I am a Director and the Manager of the Terrestrial Invertebrate Section and Taxonomic Services Unit of a Western Australian environmental consultancy, Phoenix Environmental Sciences. I am also Research Associate at the Western Australian Museum and Adjunct Lecturer at the School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia. My research focuses on documenting the biodiversity of the Australian terrestrial invertebrate fauna, in particular wolf spiders (Lycosidae), orb-weaving spiders (Araneidae) and trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae). In addition, my research portfolio includes the taxonomy and systematics of the terrestrial short-range endemic fauna of Western Australia, which includes in particular mygalomorph spiders, schizomids, pseudoscorpions, millipedes, molluscs and other groups with species distributions of less than 10,000sqkm. Short- (or narrow) range endemics are of particular conservation interest due to their high vulnerability following habitat disturbance.
Abstract: A new genus of wolf spider (family Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833), Costacosa gen. nov. is described from north-west Western Australia to include C. torbjorni sp. nov. (type species) and C. dondalei sp. nov. The genus belongs to the subfamily Lycosinae Sundevall, 1833 and differs from all other Australian genera in this subfamily with similar somatic morphology, in particular Venator Hogg, 1900 and Knoelle Framenau, 2006, mainly in genitalic characters. The tegular apophysis of the male pedipalp has a pronounced ventral spur, a distinct ventral edge of species-specific shape and serrations along its apical edge. The female epigyne has an elongated triangular atrium and the medium septum is longer than the posterior transverse part. Costacosa are medium-sized wolf spider of overall brown colouration and with broad light median and sublateral bands on the carapace and a black patch in the frontal two-thirds of the venter. Costacosa torbjorni is the most commonly recorded wolf spider on Barrow Island, from where currently seven species of Lycosidae are known.
Abstract: Two new species of Mouse Spiders, genus Missulena, from the Pilbara region in Western Australia are described based on morphological features of males. Missulena faulderi sp. nov. and Missulena langlandsi sp. nov. are currently known from a small area in the southern Pilbara only. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence divergence failed in clearly delimiting species in Missulena, but provided a useful, independent line of evidence for taxonomic work in addition to morphology.
Abstract: The subfamily Artoriinae Framenau, 2007 is here firstly recorded from China, by reporting Artoria parvula Thorell, 1877 and Artoria ligulacea (Qu, Peng & Yin, 2009) comb. nov. from Yunnan Province. These records, the first of the genus north of the Tropic of Cancer, represent a considerable range extension of the subfamily, which is considered of Gondwanan origin.
Abstract: A study of selected species in the nemesiid spider genus Aname L. Koch, 1873 from the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia was undertaken using molecular and morphological techniques. Bayesian and parsimony analyses of mitochondrial sequence data from the Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene found evidence for four species, confirming our initial morphological examination of adult male specimens. These four species are here described as A. mellosa n. sp., A. aragog n. sp., A. ellenae n. sp. and A. marae n. sp. Only the female of A. mellosa n. sp. is described.
Abstract: The Austral-Pacific and South-East Asian species of the new orb-weaving spider genus Plebs with P. eburnus (Keyserling, 1886) as type species are revised. Following this study, Plebs includes a total of 22 species of which seven are here described new. Seven species are found in Australia, two in the Pacific region (New Caledonia, Vanuatu) and two in South-East Asia (Papua New Guinea, The Philippines). Eleven Asian species are transferred to the new genus. Plebs represent comparatively small orb-weaving spiders of ca. 1.2–15.0 mm body length with a slightly elongated abdomen and humeral (shoulder) humps. Males of most species have 2–3 stout setae on the ventral side of their fourth coxae. Male pedipalps are characterised by the presence of a single macroseta on the patella, the presence of a paramedian apophysis as basal extension of the conductor and an apical tegular protrusion. The female epigyne has a scape that is generally much longer than wide. It does not have a terminal pocket and is frequently broken off in a number of species. A phylogenetic analysis of 15 species of Plebs (those for which both sexes are known), 13 Australian/Pacific orb-weaving spider species representing the most commonly collected clades with paramedian apophysis, three species of Nearctic Eriophora Simon, 1864 and Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1758 as outgroup, identified a single synapomorphy of Plebs based on 35 morphological and 3 behavioural characters: a distinct, inverted U-shaped light pattern on the ventral side of the abdomen with two additional white spots antero-lateral to the spinnerets. This analysis recovered a monophyletic clade of all Asian Plebs suggesting a single colonisation event of the genus that putatively originated in Australia. Most Plebs species appear to be active during the day. They build a regular orb-web with vertical stabilimentum in grass and low shrubs.
Abstract: The orb-weaving spider genus Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988, previously known only from New Zealand, is here reported from Australia for the first time with the description of a new species. Generic affinities, here based on characteristic shapes of the median and terminal apophyses of the male pedipalp, remain somewhat ambiguous as some of the endemic New Zealand araneine genera remain to be tested within a rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Novaranea courti n. sp. is found in the southeastern parts of Australia, including New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Mature spiders are generally found between January and March, although some specimens were collected in April, June and November. Novaranea courti n. sp. appears to prefer forest habitats (e.g. Southern Beech (Nothofagus) forest and Eucalyptus/Casuarina woodland), but was also found in more open areas such as grass- and heathland.
Abstract: A new monotypic genus of orb-weaving spider (Araneidae Clerck, 1758) within the subfamily Araneinae Clerck, 1758 is established: Lariniophora, with L. ragnhildae (Strand, 1917) as type and sole species. The somatic morphology of Lariniophora is similar to Larinia Simon, 1874 and allied genera, however, their genitalia differ considerably. A phylogenetic analysis established close a relationship between Lariniophora and Eriophora Simon, 1864 with which it shares a paramedian apophysis as a long basal extension of the conductor in the male pedipalp. The epigyne is unique within the Araneidae and is composed of an elevated plate and a narrow long scape. Specimens of L. ragnhildae have mainly been found in arid regions of Western Australia but also in the Northern Territory, Queensland, and South Australia. Here these spiders built a conventional orb-web in low shrubs and grassland. Mature spiders have been found between February and October suggesting reproductive activity in winter.
Abstract: 1. Developing a predictive understanding of how species assemblages respond to fire is a key conservation goal. In moving from solely describing patterns following fire to predicting changes, plant ecologists have successfully elucidated generalizations based on functional traits. Using species traits might also allow better predictions for fauna, but there are few empirical tests of this approach.
2. We examined whether species traits changed with post-fire age for spiders in 27 sites, representing a chronosequence of 0–20 years post-fire. We predicted a priori whether spiders with ten traits associated with survival, dispersal, reproduction, resource-utilization and microhabitat occupation would increase or decrease with post-fire age. We then tested these predictions using a direct (fourth-corner on individual traits and composite traits) and an indirect (emergent groups) approach, comparing the benefits of each and also examining the degree to which traits were intercorrelated.
3. For the seven individual traits that were significant, three followed predictions (body size, abundance of burrow ambushers and burrowers was greater in recently burnt sites); two were opposite (species with heavy sclerotisation of the cephalothorax and longer time to maturity were in greater abundance in long unburnt and recently burnt sites respectively); and two displayed response patterns more complex than predicted (abdominal scutes displayed a U-shaped response and dispersal ability a hump shaped curve). However, within a given trait, there were few significant differences among post-fire ages.
4. Several traits were intercorrelated and scores based on composite traits used in a fourth-corner analysis found significant patterns, but slightly different to those using individual traits. Changes in abundance with post-fire age were significant for three of the five emergent groups. The fourth-corner analysis yielded more detailed results, but overall we consider the two approaches complementary.
5. While we found significant differences in traits with post-fire age, our results suggest that a trait-based approach may not increase predictive power, at least for the assemblages of spiders we studied. That said, there are many refinements to faunal traits that could increase predictive power.
Abstract: A major challenge confronting many contemporary systematists is how to integrate standard taxonomic research with conservation outcomes. With a biodiversity crisis looming and ongoing impediments to taxonomy, how can systematic research continue to document species and infer the ‘Tree of Life’, and still maintain its significance to conservation science and to protecting the very species it strives to understand? Here we advocate a systematic research program dedicated to documenting short-range endemic taxa, which are species with naturally small distributions and, by their very nature, most likely to be threatened by habitat loss, habitat degradation and climate change. This research can dovetail with the needs of industry and government to obtain high-quality data to inform the assessment of impacts of major development projects that affect landscapes and their biological heritage. We highlight how these projects are assessed using criteria mandated by Western Australian legislation and informed by guidance statements issued by the Environmental Protection Authority (Western Australia). To illustrate slightly different biological scenarios, we also provide three case studies from the Pilbara region of Western Australia, which include examples demonstrating a rapid rise in the collection and documentation of diverse and previously unknown subterranean and surface faunas, as well as how biological surveys can clarify the status of species thought to be rare or potentially threatened. We argue that ‘whole of biota’ surveys (that include all invertebrates) are rarely fundable and are logistically impossible, and that concentrated research on some of the most vulnerable elements in the landscape – short-range endemics, including troglofauna and stygofauna – can help to enhance conservation and research outcomes.
Abstract: The orb-weaving spider subfamily Arkyinae L. Koch, 1872 is exclusively found in the Australasian region and its taxonomy and the systematic relationships within and between genera of this subfamily are poorly understood. We here revise the arkyine genus Demadiana Strand, 1929 to include six Australian species, four of which are described as new: Demadiana simplex (Karsch, 1878) (type species), D. carrai, sp. nov., D. cerula (Simon, 1908), comb. nov., D. complicata, sp. nov., D. diabolus, sp. nov., and D. milledgei, sp. nov. A phylogenetic analysis based on an updated araneid morphological data matrix including 57 genera of orb-weaving spiders identified Demadiana as a member of the araneid subfamily Arkyinae. A separate phylogenetic analysis for the genus at the species level showed little resolution within Demadiana, but did identify a monophyletic Demadiana supported by three putative synapomorphies: small unique setal pits with spherical sockets covering the carapace, sternum and the bases of the paturon (chelicerae), an extreme elongation of the trumpet-like aggregate spigots of the posterior lateral spinnerets and a distinct curvature of the embolus. We detail several new generic and species synonymies within Arkyinae. Aerea Urquhart, 1891 (type species Aerea alticephala Urquhart, 1891) and Neoarchemorus Mascord, 1968 (type species N. speechleyi Mascord, 1968) are regarded as junior synonyms of Arkys Walckenaer, 1837 (type species A. lancearius Walckenaer, 1837), resulting in Arkys speechleyi (Mascord, 1968), comb. nov. Aerea magnifica Urquhart, 1893 and Archemorus simsoni Simon, 1893 are regarded as junior synonyms of Aerea alticephala Urquhart, 1891, and Arkys nitidiceps Simon, 1908 is proposed as a junior synonym of Arkys walckenaeri Simon, 1879.
Abstract: Backobourkia, a new Australasian genus of orb-weaving spider (family Araneidae Clerck, 1758) is proposed with Backobourkia heroine (L. Koch, 1871) as type species. Two other species are included in the genus: B. brounii (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov.
(here removed from synonymy with B. heroine) and B. collina (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov. (= Araneus reversus Hogg, 1914, new synonymy). A phylogenetic analysis places Backobourkia within the ‘coxal hook clade’ of the subfamily Araneinae Clerck, 1758 and close to Eriophora Simon, 1864; however, Backobourkia differs from other Australasian Araneinae by the proposed synapopomorphy of a long fl ange at the base of the median apophysis in males. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) supports the monophyly of Backobourkia in a limited dataset that includes exemplars of Australasian Araneidae and Eriophora ravilla (C.L. Koch, 1844) (type species of Eriophora Simon, 1864). Backobourkia brounii and B. heroine are sister taxa in this analysis. Backobourkia collina is unusual within the genus and amongst most Araneinae as it displays extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD), with females on average more than four times the size of males. Comparison with the other two Backobourkia species (and other Araneinae) suggests male dwarfi sm rather than female gigantism for this SSD. Some morphological differences of B. collina males to its congeners are evident, possibly due to its reduced size. These include characters of putative phylogenetic signal at the genus level such as eye position, shape of male pedipalp sclerites and the absence or presence of endite teeth or coxal hooks. Backobourkia species are common throughout Australia, with B. heroine more prevalent in the western and B. brounii in the eastern parts of the country. Backobourkia collina is mainly found throughout the arid regions. Backobourkia brounii is also found in New Zealand
and B. heroine in New Caledonia. Araneus felinus (Butler, 1876), originally described as ‘Allied to E. heroine’, is here considered a nomen dubium as the type specimen appears to be lost and an accurate identifi cation based on the original description is not possible. The New Zealand Eriophora decorosa (Urquhart, 1894) is transferred to Acroaspis Karsch, 1878, A. decorosa (Urquhart, 1894) comb. nov.
Abstract: Ground-dwelling spiders were sampled at 304 quadrats in 24 survey areas chosen to represent the geographical extent and diversity of terrestrial environments in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, an area of approximately 179,000 km2. Only taxa that were primarily ground-dwelling and were taxonomically robust were identified to species level. A total of 375 species comprising 14 families was recorded. The families Salticidae
(93 species), Zodariidae (71 species) and Oonopidae (70 species) showed marked species-level radiation. After excluding quadrats that were burnt or flooded during the sampling period, the distribution data of 375 species from 294 quadrats were analysed, with an average of 12.9 (SD = 6.8) species per quadrat. Singletons (species recorded at only one quadrat) constituted 26% (98 species) of the total number of species, and were found more frequently in the Roebourne and Fortescue subregions. Species assemblages were indistinct at the quadrat level, but significant clustering occurred when the data were pooled into the 24 survey areas. The arrangement of the survey areas on an MDS ordination plot was analogous with their spatial positions on a map, in particular the division into a northern and southern Pilbara with the Fortescue cluster running in between. This division was also evident with a number of strong allopatric species distributions. The separation of the survey area clusters was correlated with variation in annual precipitation, latitude and dry season precipitation. Given the sporadic nature of rain events in the Pilbara bioregion and the limitations of the climatic data, however, some caution is advised in interpreting these results.
Abstract: The new Australian wolf spider genus Kangarosa is revised to include ten species: Kangarosa alboguttulata (L. Koch, 1878) comb. nov., K. focarius sp. nov., K. ludwigi sp. nov., K. nothofagus sp. nov., K. ossea sp. nov., K. pandura sp. nov., K. properipes (Simon, 1909) comb. nov. (= Trochosa tristicula phegeia (Simon, 1909) new synonymy) (type species), K. tasmaniensis sp. nov., K. tristicula (L. Koch, 1877) comb. nov., and K. yannicki sp. nov. The presence of a basoembolic apophysis and the apical orientation of the tegular apophysis in the male pedipalp identify Kangarosa as member of the subfamily Artoriinae Framenau, 2007. Kangarosa differs from all other artoriine genera by the distinct shape of the regular apophysis, which forms an elongated hook. The female epigyne has a simple, shallow atrium that extends into a posterior lip. Kangarosa is a typical representative of the Bassian fauna as its representatives occur in the southeastern Australian mainland states, Tasmania and in southwest Western Australia. Here, members of the genus are commonly found in mesic areas, for example along watercourses and in swampy areas, although some species appear to prefer forested habitats. Male pedipalp morphology suggests close affi nities of Kangarosa to Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960 in a clade that also includes Diahogna Roewer, 1960 and potentially a further undescribed Australian artoriine genus. Kangarosa is of Gondwanan origin and all but one species are restricted to eastern Australia suggesting the genus diversifi ed after an aridifi cation of Australia in the late Tertiary provided a barrier for dispersal between the eastern and western temperate regions.
Abstract: The Australian wolf spider genus Hoggicosa Roewer, 1960 with the type species Hoggicosa errans (Hogg, 1905) is revised to include ten species: Hoggicosa alfi sp. nov.; Hoggicosa castanea (Hogg, 1905) comb. nov. (= Lycosa errans Hogg, 1905 syn. nov.; = Lycosa perinflata Pulleine, 1922 syn. nov.; = Lycosa skeeti Pulleine, 1922 syn. nov.); Hoggicosa bicolor (McKay, 1973) comb. nov.; Hoggicosa brennani sp. nov.; Hoggicosa duracki (McKay, 1975) comb. nov.; Hoggicosa forresti (McKay, 1973) comb. nov.; Hoggicosa natashae sp. nov.; Hoggicosa snelli (McKay, 1975) comb. nov.; Hoggicosa storri (McKay, 1973) comb. nov.; and Hoggicosa wolodymyri sp. nov. The Namibian Hoggicosa exigua Roewer, 1960 is transferred to Hogna, Hogna exigua (Roewer, 1960)comb. nov. A phylogenetic analysis including nine Hoggicosa species, 11 lycosine species from Australia and four from overseas, with Arctosa cinerea Fabricius, 1777 as outgroup, supported the monophyly of Hoggicosa, with a larger distance between the epigynum anterior pockets compared to the width of the posterior transverse part. The analysis found that an unusual sexual dimorphism for wolf spiders (females more colourful than males), evident in four species of Hoggicosa, has evolved multiple times. Hoggicosa are burrowing lycosids, several constructing doors from sand or debris, and are predominantly found in semi-arid to arid regions of Australia.
Abstract: The wolf spider genus Zoica Simon 1898 is currently known only from the Indo-Australasian region, including India in the west to northern Western Australia and Papua New Guinea in the east. Here we extend the known distribution of the genus into the Pacific region by describing two new species, Z. carolinensis new species from the Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Z. pacifica new species from the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
Abstract: The examination of type material of presumed Australian orb-weaving spiders as part of a revision of the Araneidae of this country revealed that a number of species are not from Australia. The Natural History Museum, Vienna (Austria) holds the type material of three species of orb-weaving spiders that were originally described from Australia, however all of the species are undoubtedly of American, most likely southern Brazilian, origin and it is unlikely that they were collected in Australia. We propose the following synonymies and generic transfers: Acacesia tenella (L. Koch, 1871) comb. nov. (= Acacesia cornigera Petrunkevitch, 1925 new synonymy); Alpaida navicula (L. Koch, 1871) comb. nov. (= Alpaida roemeri (Strand, 1908) new synonymy); and Eustala mucronatella (Roewer, 1942) comb. nov. In addition, Novearanea queribunda (Keyserling, 1887) comb. nov. (= Araneus quaesitus (Keyserling, 1887) new synonymy; = Novaranea laevigata (Urquhart, 1891) new synonymy) is a New Zealand orb-weaving spider based on the labels that were found with the type specimens housed at the Natural History Museum, London (England). In the original description no locality data was given for N. queribunda and “Australien†was erroneously listed for A. quaesitus.
Abstract: A new monotypic Australian wolf spider genus, Tapetosa, with T. darwini as type species, is described for the ‘Carpet Wolf Spider’, which is known from granite outcrops in the southeastern Wheatbelt of Western Australia. Tapetosa belongs to the lycosid subfamily Lycosinae, but has a unique somatic morphology amongst wolf spiders, which is characterised by a dorso-ventrally flattened cephalothorax and abdomen associated with the spiders inhabiting narrow crevices under the granite sheets of rocky outcrops. The central tarsal claw is reduced and covered by extended scopulate setae probably facilitating movement on solid rocky surfaces. The tegulum of the male pedipalp carries a unique retrolateral protrusion.
Abstract: A new monotypic genus of orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) with Cyrtobill darwini as type species is described from Australia. A reduced piriform spinning field of the anterior lateral spinnerets and the construction of a horizontal, dome-shaped orb-web suggest a placement of Cyrtobill in the araneid subfamily Cyrtophorinae Simon, 1895. However, the morphology of the male pedipalp is unique within the Araneidae as the cymbium has a basal, semicircular, sclerotised rim that creates a cymbial concavity. Cyrtobill darwini are small spiders of less than 5 mm body length and occur mainly in arid habitats such as spinifex grassland in the northern half of Australia (mainly north of 30°S latitude). Adult spiders have been found all year round; however, the species seems to be predominantly winter mature. We propose new generic combinations within the Australasian Cyrtophorinae: Cyrtophora crassipes (Rainbow, 1897), comb. nov.; Cyrtophora rainbowi (Roewer, 1955), comb. nov.; Cyrtophora trigona (L. Koch, 1871), comb. nov. (all originally described from Australia); and Cyrtophora gazellae (Karsch, 1878), comb. nov. (described from Papua New Guinea). In addition, we provide an updated species list for Australian Cyrtophora Simon, 1864.
Abstract: Swolnpes, a new genus in the mygalomorph spider family Nemesiidae, is described from the Great Victoria Desert and the Morgan Ranges in south-eastern Western Australia. Swolnpes includes two new species, S. darwini (type species) and S. morganensis, both of which are currently known from males only. Based on the configuration of the male pedipalp the genus is tentatively placed into the tribe Anamini Simon 1889, although some somatic characters, such as the lack of a tibial spur and the lack or low number of maxillary cuspules which are restricted to a narrow band, are reminiscent of the genus Teyl Main 1975 (tribe Teylini Main 1985).
Abstract: Despite some dispute on the validity of the genera in the “Larinia-group†(as defi ned by Grasshoff in 1970), Larinia Simon, 1874 and Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 have been maintained as separate genera. Our review does not allow sustaining a separation of these two genera in Australia taking into account morphological variability within and between the species. We accept a commonly employed broader concept of Larinia and recognise fi ve Australian species. Larinia montagui Hogg, 1914 (revalidated) is the most common representative of the genus in Australia, with records from all mainland states and many offshore islands. Larinia phthisica (L. Koch, 1871) and L. tabida (L. Koch, 1872) occur sympatrically along the coast in the northern two thirds of Australia, with L. phthisica also being present in South Australia. Larinia jamberoo sp. nov. has been reported from New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. The synonymy of Larinia delicata Rainbow, 1920, currently only known from Lord Howe Island, with Lipocrea diluta Thorell, 1887 is disputed and the species revalidated.
Abstract: The composition of the Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) ant fauna is reviewed, leading to the recognition of 52 species in 24 genera and 7 subfamilies. This account amalgamates previously published records and
recent extensive surveys of Christmas Island's ant fauna. Eight species represent new records for Christmas Island: Technomyrmex vitiensis, Camponotus sp. (novaehollandiae group), Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi, Monomorium orientale, M. cf. subcoecum, Tetramorium cf. simillimum, T. smithi and T. walshi. Although some of these new species records represent recent taxonomic advances rather than new introductions, we consider four species to be true new records to Christmas Island. These include Camponotus sp. (novaehollandiae group), M. orientale, T. smithi and T. walshi. None of the 52 species reported here are considered endemic. In
general, the Christmas Island ant fauna is composed of species that are regarded as worldwide tramps, or that are widespread in the Indo-Australian region. However, Christmas Island may fall within the native range of some
of these species. We provide a key to the ant species of Christmas Island (based on the worker caste), supplemented by comprehensive distribution maps of these ants on Christmas Island and a short synopsis of each species in relation to their ecology and world-wide distribution. Because of the large number of world-wide tramp ants on Christmas Island, this key may also prove applicable for introduced species resident on other oceanic islands.
Abstract: A new genus of orb-web spider (Araneidae Simon), Telaprocera gen. nov., including two new species, T. maudae sp. nov. (type species) and T. joanae sp. nov., are described. Telaprocera gen. nov. differs from all other araneid genera by the presence of a dorsal keel on the male cymbium. The known range of Telaprocera maudae sp. nov. is limited to the east coast of Australia, from far northern Queensland to central New South Wales. The spiders are found in closed canopy rainforest and adults can be found year round. Telaprocera joanae sp. nov. has been found from central coastal Queensland to far eastern Victoria. They occur in similar habitats, with similar phenology, as T. maudae sp. nov. Both species build highly elongated orb-webs known as ladder-webs. A variety of phylogenetic analyses based on an updated morphological data matrix for orb-web spiders did not provide a conclusive placement of Telaprocera gen. nov. within the Araneidae. Equally weighted analysis placed the genus as sister to Kaira O. P.-Cambridge and Metepeira F. O. P.- Cambridge combined. Strong downweighting of homoplasious characters placed the genus as sister taxon to the traditional Argiopinae Simon. The uncertain phylogenetic position of Telaprocera gen. nov. may reflect the insufficient knowledge of the morphology of Australian taxa—taxa that may possess characters previously not considered in phylogenetic analyses of the Araneidae.
Abstract: A new Australian wolf spider species, Artoria linnaei, is described from south-western Western Australia. Arforil/ now includes 24 species, of which 20 are found in Australia. Artoria linnaei is common in suburban parks,
reserves and gardens in and around Perth but also occurs further to the south. It appears to prefer moderately moist, low vegetation such as grassy areas among bushes and trees. The species is seasonal; adult males are active from late winter (July) into early summer (December) with a distinct peak in September, and females have been found from August to January peaking in November.
Abstract: Males of the araneid genus Cyrtophora Simon 1864 are comparatively rare in collections, possibly because they are much smaller and less conspicuous than their female counterparts and are expected to have a much shorter lifespan. Field work on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) revealed a male of Cyrtophora unicolor (Doleschall 1857) copulating with a female. Both male and female are described here. The known distribution of C. unicolor is updated to include southern parts of China, Taiwan and Japan in the North, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea to the south-east, Indonesia and Christmas Island to the South, and Thailand, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka to the East. Cyrtophora acrobalia (Thorell 1895), described from a juvenile from Myanmar, is considered a nomen dubium.
Abstract: The venoniine wolf spider genus Allotrochosina Roewer 1960 currently includes two species, A. schauinslandi Simon 1899 from New Zealand (type species) and A. karri Vink 2001 from Western Australia. A third species of this genus, A. walesiana new species from New South Wales, Australia, is here described. Some differences in genital morphology of A. walesiana in comparison to A. schauinslandi and A. karri in combination with a misinterpretation of genitalic characters in previous treatments of the genus require a new diagnosis for Allotrochosina. The genus is characterized by the presence of a distinct apical process on the embolic division of the male pedipalp. Allotrochosina walesiana appears to be winter mature since adult spiders have only been found between June and October. Additional records of A. karri, which was previously only known from the type locality, Crowea in southwest Western Australia, extend the known distribution by more than 600 km to the North.
Abstract: The Asian wolf spider Arctosa subamylacea (Bo¨senberg & Strand 1906), originally described from Japan, is currently treated as a junior synonym of the European Arctosa stigmosa (Thorell 1875). However, both species differ noticeably in genital and somatic morphology. Here, we remove A. subamylacea from its synonymy with A. stigmosa and redescribe both species from material recently collected in Asia and Europe. Both species differ in their habitat preferences, as A. stigmas typically inhabits gravel and sandy habitats in alluvial river floodplains, whereas A. subamylacea lives in low vegetation near hills and in agricultural areas, sometimes near ponds and lakesides.
Abstract: Ecological field studies are often hindered by the difficulty of identifying certain taxonomic groups. For example, no identification keys exist for immature Australian wolf spiders, which are important predators of insect pests. This makes it difficult to identify the majority of specimens collected in the field. We used multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the molecular identification of seven species of wolf spiders that occur commonly in Brassica crops in South Australia—Hogna crispipes, Hogna kuyani, Lycosa godeffroyi, Trochosa expolita, Venator spenceri, Venatrix pseudospeciosa, and a new species in a new genus (‘Species A’). Species-specific primer pairs were designed according to variations in the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences among of these spider species. Diagnostic DNA fragments for each of the target species allowed species identification. This method proved to be a powerful tool for the identification of this group of arthropods that is difficult to identify based on morphology.
Abstract: Morphological modifications of the first pair of legs in addition to widespread colour variations of these legs among males of closely related species have been reported in a variety of spiders. Here, the evidence for sexual dimorphism in male foreleg morphology within wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) is reviewed and shown to occur in a number of species belonging to at least seven genera in five subfamilies: Alopecosa, Hogna, Schizocosa (all Lycosinae) Pirata (Piratinae), Evippa, (Evippinae), Pardosa (Pardosinae) and Artoria (Artoriinae). These modifications, often in combination with distinct dark pigmentation, can be divided into three major groups: leg elongation, segment swelling and exaggerated setation (‘‘brushes’’). The latter two occur mainly on the tibial segment of the first leg. The function of these foreleg modifications has been studied most extensively in the genus Schizocosa. Since the courtship displays of all male Schizocosa incorporate a seismic component, foreleg ornamentation (namely pigmentation and associated ‘‘brushes’’) composes only one part of a multimodal courtship display. The function of this foreleg ornamentation appears to vary across closely related Schizocosa species and in some instances involves an interaction with the seismic signaling component. In most instances it appears to play a role in female mate choice and/or mate choice learning. In addition to reviewing lycosid foreleg modifications, we describe a new species of wolf spider, Artoria schizocoides from southwestern Western Australia that possesses sexually dimorphic modifications of the tibia of the first leg. Unique within the Artoriinae, males of this species carry spatulate setae on the ventral side of the tibia of the first leg that
differ morphologically from other leg modifications in wolf spiders.
Abstract: The new Australian wolf spider genus Artoriopsis is established with Artoriopsis expolita (L. Koch, 1877), comb. nov. as type species. Six further species, A. anacardium sp. nov., A. eccentrica sp. nov., A. joergi sp. nov., A. klausi sp. nov., A. melissae sp. nov. and A. whitehouseae sp. nov. complete the Australian fauna. Artoriopsis gen. nov. shows affinities with the Australasian genera Artoria Thorell, 1877 and Anoteropsis Koch, 1877, but differs by a distinct colour pattern of the opisthosoma (a dark diamond-shaped spot is cut in half by the light lanceolate cardiac mark). The basoembolic apophysis of the male pedipalp is narrowest at its base and comparatively weakly sclerotised, whereas it is widest at its base and strongly sclerotised in Artoria and inverted L-shaped in Anoteropsis. The median septum of the female epigyne forms a distinct plate that covers the atrium, although it is reduced in A. eccentrica sp. nov. and A. joergi sp. nov. Representatives of the genus Artoriopsis gen. nov. have so far only been found in Australia, where they are most diverse in the southern half of the country, although one species, A. anacardium sp. nov., is known from the tropical north. A new wolf spider subfamily, Artoriinae (type genus Artoria Thorell, 1877), is established to accommodate the following genera: Anoteropsis L. Koch, 1878, Artoria Thorell, 1877 (= Lycosula Roewer, 1960, syn. nov.), Artoriopsis gen. nov., Diahogna Roewer, 1960, Lycosella Thorell 1890, Notocosa Vink, 2002, Syroloma Simon, 1900, Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960, and two unnamed genera. The new synonymy of Lycosula with Artoria places the following species into Artoria: A. thorelli (Berland, 1929) comb. nov., A. hebridisiana (Berland, 1938), comb. nov. and A. minima (Berland,
1938) comb. nov. Artoriinae subfam. nov. are characterised by the presence of a basoembolic apophysis on the male pedipalp, unique within the Lycosidae. Artoriinae subfam. nov. are restricted to the Oriental, Australasian and Pacific regions with the centre of diversity in Australia and New Zealand.
Abstract: The Australian wolf spider genus Dingosa Roewer, 1955 is revised to include four species: Dingosa simsoni (Simon, 1898) (type species); D. humphreysi (McKay, 1985), n. comb.; D. murata n. sp.; and D. serrata (L. Koch, 1877), n. comb. Dingosa belongs to the subfamily Lycosinae Sundevall, 1833 and differs from all other lycosine spiders by the structure of the male pedipalp, which has an enlarged embolic division and an unusually elongated tegular apophysis. The median septum of the female epigyne is inverted Tâ€shaped with the corners of the transverse part bent anteriorly in some species. Additional somatic characters, such as a raised cephalic region and distinct colour patterns of prosoma (narrow light longitudinal band between eyes) and opisthosoma (serrated cardiac mark) are unique within the Australian Lycosinae. Species within the genus Dingosa prefer sandy habitats with a sparse cover of vegetation where they construct a characteristic turret around their burrow entrance. All species mature in late summer to winter; females with eggsac can usually be found in July and August. The holotype of the Australian Dingosa topaziopsis (Hogg, 1896) is an immature spider and accurate species identification is not possible. This species is here considered nomen dubium. Dingosa is an Australian genus with much derived lycosine morphology. Other species from outside Australia currently included in this genus do not conform to the diagnosis of Dingosa. We propose the following new generic placements based on a critical evaluation of the original descriptions: Pardosa angolensis (Roewer, 1959), n. comb. (Angola), Pardosa completa (Roewer, 1959), n. comb. (Mozambique), Pardosa hartmanni (Roewer, 1959), n. comb. (Tanzania), and Trochosa ursina (Schenkel, 1936), n. comb. (China). We also support Mozaffarian and Marusik's (2001) previous suggested combination Trochosa persica (Roewer, 1955). Dingosa traghardi (Lawrence, 1947) (South Africa) was described from an immature female holotype which is lost; this species is here considered nomen dubium.
Abstract: Artesian springs, commonly referred to as mound springs, are isolated unique threatened wetlands in arid central Australia that harbor a large number of endemic and relict species. Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) are the dominant invertebrate predators in mound springs and are the most abundant spider family present. Nine species are common, five of which are known to occur in other Australian wetland habitats, such as river floodplains and lakeshores: Artoria howquaensis Framenau 2002, Hogna crispiness (L. Koch 1877) new combination ( Trochosa pulveresparsa (L. Koch 1877) new synonymy; Geolycosa tongatabuensis (Strand 1911) new synonymy; Tarentula tanna Strand 1913 new synonymy; Lycosa waitei Rainbow 1917 new synonymy; Lycosa strenua Rainbow 1920 new synonymy; Lycosa rainbowi (Roewer 1951) new synonymy), Venatrix arenaris (Hogg 1905), V. fontis Framenau & Vink 2001, and V. goyderi (Hickman 1944). Four species commonly found in mound springs are described as new: Artoria victoriensis new species, Hogna diyari new species, H. kuyani new species, and Tetralycosa arabanae new species. Venatrix fontis and T. arabanae are mainly found at mound springs and have only rarely been recorded from other wetland habitats. Tetralycosa Roewer 1960 is revalidated with Lycosa meracula Simon 1909 as type species. The genus is defined by its unique male pedipalp morphology with a deeply divided tegulum that carries a mesally directed spur on its retrolateral section opposing the hook shaped median apophysis. Three Australian species are transferred to Tetralycosa: T. alteripa (McKay 1976) new combination, T. eyrei (Hickman 1944) new combination and T. oraria (L. Koch 1876) new
combination ( Trochosa candicans (L. Koch 1877) new synonymy; Lycosa meracula Simon 1909 new synonymy). Hogna pexa (Hickman 1944) new combination, an Australian wolf spider closely related to Hogna kuyani new species, is transferred from Pardosa.
Abstract: The wolf spider genus Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 is revised with Anomalosa kochi (Simon, 1898) as type species. Anomalosa includes a further Australian species, A. oz sp. nov. Representatives of Anomalosa are small, elongated lycosids with a longitudinal light median band on the dorsal shield of the prosoma and on the opisthosoma, the latter being particularly distinct in males. They are closely related to Venonia Thorell, 1894. Similar to Venonia, males have a bipartite pro lateral tegular lobe on the pedipalp, but it is much larger than in Venonia and, in contrast to Venonia, larger than the membranous tegular apophysis. Anomalosa kochi has only been found in Queensland, whereas the distribution of A. oz sp. nov. includes New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. This allopatric distribution coincides with the McPherson Range as a biogeographical border. Although most males and females of Anomalosa have been caught in pitfall traps or running freely in moderately moist habitats, such as near creeks and dams, there is evidence that representatives of this genus build sheet-webs similar to Venonia. This behaviour is supported by morphological evidence as species of Anomalosa have elongated posterior spinnerets. The original description of A. harishi (Dyal, 1935) from Panjab, India, does not match the diagnosis of Anomalosa. Consequently, I reject the inclusion of A. harishi in Anomalosa and re-transfer it to its original genus Anomalomma Simon, 1890, Anomalomma harishi Dyal, 1935, pending a systematic revision of this genus.
Abstract: The Australian/Oriental wolf spider genus Venonia Thorell, 1894 (type species V. coruscans Thorell, 1894) belongs to one of the few true web-building genera within the Lycosidae. Their small sheet-webs with funnel-like retreats are generally found in the ground layer of vegetation, such as on lawns and meadows, but also in depressions of soil and under roots of trees. Members of the genus Venonia are easily identified within the Lycosidae due to a unique combination of somatic and genitalic characters. Most conspicuous is a posterodorsal white spot on the abdomen just above the elongated posterior spinnerets on an otherwise uniformly coloured, small, and relatively slender spider. The cymbium of the male pedipalp is highly asymmetrical appearing retrolaterally truncated. Its tegular apophysis is membranous. The female epigyne is generally not sclerotised and has a posterior central incision. Our revision recognises fifteen species of which seven are new to science: V. chaiwooi, sp. nov.; V. choiae, sp. nov.; V. cinctipes (Simon, 1898); V. coruscans Thorell, 1894; V. infundibulum, sp. nov.; V. joejim, sp. nov.; V. kimjoopili, sp. nov.; V. kokoda Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979; V. micans (Simon, 1898) (= Venonia gabrielae Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy); V. micarioides (L. Koch, 1877); V. milla Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979; V. muju (Chrysanthus, 1967); V. nata, sp. nov.; V. sungahae, sp. nov.; and V. vilkkii Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979. A phylogenetic analysis including representatives of the venoniine genera Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 and Allotrochosina Roewer, 1960 with Pirata subpiraticus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) as outgroup suggests a Gondwanan origin of the Venoniinae and one dispersal event within Venonia from the Australian region into Wallacea and only one dispersal event by V. coruscans into the Oriental region. Venonia spirocysta Chai, 1991 from China is not a true Venonia and is here considered incerta sedis. We reject the inclusion of the genus Zoica Simon, 1898 in the subfamily Venoniinae Lethinen & Hippa, 1979 due to considerable morphological differences in representatives of this genus (in particular in the male pedipalp), and therefore consider the subfamily Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979 as valid.
Abstract: A new monotypic wolf spider genus, Knoelle, is described to accommodate the Australian member of the Lycosinae Knoelle clara (L. Koch, 1877) comb. nov. as type species. Knoelle gen. nov. differs from all other wolf spiders in the peculiar structure of the male pedipalp. The tip of the cymbium carries a unique, large patch of macrosetae and the tegular apophysis has a unique lamellar structure between two hook-shaped processes. The median septum of the female epigyne widens distinctly anteriorly. Knoelle clara comb. nov. is common in the northern parts of Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia) north of ca. 30°S latitude. The species appears to prefer sandy, open to partly shaded habitats near freshwater, such as creeks, springs and lakes, but can also be found in sand dunes near beaches. Adults show a peak of activity in October (males) and November (females) and records of mature spiders are rare between May and August.
Abstract: Three species in the wolf spider genus Venatrix Roewer, 1960 are described as new: V. amnicola sp. novo from south-east Australia, V. tinfos sp. nov. from Western Australia and V. palau sp. nov. from Queensland, the
Federated States of Micronesia and Palau. Venatrix kosciuskoensis (McKay,1974) comb. nov., V. summa (McKay, 1974) comb. nov., and V. ornatula (L. Koch, 1877) (= V. forsteri Framenau and Vink, 2001, new synonymy) are transferred from Lycosa to Venatrix, and V. magkasalubonga (Barrion and Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov. (= Pardosa daniloi Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy; =Pardosa sacayi Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy; = Pardosa hawakana Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy) is transferred from Pardosa. Allocosa percauta (Simon, 1909), Lycosa marcentior Simon, 1909 and Lycosa propitia Simon, 1909 are considered junior synonyms of V. pullastra. Venatrix goyderi (Hickman, 1944) and Lycosa howensis McKay, 1979 are considered junior synonyms of Venatrix konei (Berland, 1924) comb. novo Arctosa konei epiana (Berland, 1938) is elevated to species status, Arctosa epiana (Berland, 1938), stat. novo The male of V. kosciuskoensis and the female of V. archookoora are described for the first time. Notes on the type material are provided for V. furcillata (L. Koch, 1867) and V. brisbanae (L. Koch, 1878).
Abstract: Current knowledge of the evolutionary relationships amongst the wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) is based on assessment of morphological similarity or phylogenetic analysis of a small number of taxa. In order to enhance the current understanding of lycosid relationships, phylogenies of 70 lycosid species were reconstructed by parsimony and Bayesian methods using three molecular markers; the mitochondrial genes 12S rRNA, NADH1, and the nuclear gene 28S rRNA. The resultant trees from the mitochondrial markers were used to assess the current taxonomic status of the Lycosidae and to assess the evolutionary history of sheet-web construction in the group. The results suggest that a number of genera are not monophyletic, including Lycosa, Arctosa, Alopecosa, and Artoria. At the subfamilial level, the status of Pardosinae needs to be re-assessed, and the position of a number of genera within their respective subfamilies is in doubt (e.g., Hippasa and Arctosa in Lycosinae and Xerolycosa, Aulonia and Hygrolycosa in Venoniinae). In addition, a major clade of strictly Australasian taxa may require the creation of a new subfamily. The analysis of sheet-web building in Lycosidae revealed that the interpretation of this trait as an ancestral state relies on two factors: (1) an asymmetrical model favoring the loss of sheet-webs and (2) that the suspended silken tube of Pirata is directly descended from sheet-web building. Paralogous copies of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene were sequenced, confounding the interpretation of the phylogenetic analysis and suggesting that a cautionary approach should be taken to the further use of this gene for lycosid phylogenetic analysis.
Abstract: The Australian/Pacific wolf spider genus Diahogna Roewer, 1960 is revised with D. martensii (Karsch, 1878) as type species. In addition to D. martensii, of which the male is illustrated for the first time, the genus includes a further three species, D. exculta (L. Koch 1876), n. comb., D. hildegardae n. sp., and D. pisauroides n. sp. The presence of a basoembolic apophysis on the male pedipalp places Diahogna in an unnamed Australasian/Pacific subfamily of wolf spiders that also includes Anoteropsis L. Koch, 1878, Artoria Thorell, 1877, Notocosa Vink, 2003, and Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960. Diahogna differs from these mainly in the presence of a distinct apical extension of the tegulum on the male pedipalp. Somatic characters of Diahogna that are peculiar within the Lycosidae include eye arrangement, carapace shape, and body coloration which superficially resemble that of fishing spiders (Pisauridae). Lycosa neptunus (Rainbow, 1896) and Lycosa spinipes (Rainbow, 1896), both only known from the holotypes collected near Sydney, Australia, have been previously associated with D. martensii and D. exculta. As these types are immature specimens in faded condition, accurate species identification is impossible and both species are considered nomina dubia. All species of Diahogna are known from wet habitats, such as the margins of rivers, creeks, dams, marshes and swamps.
Abstract: A new monotypic genus, Mainosa, is described to accommodate the Australian ‘shuttlecock wolf spider’, Mainosa longipes (L. Koch 1878) ( Lycosa mainae McKay 1979, new synonymy) as the type species. The male of this species is described for the first time. Mainosa longipes differs from other wolf spiders in having a the distinct color pattern of the abdomen, with white transverse bars and lines on a dark surface, and unusually long legs in males. Its genital morphology confirms M. longipes as a member of the subfamily Lycosinae. Mainosa longipes inhabits areas in South Australia and Western Australia with dry sandy soils in Acacia litter, where it constructs palisades around the entrance of its burrow. It appears to reproduce in winter.
Abstract: The new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa is revised, with T. harveyi, sp. nov. from the Northern Territory as type species. The genus includes a further three species from northern Queensland: T. austini, sp. nov., T. hoggi (Framenau & Vink, 2001), comb. nov. and T. monteithi, sp. nov. The genus is defined by a unique sexual dimorphism: males carry modified tubercular setae on the ventral side of the third coxae, which are here compared to the knobbed setae that can be found on the ventral surface of the abdomen in Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata Ohlert, 1865 and Passiena torbjoerni Lehtinen, 2005 from two different lycosid subfamilies. Based on the structure of the male pedipalp, Tuberculosa belongs to the subfamily Lycosinae sensu Dondale (1986) with close affinities to Venatrix Roewer, 1960, because males of both genera have a tubercle on the outer edges of their fangs and the cymbium tip carries claw-like macrosetae. A cladistic analysis of all four Tuberculosa species, based on 12 morphological characters and with Venatrix konei (Berland, 1924) as outgroup, revealed a topology with T. austini and T. harveyi as sister-species in the most derived clade (V. konei (T. monteithi (T. hoggi (T. harveyi, T. austini))). The distribution of Tuberculosa in the tropical north of Australia supports an origin of the genus, as well as its putative sister-genus Venatrix, in the Palaearctic region, in contrast to all other Australian Lycosinae, which appear to be of Gondwanan origin.
Abstract: Studies into the systematics of wolf spiders have mainly employed morphological characters of adult spiders, in particular features of the male and female genitalia, and more recently mitochondrial DNA sequence data. However, there is still no established phylogenetic framework for the Lycosidae, even at the subfamily level. This study uses a novel morphological character set, the chaetotaxy of lycosid larvae (presence and arrangement of setae and slit organs), to infer systematic information on seven species of wolf spiders that are currently listed in three subfamilies: Lycosinae [Alopecosa pulverulenta (Clerck 1757), Hogna antelucana (Montgomery 1904), Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer 1837), Trochosa ruricola (DeGeer 1778)], Piratinae [Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Ohlert 1865), Pirata hygrophilus (Clerck 1757)], and Sosippinae (Sosippus californicus Simon 1898). Cheliceral and tarsal (legs I and II) chaetotaxic patterns of the first postembryo showed equivalent chaetotaxic complexes amongst all species but revealed considerable differences between representatives of the three subfamilies. Sosippus californicus showed the most complex pattern and P. piraticus the most reduced arrangement. In addition, it casts doubt on the previous listings of H. rubrofasciata in either the Lycosinae or Piratinae, as its chaetotaxic setae arrangement was more similar to S. californicus than to any other species investigated here.
Abstract: The Australian wolf spider species Artoria albopilata (Urquhart, 1893), comb. nov., Artoria gloriosa (Rainbow, 1920), comb. nov., and Artoria impedita (Simon, 1909), comb. novo are redescribed and the male of Artoria cingulipes Simon, 1909 and the female of Artoria parvula (Thorell, 1877) are illustrated for the first time. Artoria versicolor (L. Koch, 1877), Lycosa ambrymiana Berland, 1938 and Lycosa naeviella (Roewer, 1951) are considered junior synonyms of Artoria berenice (L. Koch, 1877), comb. nov. Based on the original species description, Artoria pruinosa (1. Koch, 1877), comb. nov. is transferred from Dingosa Roewer, 1955. Artoria parvula is recorded from Australia for the first time and updated distribution maps with considerable range extensions are provided for most other Australian species of Artoria (A. albopedipalpis Framenau, 2002; A. alta Framenau, 2004; A. avona Framenau, 2002; A. flavimana Simon, 1909; A. howquaensis Framenau, 2002; A. lineata (1. Koch, 1877); A. mckayi Framenau, 2002; A. quadrata Framenau, 2002; A. triangularis Framenau, 2002; A. ulrichi, Framenau, 2002.
Abstract: Sexual dimorphism of locomotory organs appears to be common in a variety of arthropods, however, the underlying evolutionary mechanisms remain poorly understood and may be the consequence of natural or sexual selection, or a combination of both. I analyzed the activity pattern of seven cohorts of a wolf spider, Venatrix lapidosa, over four consecutive years. Males appear to be the more active sex in search for a mate as they show temporarily higher activity prior to the periods of female brood care. Morphometric data on leg length showed comparatively longer legs for males than females. Allometric leg elongation in all four legs of males arises only after the final molt suggesting its significance in reproductive behavior such as mate search. A comparative analysis of two Australasian wolf spider genera with different activity profile of females, Venatrix (sedentary females) and Artoria (vagrant females) provides further evidence that limb elongation in males mainly arises due to indirect male mate competition.
Abstract: Life-cycle polymorphism within single populations has been reported in a variety of arthropods including insects and spiders. Most individuals within polymorphic populations overwinter in a species-specific stage, which plays an important role in synchronizing the life cycle within a population. Here, we report the first case of a life-cycle polymorphism in spiders that differs in the overwintering stages between two coexisting cohorts, and test if the variation in timing of these two cohorts (autumn and spring maturing) results in expected differences between key life-history characteristics, namely size at maturity, adult survival and reproductive output. A 3-year mark and recapture study in the floodplain of the Avon River, south-east Australia, allowed the calculation of adult survival and recapture probability (Jolly–Cormack–Seber model) for the two cohorts in three consecutive generations of the riparian wolf spider Venatrix lapidosa (McKay). In the autumn maturing cohort, adult survival was time dependent with high survival rates during the winter months, but there was no difference between sexes. In contrast, survival was constant over time in the spring maturing cohort, but was higher for females than for males. Males and females of the autumn maturing cohort were significantly larger than those of the spring maturing cohort. More adverse conditions in the juvenile development of spring maturing cohort are likely to account for this difference. In addition, earlier maturation and reproduction of females of the spring maturing cohort in comparison to the winter maturing spiders may increase the survival of larger offspring during the upcoming winter. Propensity to oviposit was significantly lower in females of the autumn maturing cohort than in the spring maturing cohort, as spiders of the autumn maturing cohort are exposed to adverse winter conditions before reproduction. The life-cycle control of both cohorts seems to be governed by different mechanisms: diapause control of reproduction through delayed vitellogenesis of the ovaries in the autumn maturing cohort, and diapause control of juvenile development in the spring maturing cohort. Both mechanisms have previously been suggested for wolf spiders but have not been reported for the same species.
Abstract: The ability of worker ants to adapt their behaviour depending on the social environment of the colony is imperative for colony growth and survival. In this study we use the greenhead ant Rhytidoponera metallica to test for a relationship between colony size and foraging behaviour. We controlled for possible confounding ontogenetic and age effects by splitting large colonies into small and large colony fragments. Large and small colonies differed in worker number but not worker relatedness or worker/brood ratios. Differences in foraging activity were tested in the context of single foraging cycles with and without the opportunity to retrieve food. We found that workers from large colonies foraged for longer distances and spent more time outside the nest than foragers from small colonies. However, foragers from large and small colonies retrieved the first prey item they contacted, irrespective of prey size. Our results show that in R. metallica, foraging decisions made outside the nest by individual workers are related to the size of their colony.
Abstract: Riparian sand and gravel banks are inhabited by a fauna that is well adapted to varying river water levels and frequent inundation of the banks. Arthropods found in these habitats were studied from November 1998 to January 1999 in the upper and lower floodplains of the main rivers and tributaries in ten major catchments in the Victorian Alps. Wolf spiders (Lycosidae, 68%) and ground beetles (Carabidae, 7.8%) were the most abundant arthropods, with densities averaging 14.6 ± 1.8 (s.e.) and 2.3 ± 0.4 individuals m–2 respectively. Species composition and wolf spider densities changed substantially between upland and lowland rivers. These differences correspond with changes in altitude, shading, and gravel and gravel bank size. Comparison of our results with similar studies conducted in temperate Northern Hemisphere floodplains showed significant differences. Carabidae, not Lycosidae, are the dominant arthropod group in Northern Hemisphere floodplains. Wolf spider densities are higher in upper than lower reaches of rivers in the Victorian Alps, but do not change along rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, carabid beetles showed similar densities between upland and lowland floodplains in Victoria, but increase in density along rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. A second, monthly sampling program on gravel banks along the Avon River (Gippsland) over a one-year period in 1996 and 1997 provided information on the life histories of eight common gravel-bank arthropods: Venatrix lapidosa, V. arenaris, two undescribed Artoria species (‘A’, ‘B’) (Lycosidae), Eudalia macleayi, Elaphropus ovensensis, Perileptus constricticeps and an unidentified Loxandrus species (‘B’) (Carabidae). Artoria sp. A and sp. B are diplochronous. Despite its smaller size, Artoria sp. B matured one month after Artoria sp. A. Lower temperatures at upland streams and rivers, the typical habitat for Artoria sp. B, may delay its development in comparison with Artoria sp. A, which is generally found further downstream. The life histories of both lycosid spiders and carabid beetles, characterised by prolonged reproductive period and short larval development, appear to have some adaptive value in regard to the disturbance-prone environment.
Abstract: The Australasian wolf spider genus Artoria, with A. parvula Thorell, 1877 as type species, is revised in part. In addition to A. parvula (=A. luwamata Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy), recorded from the Philippines and Indonesia, and A. palustris Dahl, 1908 from Papua New Guinea, it includes the Australian A. albopedipalpis, sp. nov., A. avona, sp. nov., A. cingulipes Simon, 1909, A. flavimanus Simon, 1909 (=Lycosa neboissi McKay, 1976, new synonymy), A. howquaensis, sp. nov., A. lineata (L. Koch, 1877), A. mckayi, sp. nov., A. quadrata, sp. nov., A. taeniifera Simon, 1909, A. triangularis, sp. nov., A. ulrichi, sp. nov. and A. versicolor (L. Koch, 1877). Artoriella flavimanus, the type species of Artoriella Roewer, 1960, is returned to Artoria. Of the remaining species of Artoriella, the Western Australian species A. cingulipes and A. taeniifera are transferred to Artoria, the African species Artoriella amoena Roewer, 1960, A. maculatipes Roewer, 1960 and A. lycosimorpha (Strand, 1909) are considered incertae sedis and Artoriella maura (Urquhart, 1891) from New Zealand is considered a nomen dubium. Trabaeola Roewer is a junior synonym of Artoria, as its type species, T. lineata, is transferred to Artoria. Trabea australiensis (L. Koch, 1877) is considered a nomen dubium. The genus Artoria is characterised by a unique apophysis near the base of the embolus of the male pedipalp. It does not fit into the existing lycosid subfamilies, which have been established by investigation of mainly Northern Hemisphere taxa. Artoria is widespread in Australia and species can be found in a range of habitats (swamps and riverbanks, open areas, rain and dry sclerophyll forests).
Abstract: The Australasian lycosid genus Venatrix Roewer, 1960, with Venator fuscus Hogg, 1900 as type, is reinstated and redefined to include 22 species as follows: Venatrix funesta (C. L. Koch, 1847), comb. nov. (= Venator fuscus Hogg, 1900; syn. nov.); V. penola, sp. nov.; V. australiensis, sp. nov.; V. roo, sp. nov.; V. mckayi, sp. nov.; V. koori, sp. nov.; V. archookoora, sp. nov.; V. pictiventris (L. Koch, 1877), comb. nov.; V. hickmani, sp. nov.; V. allopictiventris, sp. nov.; V. speciosa (L. Koch, 1877), comb. nov. (= Lycosa mayama McKay, 1976; syn. nov.); V. esposica, sp. nov.; V. pseudospeciosa, sp. nov.; V. brisbanae (L. Koch, 1878), comb. nov.; V. forsteri, sp. nov.; V. lapidosa (McKay, 1974), comb. nov.; V. fontis, sp. nov.; V. furcillata (L. Koch, 1867), comb. nov.; V. arenaris (Hogg, 1905), comb. nov.; V. pullastra (Simon, 1909), comb. nov.; V. goyderi (Hickman, 1944), comb. nov. (= Lycosa howensis McKay, 1979; syn. nov.); and V. hoggi, sp. nov. Hogna albosparsa (L. Koch, 1876) is considered nomen dubium. Venatrix comprises species mainly found in temperate forests and open areas near watercourses, lakes and springs. Notes on the distribution together with maps, zoogeography and subfamilial placement of Venatrix are given. A solution is proposed to resolve confusion over the dates of some of Roewer’s publications.
Abstract: During May and June 1994, 45 pitfall traps were exposed in three types of small, urban habitats: traffic islands, flat gravel roofs and courtyards ranging from 65 to 1.800m2. The three habitat types differ in their exposure to sun and wind creating microclimatic conditions similar to a variety of natural habitats, i.e. grassland, rocky outcrops and forests. In total, 2.163 spiders (147 juveniles) were caught, belonging to 61 species in 16 families. A cluster analysis showed distinctively different spider assemblages for the three habitat types. Traffic islands are inhabited by a typical openland community. Dominating species are Alopecosa pulverulenta, Pardosa pullata and Pachygnatha degeeri. Gravel roofs show high numbers of salticids, in particular Euophrys lanigera. Courtyards lack dominant species and show a high number of species naturally occurring in forest habitats. The activity density on the gravel roofs and in the courtyards does not appear to be high enough to support stable populations.
Abstract: Multiple prey capture, the behaviour of a predator attacking prey whilst handling a previously caught item, occurs in a variety of spiders that do not build webs. The effects of recent feeding history on the frequency of multiple prey attacks, handling time, ingestion rate, and intercatch intervals were examined experimentally in the wolf spider Lycosa lapidosa McKay. Juvenile spiders were subjected to two different feeding regimes (starvation for 14 and 28 days) and then provided with two different prey types (blowflies, Lucilia cuprina, and crickets, Acheta domestica). These two starvation levels or prey types had little effect on the frequency (75%) of multiple prey attacks. Spiders ingested approximately half the weight of any captured prey, regardless of how many prey items they attacked. At the same time, the handling time per prey item decreased with an increasing number of prey attacked. This indicates a more efficient ingestion rate when more prey are consumed. While the attacking time for the first prey was the same for all treatments, the first intercatch interval was longer for spiders that were starved longer. Chronically starved L. lapidosa appear to secure a previously caught item rather than optimise their capture rate by attacking further available prey.
