο� για �ην εξέλιξη ��ν ειδ�ν, έ��α�αν �� �ι� μαθή��ιε� και �ο�� μαθη�έ� α�� ��ολεία �η� δε��ε�οβάθμια� εκ�αίδε��η�. Π�ιν α�� δ�ο ���νια, �ο 2007, ή�αν η �ημαν�ική ε�έ�ειο� ��ν 300 ���ν�ν α�� �η γέννη�η �ο� Σο�ηδο� ���ιοδί�η �α��λο� �ινναίο� (1707-1778). � �ινναίο� ����εινε ένα ����ημα �αξιν�μη�η� και �η δι�ν�μική ονομα�ολογία ��ν ο�γανι�μ�ν ��ο έ�γο �ο� Systema Naturae (1735). �ναν αι�να α�γ��ε�α, ο �α�βίνο� μ�ο�ο��ε να ��νεννοεί�αι με ε�ι��ήμονε� ��ο�� ο�οίο�� έ��ελνε �α δείγμα�α ��ν εξε�ε�νη�ικ�ν �ο� �ε�ιηγή�ε�ν, ε�ειδή εί�ε ��ο��ά�ξει ο �ινναίο� και η ονομα�ολογία ��ν έμβι�ν �ν��ν. � ε�έ�ειο� �ο� �ινναίο� �ιμήθηκε α�� κ�κλο�� �η� διεθνο�� ε�ι��ημονική� κοιν��η�α�, έγιναν �ολλέ� εκδηλ��ει�, ��οέκ��αν εξαι�ε�ικέ� δημο�ιε��ει� και εκδ��ει� (http://www.uu.se/linne2007). Ω����ο, α��ή η ε�έ�ειο�, για �ον άνθ���ο (Carl Linnaeus) �ο� δημιο��γη�ε μια γλ���α ε�ικοιν�νία� με�αξ� ��ν ε�ι��ημ�ν�ν �ε κάθε �ημείο �η� γη�, �έ�α�ε ��εδ�ν α�α�α�ή�η�η α�� �ην �λλάδα, με �ην εκδήλ��η �η� Σο�ηδική� Π�ε�βεία� ��ην �θηνα�δα να κλέβει �ην �α�ά��α�η (13-21 �εκεμβ�ίο� 2007). Τέ�οιε� εκδηλ��ει� μνήμη� και ανα�ο�ά� �έ�νο�ν ��ο νο� μια �κέ�η: �εν ��ά��ο�ν ανάλογε� εκδηλ��ει� ή ε�έ�ειοι για γ�ναίκε� �ο� να διακ�ίθηκαν ��ην ε�ι��ήμη κα�ά �ον 18ο και �ον 19ο αι�να. �ια�ί ά�αγε;

Abstract: The oldest illustrated and most valuable document in the history of pharmaceutical and herbal writing is De materia medica (i.e. materials of medicine), a precursor to the modern pharmacopoeia and one of the most influential herbal books in history of sciences; this work was written by Dioscorides in his native Greek, during the 1st century AD. Although the original text of Dioscorides herbal has never been found, numerous manuscripts of his work (mostly illustrated) reproduced between 2nd and 15th century AD; however, unlike the original, they contain alphabetically listed plants that have been used for therapy. The first Greek version was published in 1499 and the first Latin version in 1516. It is likely that the first translated manuscript in Arabic appeared during the 9th century. In these texts the presented plant classification is pre-Linnaean. Unlike many classical authors, Dioscorides� work was not rediscovered in the Renaissance, because the five volume text on materials of medicine never left circulation. Nowadays, increasing interest for natural products reminds us of Dioscorides� aspects and it introduces studies in biodiversity, plant distribution, plant environmental physiology, ethnopharmacology, biosynthesis and biomimetic synthesis of substances, natural history, medieval culture and methodology. In the mean time, the medical tradition with the immortelle, herbal treasure has been influenced by new discoveries; while scientists are practicing the ancient herbal lore, new components are distinguished. As a matter of fact, the story of the herbal can be told almost continuously from the 5th century BC.

Abstract: The sense of colour intimately linked with optical properties, scientific though and civilization (partially developed around the shores of the Mediterranean Basin) is a source of symbolic forms, culture and research. Fragments of classical literature provide alternative ideas about colour, light and corporeal properties that offer inspiration in the area of microstructures of plant tissues.

Abstract: Το νε�� �ον άνθ���ο �η� αναζή�η�η�, θα �ον �έ�ει αν�ιμέ���ο με �ην έλξη �ο� α�κεί η γν��η, η καινο�ομία, η αλλαγή. Σε μια �ο�εία ιδι����θμη, μέ�α α�� διαδ�ομέ� �ολ��λοκε�, �ο� α�αι�ο�ν �ε��ά�ημα ��η ���η, διάβα�μα, ε���ή�ει�, ενο�λή�ει�, �αν�α�ία, ��λμη, �αξίδια και ε�ι���ο�ή. ���ε�α, θα έ�θει η με�ική (���ο��ονικά) α�ομ�ν��η, �κέ�ει�, α��νέ�εια ��ην ε�ικοιν�νία, έ��ι ���ε �ιο έν�ονα και �ιο ε�ιθ�μη�ά �λέον να ��οκ��ει μια διαδ�ομή �ο� θα είναι α�ο�έλε�μα ε�ιλογή�. �κεί θα μα� β�ει η �αιδεία. �ά�ο� εκεί και η �ε�οίθη�η για �ο β�αδιν� ���ι�μα, ��αν �α ���μα�α είναι κλει��ά και η ��ο�ίμη�η ��ν ε�ο�ιακ�ν ��ο��ν��ν. ����, λίγα να μ�ο�ο�με να κάνο�με �ε α�ομικ� ε�ί�εδο. ���� η διαδικα�ία να είναι μη-αν�ι���ε��ή. �μ�� αξίζει να ��ο��αθή�ο�με, για�ί �ο ο�είλο�με �ε ��ο�� έ��ον�αι. �έ�α α�� ��έ�ει� �δα�ικέ�. Σ�έ�ει� �ο� διέ�ο�ν �ην κίνη�η �ο� νε�ο� α�� �α ���γεια �� �α ��έ�γεια �μήμα�α ��ν ����ν, ��ομην�ον�α� �ην α��α�η �οή �ο�. ��ο�ικέ� ��έ�ει� �ο� νε�ο� �ο� κ��βε�αι �ε ��λλ�μα�α θαλε�ά, �ε άνθη έγ���μα και �ε �ίζε� ανθεκ�ικέ�. Σ�έ�ει� �η� ζ�ή� �ο� νε�ο� και �η� δική� μα�.

Abstract: One of the oldest known cultivated plant species is Olea europaea L., the olive tree. The wild olive tree is an evergreen, long-lived species, wide-spread as a native plant in the Mediterranean province. This sacred tree of the goddess Athena is intimately linked with the civilizations which developed around the shores of the Mediterranean and makes a starting point for mythological and symbolic forms, as well as for tradition, cultivation, diet, health and culture. In modern times, the olive has spread widely over the world.

Abstract: Flora Graeca (�λληνική Χλ��ίδα) ονομάζε�αι ένα α�� �α �ιο ��άνια και �με ��ο�� αν�αλλακ�ική� αξία�� �ο �ολ��ιμ��ε�ο εικονογ�α�ημένο βιβλίο βο�ανική� �ο� ��ά��ει ��η διεθνή βιβλιογ�α�ία (10 ��μοι, �ονδίνο, 1806�1840). Πε�ιε��μενα �η� Flora Graeca είναι α��ο��ή ���ά �η� �λλάδα�. �μ�νε���ή� �η� Flora Graeca ή�αν ο John Sibthorp1 (1758�1796), καθηγη�ή� �ο�ανική� ��ο Πανε�ι��ήμιο �η� �ξ���δη� (1784�1796). � καθηγη�ή� Sibthorp �ε�ιηγήθηκε ��ον ελλαδικ� ���ο δ�ο �ο�έ�: 1786�1787 �ο ����ο �αξίδι και 1794�1795 �ο δε��ε�ο �αξίδι. � Sibthorp �έθανε νέο� (38 ε��ν) α�� ��μα�ί��η και δεν ���λαβε να δει ολοκλη��μένη �η Flora Graeca. Σ�νάδελ�οι και μαθη�έ� �ο� ��νέ�ι�αν �ο έ�γο �ο�. Σ�μ��να με �ο�� Lack & Mabberley (1999), ο Sibthorp έ�α�ε �η ζ�ή �ο� για �α ελληνικά ���ά. Το δεκά�ομο έ�γο �η� Flora Graeca �ε�ιλαμβάνει 966 ���ά �η� ελληνική� �λ��ίδα�, ολοκλη��θηκε ��� εκδο�ικ� έ�γο� α�� μια ομάδα ��νε�γα��ν, 44 ���νια με�ά �ον θάνα�ο �ο� εμ�νε���ή �η� (J. Sibthorp) και ����θηκε �ε 25 αν�ί���α, ��ο �ονδίνο, �ε διά�κεια 34 ε��ν (1806�1840). Τα �ε�ι����ε�α �άθηκαν ή �κο��ί��ηκαν. �λοκλη��μένη η Flora Graeca (Sibthorpiana) μαζί με �ι� �ημει��ει�, �η ��λλογή ����ν και �α ημε�ολ�για �ο� Sibthorp ��ά��ει μ�νο ��ο Πανε�ι��ήμιο �η� �ξ���δη�.

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Abstract: The victors of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were awarded crowns made of olive branches. In Antiquity, the symbolism of plants was related to myths, properties, aesthetic values, and civilization. Theophrastus first classifies and identifies plants, and gathers information about them, in his classic books (4th century BC). Symbolic plants are native to the Mediterranean region and they exhibit some convergent behaviour with respect to their functional characteristics. These plants were collected (among other species) by Professor J. Sibthorp and his partners in two botanical journeys in the Levant during the 18th century, and they have been illustrated for Flora Graeca Sibthorpiana.

Abstract: The extensibility of isolated cell walls of young expanding leaves and root apices from Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob tree) has been investigated when: a) subjected to acidic buffers, b) treated with enzymes degrading specific cell wall components and c) applied crude protein extract from growing walls of cucumber and carob. The extension was generally restricted and smaller than that reported for rapidly growing tissues; while, specimens treated with pectolyase and pectinase rapidly extend.

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Abstract: Capparis spinosa (caper), a winter-deciduous perennial shrub, is a consistent floristic element of Mediterranean ecosystems, growing from May to October, i.e. entirely during the prolonged summer drought. The internal architecture of young and fully expanded leaves was studied, along with certain physiological characteristics. Capparis spinosa possesses thick, amphistomatic and homobaric leaves with a multilayered mesophyll. The latter possesses an increased number of photosynthesizing cells per unit leaf surface, a large surface area of mesophyll cells facing intercellular spaces (Smes) and a low percentage of intercellular space per tissue volume. Smes and chlorophyll content attain their maximum values synchronously, slightly before full leaf expansion. Nitrogen investment is also completed before full leaf expansion. The structural features, in combination with the water status, could contribute to enhanced rates of transpiration and photosynthesis under field water shortage conditions.

Abstract: Capparis spinosa (caper), a winter-deciduous perennial shrub, is a consistent floristic element of Mediterranean ecosystems, growing from May to October, i.e. entirely during the prolonged summer drought. The internal architecture of young and fully expanded leaves was studied, along with certain physiological characteristics. Capparis spinosa possesses thick, amphistomatic and homobaric leaves with a multilayered mesophyll. The latter possesses an increased number of photosynthesizing cells per unit leaf surface, a large surface area of mesophyll cells facing intercellular spaces (Smes) and a low percentage of intercellular space per tissue volume. Smes and chlorophyll content attain their maximum values synchronously, slightly before full leaf expansion. Nitrogen investment is also completed before full leaf expansion. The structural features, in combination with the water status, could contribute to enhanced rates of transpiration and photosynthesis under field water shortage conditions.

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Abstract: This paper describes the water relations in expanded leaves of Capparis spinosa under natural conditions during summer. Predawn water potential was sustained above �2·3 MPa. The lowering of solute potential may not be attributed to osmotic adjustment, since concentrations of proline and sugars were reduced. Stomatal conductance of leaf adaxial surface was higher than that of the abaxial. At noon, stomatal conductance up to 100 mmol m�2s�1was measured concomitantly with turgor loss point. The results indicate that C. spinosa is a stenohydric plant, which during the summer is largely free of competition for water with other species of the Mediterranean region.

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Abstract: In early studies, negative turgor pressure was obtained by indirect methods and was mainly related to inaccurate measurements of osmotic and/or water potential. The uncertainties in the measurements made any discussion of the underlying reasons and phenomena premature and risky, perhaps even useless. Yet, the idea of relating negative turgor to the strength of small-sized cells with thick walls, to resist collapse when subjected to water deficit, seemed attractive. Negative turgor pressures are difficult to detect in higher plants, but they are theoretically possible. Regarding their origin, a hypothesis is discussed here, that the negative turgor detected in leaves might indicate a reversal of the water flow that has occurred in roots, under conditions of severe and prolonged drought.

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Abstract: Mesophyll structure and water relations were studied in expanding and expanded dorsiventral leaves of Ballota acetabulosa Benth., a wild perennial shrub from the Mediterranean. The spongy mesophyll was developed earlier than the palisade in expanding leaves and exhibited a larger internal exposed surface. By contrast, in fully expanded leaves the internal exposed surface was much larger in the palisade than in spongy mesophyll. The development of chloroplasts in cells of both mesophyll tissues, as well as their arrangement along the cell walls exposed to intercellular canals, coincided with the formation of intercellular spaces. Leaf expansion appears to be positively related to increasing internal exposed surface and declining water potentials. As a result, mature leaves possess a high ratio of internal exposed surface per leaf area and low values of turgor. It is considered that an increase in the internal exposed surface might be an adaptive feature for small-leaved shrubs, grown under water deficiency.

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Abstract: Summary At monthly intervals water content, crude fibre, total and protein nitrogen, sugars, starch, total lipids, ash content and calorific total energy were measured throughout the lifespan of the leaves of the deciduous mediterranean shrubs Pistacia terebinthus L. and Cotinus coggygria Scop. From these data the construction costs and maintenance costs, as well as the construction costs of non-storage compounds and energy expenditure values were calculated. The latter values were also calculated for the evergreen stemmed shrub Ephedra distachya for reasons of comparison with an evergreen mediterranean species. The water status in the deciduous leaves is stable for a long time during the drought period until the beginning of senescence in August/September. In Cotinus an early and considerable increase of storage compounds is found, whilst in Pistacia terebinthus the accumulation is more uniform until August. The N-content is rather low compared with other deciduous leaves, the calorific energy is in the lower range of the values reported for similar species. The construction costs of the leaves of both deciduous species are significantly lower than those calculated by Williams et al. (1987) for two drought deciduous chaparral species but are in agreement with the data reported by other authors on deciduous leaves. Contrary to the findings of Williams et al. they are lower than those of evergreen species; this is also true when the construction cost of the non-storage compounds alone is considered. The values found for Ephedra are similar to the maintenance costs do not show a significant variation in the deciduous leaves. They are higher than those known for evergreen leaves but somewhat lower than the values calculated for deciduous chaparral leaves.

Abstract: The solute potential was found high in the young expanding leaves and the seasonal fluctuations were present as a result of tissue maturity and environmental factors. The sap from young expanding leaves contained the highest ions concentrations and the lowest sugar content in comparison with corresponding data from fully expanded leaves. It seems reasonable to assume that reduced levels of accumulated ions were distinguished under environmental stress (drought and cold period). On the other hand, high levels of sugars were measured during drought and cold period. Unexpectably, monthly ions concentrations, in the expressed sap, were found quite similar among the above mentioned species which might be an additional indicator of their ecophysiological physiognomy.

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Abstract: Σ�η βιο�οικιλ��η�α ��ν ανθι�μέν�ν ����ν έ�ο�ν α�ο����θεί ί�νη α�� �α βήμα�α �ο� �α�βίνο� ��α νη�ιά Galápagos, ��ο θε�μοκή�ιο και �ην α�λή �ο� ��ι�ιο� �ο�, και �ην αγγλική ��αιθ�ο. � �ά�ολο� �α�βίνο� �α�α�ή�η�ε �α ανθι�μένα ���ά, έκανε �ει�άμα�α με βοηθο�� �α �αιδιά �ο� και είδε �ο �ε�ί ����ν έ�γο �ο� να δημο�ιε�ε�αι �ε οκ�� βιβλία, έν�εκα εκ�ενεί� μονογ�α�ίε� �ε ε�ι��ημονικά �ε�ιοδικά και �ολ�ά�ιθμα, ��ν�ομα ά�θ�α �ε εκλα�κε�μένα �ε�ιοδικά. � �α�βίνο� δια�����ε α���ει� �ο� ��νηγο�ο��αν ��έ� �η� ���ική� ε�ιλογή� και �η� εξέλιξη� ��ν ειδ�ν, κάνον�α� �α�α�η�ή�ει� ��ο �ε�ιβάλλον. ��ί�η�, δια�ή�η�ε μια �ει�αμα�ική ενα���λη�η με �α ���ά, η ο�οία δεν ή�αν �ά�ε�γο, ���� ��νέβαινε με �ολλο�� ανθ���ο�� �η� �άξη� �ο�. Τα ανθι�μένα ���ά ή�αν για �ον �α�βίνο δείγμα�α ��ο�α�μογή� και α�οδείξει� ���ική� ε�ιλογή�. � �����ή�α� �η� ανθική� ε�ίδειξη� �ον α�α���λη�ε μέ��ι �ο �έλο� �η� ζ�ή� �ο�. �ε��ο��ε ��� «η ���η δεν ενδια�έ�ε�αι για �ην εξ��ε�ική εμ�άνι�η, �α�ά μ�νο αν είναι ��ή�ιμη για �ον ο�γανι�μ�». Σ�μ��να με �ον �α�βίνο «�α άνθη ��γκα�αλέγον�αι ανάμε�α ��α ��αι��ε�α δημιο��γήμα�α �η� ���η� και έγιναν ε�διάκ�ι�α και έγ���μα (�ε αν�ίθε�η με �α ��ά�ινα ��λλα), για να είναι ο�α�ά α�� �α έν�ομα. �νθη ανοι��ά, με λαμ�ε�� ���μα ��ο�ελκ�ο�ν �α έν�ομα, εν� άλλα άνθη �ο� είναι ά���μα και ���ί� νέκ�α� δεν �α ε�ι�κέ��ον�αι �α έν�ομα. �ν �α έν�ομα δεν εί�αν εμ�ανι��εί �άν� ��η γη, �α ���ά μα� δεν θα εί�αν �μο��α άνθη, αλλά θα �α�ήγαγαν άνθη ���� α��ά �ο� βλέ�ο�με �ε βελανιδιέ�, �ο�ν�ο�κιέ�, �λαμο��ιέ�, δημη��ιακά, ��ανάκια, ��ο�κνίδε� και οξαλίδε� �ο� �λα γονιμο�οιο�ν�αι με �η βοήθεια �ο� ανέμο�». � �α�βίνο� θε��ο��ε ��� η ���ική ομο��ιά ��ν ανθέ�ν αν�ανακλο��ε ��ο�α�μο��ικο�� μη�ανι�μο�� και �ει�αμα�ί��ηκε με ο��ιδέε�, αζαλέε�, �αν�έδε�, ��ι��λλια και �οδ�δεν��α. �ν��ιζε ��� ��ά��ο�ν «���ά �ο� έ�ο�ν α��ενικά και θηλ�κά ανα�α�αγ�γικά ��γανα. �ν �α ���ά εξελί��ον�αι, ���ε η δια��α���μένη ε�ικονία�η είναι βα�ική, ειδάλλ�� δεν θα ��ά�ξο�ν αλλαγέ�». Την ε�ο�ή �ο� �α�βίνο� ή�αν γν���� ��� �α έν�ομα ελκ�ον�αι α�� �α άνθη και εί�αν ��ο�έξει �η γ��η �ο� με�έ�ε�αν �α έν�ομα, αλλά δεν εί�αν δ��ει �ην α�αι�ο�μενη ��ο�ο�ή ��ην ε�ικονία�η, ε�ειδή �ί��ε�αν ��� η ανα�α�αγ�γή ��ν ����ν γιν��αν με α��ογονιμο�οίη�η.

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Abstract: A collection of 29 papers presented at this symposium, the principal sponsor of which was the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program (MAB). The main purpose of the symposium was to examine the limitations on the productivity of the vegetation, in view of its possible harvesting for energy and chemicals. Special attention is given to the Mediterranean region although other regions of similar climate are also represented. The papers are grouped by subject into 5 parts (listed below with the names of session conveners), each with a brief introductory overview by the conveners. The parts are noticed separately in FA under the names of their respective conveners, except for part 5; part 4 is also noticed in FPA. 1. Leaf morphology (F.M. Catarino and J. Kummerow). 2. Photosynthesis and allocation (Mooney, H.A.; Silva, J.V. da) -- 10 papers, including 6 noticed separately in FA (under the names of S. Diamantoglou, J. Kummerow, W.C. Oechel, S. Rhizopoulou, J.D. Tenhunen and W.E. Winner). 3. Stand productivity (P.W. Rundel and M.C. Rutherford). 4. Biomass utilization (N.S. Argaris and H. Lieth). 5. Plant and stand environment (Miller, P.C.) -- 3 papers noticed separately in FA (under the names of W. Larcher, P.C. Miller and K. Mitrakos).

Abstract: O ιξ�� Loranthus europaeus Jacq. (Loranthaceae) είναι ένα ημι�α�ά�ι�ο �η� �ο�ιοανα�ολική� �����η�, �ο ο�οίο αν και έ�ει �α��μοιο ������ο ανά���ξη� με �ον αεί��λλο ιξ� Viscum album L., είναι ��λλοβ�λο�, έ�ει κί��ινα άνθη, κί��ινο�� κα��ο�� και κα��αν����μο�� βλα��ο��. � ιξ�� Loranthus europaeus, ο ο�οίο� έ�ει μελε�ηθεί ελά�ι��α, β�έθηκε να α�ξάνε�αι ε�άν� �ε κλαδιά δέν���ν δ���� (Quercus pubescens Willd.) �ε ο�εινέ� �ε�ιο�έ� �η� Φ�κίδα�, ��ο� έγινε και η ��λλογή ��ν ι���ν. Σ�η ��νέ�εια έγινε εκ�ίμη�η �η� αν�ιοξειδ��ική� δ�ά�η� εκ��λι�μά��ν α�� άνθη, ��λλα, βλα��ο�� και κα��ο�� �ο� ιξο� L. europaeus, με ��ή�η δια����ν μεθ�δ�ν (δηλ. Folin-Ciocalteu, Ferric, free radical DPPH� scavenging και Co(II)/EDTA assays). ��έθηκε ��� οι βλα��οί έ�ο�ν μεγαλ��ε�η αν�ιοξειδ��ική δ�ά�η α�� �ο�� κα��ο��, �α ��λλα και �α άνθη �ο� L. europaeus.

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Abstract: Plant tissues� color advertisement is a subtractive production. A part of the incident white light spectrum reaches the tissue, while the supplementary spectrum creates an appropriate color by reaching appropriate sensors. The two basic processes of color perception are the absorption of frequencies and light manipulation through interference and diffraction phenomena. Thus, a rough permeable surface may exhibit a combination of the two processes. The tissue-surface roughness is accessible using atomic force microscopy; the images revealed details reflecting numerous measurements, while indices of roughness were investigated. A relationship between color and surface roughness is expressed by nonlinear models. It seems likely that one of the major causes of error in an attempt of linking two variables is the temptation of a linear correlation.

Abstract: � άνθι�η κα�ά �ο �ειμ�να ��ο��οθέ�ει �ην ανά���ξη κα�άλληλ�ν ��ο�α�μο��ικ�ν μη�ανι�μ�ν. Τα άνθη �ο� γε����ο� Asphodelus ramosus L. έ�ο�ν �ε�ιάνθιο με δ�ο ��ονδ�λο�� �ε�άλ�ν. Τα �έ�αλα ��ν δ�ο ��ονδ�λ�ν ��έ��η�αν ��ε�έ��η και �μή�η με μικ�ο��μο ���ε να �α�α�η�ηθο�ν ��ο ο��ικ� μικ�ο�κ��ιο εν� οι ε�ι�άνειέ� �ο�� �α�α�η�ήθηκαν �ε ηλεκ��ονικ� μικ�ο�κ��ιο �ά���η�. Σκο��� �η� ε�γα�ία� είναι ο εν�ο�ι�μ�� ��ν ανα�ομικ�ν δια�ο��ν με�αξ� ��ν δ�ο ����ν �ε�άλ�ν, αλλά και εν��� �ο� ίδιο� ι��ο� ���ε �ε�αι�έ�� να ε�μηνε�θεί η λει�ο��γία �ο��. Χα�ακ�η�ι��ική είναι η δια�ο�ά μεγέθο�� ��ν κ���ά��ν �η� άν� ε�ιδε�μίδα� ��η βά�η ��ν �ε�άλ�ν με α���ν ��ην κο���ή. �ε�αξ� ��ν �ε�άλ�ν ��ν δ�ο ��ονδ�λ�ν �α�α�η�ο�ν�αι ��οεκβολέ� ��ην ε�ι�άνεια και α�ο��ία αγ�γο� ι��ο� ��ην κο���ή �ο� εν�� ���ο�, δια�ο�ε�ικ� ��ήμα ��ν ε�ιδε�μικ�ν κ���ά��ν, �α��μοια κα�ανομή με�οκ���ά�ι�ν ����ν.

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Abstract: �ελε�ήθηκαν ε�ιδε�μικά κ���α�α ��ην άν� και κά�� ε�ι�άνεια ��ν �ε�άλ�ν Oxalis pes-caprae, με ��ή�η ο��ικο� μικ�ο�κο�ίο�, ηλεκ��ονικο� μικ�ο�κο�ίο� �ά���η� και ηλεκ��ονικο� μικ�ο�κο�ίο� α�ομική� διακ�ι�ικ��η�α�. Σ�ι� ε�ι�άνειε� ��ν κ�νικ�ν-θηλοειδ�ν κ���ά��ν �η� άν� ε�ιδε�μίδα� και ��ν μη-θηλοειδ�ν κ���ά��ν �η� κά�� ε�ιδε�μίδα� �α�α�η�ήθηκε μικ�οανάγλ��ο. � αλληλε�ίδ�α�η �ο� μικ�οανάγλ��ο� με �ο ��� και η �κέδα�η �ο� ����� ��ο �αλα�� «με����λλο» ��ν �ε�άλ�ν μ�ο�ο�ν να με�αβάλλο�ν �ι� ο��ικέ� ιδι��η�ε� ��ν ι���ν. Σ�ο �ελικ� ���μα�ικ� α�ο�έλε�μα ��μβάλλει και η αλληλε�ίδ�α�η �ο� ����� με �ι� �����ικέ� ��ν ανθέ�ν. Π�αγμα�ο�οιήθηκαν με��ή�ει� �η� α�ο����η�η� διαλ�μά��ν �����ικ�ν α�� �έ�αλα καθ�� και �α�μα�ο���ομε��ικέ� αναλ��ει� ν���ν ι���ν.

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Abstract: � εξά�λ��η ��ν αν��ε��ν ����ν ο�είλε�αι εν �ολλοί�, ��ι� δ�να���η�ε� �ο� ��ο��έ�ει η μικ�οα��ι�εκ�ονική �η� ε�ι�άνεια� ��ν γ��ε�κοκκ�ν �ο��, �ο� �ο�� ��οικίζει με α�κε�έ� αξιο����εκ�ε� ιδι��η�ε�, οι ο�οίε� �αίνε�αι ��� ά��ον�αι ��ο�α�μο��ικ�ν μη�ανι�μ�ν �ο� αξιο�οιο�ν�αι α�� �η ���ική ε�ιλογή. �ικ�οανάγλ��α με �οικιλομο��ία δομ�ν ��ι� ε�ι�άνειε� ��ν κ�κκ�ν γ��η�, �ο�� ��ο�δίδο�ν αξιο�ημεί��ε� ο��ικέ� και μη�ανικέ� ιδι��η�ε�, ����: διε�θέ�η�η ε�ι�ανειακ�ν �ά�ε�ν, �ά�ο� διάβ�εξη� και ε�έκ�α�η �η� ε�ι�άνεια�, αν�ο�ή �ε δ�νάμει� θλί�η� και ε�ελκ��μο�. ��ι�μένε� ο��ικέ� ιδι��η�ε� ��ε�ίζον�αι με «�ει�ι�μ�» �ο� ����� �� ��ο� �ην έν�α�η �η� ανακλ�μενη� δέ�μη� και �ην �οιο�ική δια�ο�ο�οίη�ή �η�. �οινή ��νι����α �λ�ν ��ν ιδιο�ή��ν είναι η ε�ι�ανειακή �ο�ολογία κ�κκ�ν γ��η�, �ην ο�οία μελε�ή�αμε με ανάλ��η ηλεκ��ονιογ�α�ι�ν (με ��ή�η ηλεκ��ονικ�ν μικ�ο�κο�ί�ν), α�� δείγμα�α �nemone coronaria, Chrysanthemum coronarium και Cistus incanus.

Abstract: Flower discoloration is a phenomenon, seen in several angiosperms. Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) flowers bloom early in the morning (from May to Ocrober), by exhibiting a deep azure colour (not common in Mediterranean Basin). During the day, the colour of petals gradually fades to white, while the flowers remain attached to the stems. The duration of colour disappearance was found to vary from plant to plant and from flower to flower. Pigment extracts from coloured and discolourized petal tissues demonstrated qualitative and quantitative photometric differences, whereas the maximum absorbance (535 nm) indicates the existence of cyanidin. According to previous studies, abiotic parameters and pollinators may affect the floral colour of C. intybus. However, the exact mechanism, that leads to flower discolouration, needs further investigation.

Abstract: Adaxial and abaxial surfaces of flower petals were studied using light, scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. Topographic images show striations, sculpted conical areas and papillate cells. Large intercellular spaces in the petals� mesophyll produce conditions of coordinated light trapping in a loosely arranged parenchyma, thus increasing light use efficiency and the likelihood of changing optical properties of the tissues. Grating of folds observed on the relief of the adaxial petal surfaces, is expected to influence their visual appearance and their water status. The surfaces of petals exhibits submicron folding patterns linked to properties and functionality of the boundary, epicuticular layer of ephemeral flowers. Surface folding, representing the expanded surface of the petal tissues, shows a ratio of horizontal distance versus vertical distance that varies among species.

Abstract: Flora Graeca (Sibthorpiana) is one of the rarest illustrated books ever compiled; twenty four folio format copies were printed (1st edition). John Sibthorp, a wealthy, single-minded professor of Botany in Oxford, sought to make his reputation by collecting plant species, with his collaborators, through the Greek islands and the little known eastern Mediterranean, in the late 18th century. Astonishing costs, workmanship, intellectual effort involved in the completion, the untimely death of Sibthorp and the outstanding quality of the botanical illustrations of Ferdinand Bauer have all added to the fame of the ten volume edition (1806-1840). The later generations of botanists described and studied native plant species grown in areas visited by Sibthorp and his companion, and increased overall knowledge of the diversity of the species Sibthorp had discovered in the Levant.

Abstract: Floral colour is formed by pigments and is due to the petal micro-architecture. In this study, plant specimens from the evergreen oleander that exhibits a prolonged anthesis and multicoloured flowers (i.e. white, pink, salmon, pale yellow, fuchsia and red) were used. It is worthwhile to mention that terms used to denote flower colour refer to the human-judged colour categories, in the visible wave band, which do not reflect how flowers appear to the pollinators to which they should appeal. Τhe observation of macroscopic features was accomplished with a stereomicroscope, while petal surface was observed with optical microscope-OM (fresh tissue) and scanning electron microscope-SEM (fixed tissue). Furthermore, transverse sections of fixed petal specimens were observed using optical microscope. Additionally, spectroscopic measurements of methanolic extracts were carried out at the UV-visible area of the spectrum. Results reveal that petals consist of a single cells layer upper and lower epidermis and an extensive loosely arranged mesophyll between them. Upper epidermis is composed of conical-papillate cells, while the lower contains lenticular cells. In addition, lower epidermis comprises stomata (probably functional). Within the epidermal cells, anthocyanic inclusions are identified in the vacuolar area. Papillate upper epidermis and extensive intracellular space enhance the utilization and direction of incident light towards pigment containing vacuoles. The main petal pigments of oleander seem to be certain delphinidin derivatives.

Abstract: �icrowaved water affects the germination and the seedlings� development of cucumber. The seeds were placed in petri dishes with water heated to boiling on the stove, with water heated to boiling in a microwave (boiled water was used after cooling), with tap water and bidistilled water. The results show that the lower germination (in percentage) was detected in the petri dishes where seeds were placed in water heated to boiling in a microwave (for 24, 30 and 30 h); the difference in germination tends to disappear after a 60 h period, in petri dishes with microwaved water. Also, the seedling development has been influenced by the watering with microwaved water and its growth has been substantially decreased. The opposite holds true for those seedlings that were watered with tap water, though been germinated in wicrowaved water; in this case the maximum elongation was measured. Probably, an unknown process affects the early stages of growth mechanisms of plant tissues, triggered via either the structure or the energy of microwaved water; it seems likely that such mechanism is related with cell elongation, cell wall expansion, turgor pressure and the water potential of the tissues.

Abstract: Hippocrates was born in Kos around 460 B.C. and he was the first that attempted a methodical therapy cure of diseases, with the use of plant tissues. During his tour in Greece, he gathered valuable information for plants and their uses. In his existent books are referred over than 200 plant species and their uses. In this project we studied the growth of plants in the recently developed botanical garden of Hippocrates, on Kos island and characteristics of their seasonality. Demonstrative we mention: autumnal mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis), hibernal sea squill (Urginea maritima), vernal chaste-tree or �agnos� (Vitex agnus-castus), alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria), hemlock (Conium maculatum), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum) etc. Properties of plants are summarised in Hippocrates quote �Nature is the most dominant ruler of all�.

Abstract: The object of this research is the study of the surfaces of plant tissues (leaves and flowers) of native Mediterranean plants. On the surface of plant tissues, interesting properties have been discovered (hydryphobic, hydrophilic, elastic etc.) that serve plants in dealing with conditions in their abiotic and living environments. The constant pressure of various environmental conditions has lead to the development of adaptive, hydrophobic traits in plant tissues. Research of this kind has not been carried out concerning Mediterranean plants. From the study of primary structures on the surface of leaves, which constitute the border with the environment, it should be possible to glean information suitable to contribute to the creation of innovative artificial materials that will be based on the tried design of nature.

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Abstract: Plants growing in the city of Athens respond to air pollution via a variety of mechanisms depending on the species, the plant developmental stage, the concentration and combination of pollutants and other environmental stresses. In this study, we present seasonal data on CO2 fixation of Mediterranean plants grown at ten different sites in the center and the suburbs of the city of Athens �that are characterized by a gradient of air pollutant concentrations�. Leaf gas exchange parameters (A: photosynthetic CO2 fixation and gs: stomatal conductance) were measured in the field with an infrared gas analyzer (Licor-6400). It seems likely that air pollution in the city of Athens does not affect severely gas exchange parameters of the evergreen Mediterranean species that are, in a great extent, responsible for the growth rates of the plants.

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Abstract: It is likely that when anthesis occurs, plants have the opportunity to be advertised. An alluring way of advertisement is via the variation in the corollas� color. The perception of the color, though, either by human eye, or by pollinators, is dependent upon the absorption and the reflection of specific bands of the light spectrum. The color of petals, in specific, relies extensively on two basic parameters: a) the epidermal cell shape and b) the variety and concentration of a wide range of pigments, such as anthocyanins and ultraviolet absorbing flavonoids. We examined pigments in combination with structural traits of petals, collected from native plant species of the Mediterranean Biota. Our attempt was to figure out how sunlight is absorbed, refracted and reflected, in accordance to the distinctive features and peculiarities of the epidermal surface. Measurements were held by using fresh material, collected from newly blossomed flowers of Asphodelus ramosus L., Cistus incanus L., Papaver rhoeas L. We gather the absorption spectrum of anthocyanins, chlorophylls, and flavonoids in each species, and in a wide range of wavelengths (from UV to IR) by using an automatic spectrophotometer. Additionally, we contemplated epidermal, anatomical features of petals, by using a scanning electron microscope. Structural characteristics are compelling the light to glance back in a specific and unique way; also, they partly determine the reflection�s wavelength and provoke the visual perception of color.

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Abstract: �ελε�ήθηκαν ε�ιδε�μικά κ���α�α ��ην άν� και κά�� ε�ι�άνεια ��ν �ε�άλ�ν Oxalis pes-caprae, με ��ή�η ο��ικο� μικ�ο�κο�ίο�, ηλεκ��ονικο� μικ�ο�κο�ίο� �ά���η� και ηλεκ��ονικο� μικ�ο�κο�ίο� α�ομική� διακ�ι�ικ��η�α�. Σ�ι� ε�ι�άνειε� ��ν κ�νικ�ν-θηλοειδ�ν κ���ά��ν �η� άν� ε�ιδε�μίδα� και ��ν μη-θηλοειδ�ν κ���ά��ν �η� κά�� ε�ιδε�μίδα� �α�α�η�ήθηκε μικ�οανάγλ��ο. � αλληλε�ίδ�α�η �ο� μικ�οανάγλ��ο� με �ο ��� και η �κέδα�η �ο� ����� ��ο �αλα�� «με����λλο» ��ν �ε�άλ�ν μ�ο�ο�ν να με�αβάλλο�ν �ι� ο��ικέ� ιδι��η�ε� ��ν ι���ν. Σ�ο �ελικ� ���μα�ικ� α�ο�έλε�μα ��μβάλλει και η αλληλε�ίδ�α�η �ο� ����� με �ι� �����ικέ� ��ν ανθέ�ν. Π�αγμα�ο�οιήθηκαν με��ή�ει� �η� α�ο����η�η� διαλ�μά��ν �����ικ�ν α�� �έ�αλα καθ�� και �α�μα�ο���ομε��ικέ� αναλ��ει� ν���ν ι���ν.

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Abstract: In early studies, negative turgor pressure was obtained by indirect methods and was mainly related to inaccurate measurements of osmotic and/or water potential. The uncertainties in the measurements made any discussion of the underlying reasons and phenomena premature and risky, perhaps even useless. Yet, the idea of relating negative turgor to the strength of small-sized cells with thick walls, to resist collapse when subjected to water deficit, seemed attractive. Negative turgor pressures are difficult to detect in higher plants, but they are theoretically possible. Regarding their origin, a hypothesis is discussed here, that the negative turgor detected in leaves might indicate a reversal of the water flow that has occurred in roots, under conditions of severe and prolonged drought.

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