Abstract: Lithium batteries are increasingly being considered for installation as power sources in electric and hybrid vehicles, because of their high specific energy and power. To effectively size the vehicle Rechargeable Energy Storage System, it is very important to be able to mathematically model their behaviour. Battery modelling is also very useful for on-line management of electric and hybrid vehicles. This paper presents a dynamic model of lithium batteries based on experimental tests on high power Lithium-polymer models. The results can be adapted, with suitable parameter evaluation, to other lithium batteries as well.
Abstract: Lithium battery cells are commonly modeled using an equivalent circuit with large lookup tables for each circuit element, allowing flexibility for the model to closely match measured data. Pulse discharge curves and charge curves are collected experimentally to characterize the battery performance at various operating points. It can be extremely difficult to fit the simulation model to the experimental data using optimization algorithms, due to the number of values in the lookup tables.
Abstract: The growing need for accurate simulation of advanced lithium cells for powertrain electrification demands fast and accurate modeling schemes. Additionally, battery models must account for thermal effects because of the paramount importance of temperature in kinetic and transport phenomena of electrochemical systems. This paper presents an effective method for developing a multi-temperature lithium cell simulation model with thermal dependence. An equivalent circuit model with one voltage source, one series resistor, and a single RC block was able to account for the discharge dynamics observed in the experiment. A parameter estimation numerical scheme using pulse current discharge tests on high power lithium (LiNiCoMnO2 cathode and graphite-based anode) cells under different operating conditions revealed dependences of the equivalent circuit elements on state of charge, average current, and temperature. The process is useful for creating a high fidelity model capable of predicting electrical current/voltage performance and estimating run-time state of charge. The model was validated for a lithium cell with an independent drive cycle showing voltage accuracy within 2%. The model was also used to simulate thermal buildup for a constant current discharge scenario.
Abstract: The study, made by ENEA in cooperation with the University of Pisa as part of the activities supported by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development in the framework of the Program Agreement for the Research on the Electric System, is related to the situation of Italian market and demonstrates the feasibility of the electrification for off-road vehicles and the possibility to realize it by the means of standard modules. The preliminary dimensioning of the standard modules is also reported, defining the main electric characteristics (voltage and capacity) and the type of chemistry: LiFePO 4 is proved to be a very effective solution for this kind of application. The activity goes on towards the final design and the realization of demonstrator units.
Abstract: Rapid developments in the lithium-ion battery technology in the last decade have made it the overwhelming choice over lead-acid batteries, especially for advanced vehicles like hybrid and electric vehicles. However, for the traditional starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) application, the lead-acid technology continues to be dominant due to its low costs, despite its shortcomings. This could change in the future as a consequence of the introduction of newer, cheaper and safer lithium technologies. This paper examines the feasibility of using lithium-ion batteries for SLI application in conventional vehicles, over the lifetime of the vehicle, along with their battery
management and thermal management systems and various related issues.
Abstract: With increasingly stringent regulations on fuel emissions, vehicle manufacturers have started developing hybrid and electric versions of their vehicles. This paper presents a systematic approach to developing series-hybrid version of an existing bus through power-train modelling. The approach involves accurate modelling of the conventional bus, validating it by matching the simulation results with the tests conducted on the actual bus, and then developing the hybrid version of the bus.
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